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DNA metabarcoding is a widespread approach for the molecular identification of organisms. While the associated wet-lab and data processing procedures are well established and highly efficient, the reference databases for taxonomic assignment can be implemented to improve the accuracy of identifications. Insects are among the organisms for which DNA-based identification is most commonly used; yet, a DNA-metabarcoding reference database specifically curated for their species identification using software requiring local databases is lacking. Here, we present COins, a database of 5' region cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences (COI-5P) of insects that includes over 532 000 representative sequences of >106 000 species specifically formatted for the QIIME2 software platform. Through a combination of automated and manually curated steps, we developed this database starting from all COI sequences available in the Barcode of Life Data System for insects, focusing on sequences that comply with several standards, including a species-level identification. COins was validated on previously published DNA-metabarcoding sequences data (bulk samples from Malaise traps) and its efficiency compared with other publicly available reference databases (not specific for insects). COins can allow an increase of up to 30% of species-level identifications and thus can represent a valuable resource for the taxonomic assignment of insects' DNA-metabarcoding data, especially when species-level identification is needed https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19130465.v1.

OBJECTIVES: Monoamniotic twin pregnancies are at increased risk of perinatal complications, primarily owing to the risk of cord entanglement. There is no recommendation on whether such pregnancies should be managed in hospital or can be safely managed in an outpatient setting, and the timing of planned delivery is also a subject of debate. The aim of this study was to compare the perinatal outcomes of inpatient vs outpatient fetal surveillance approaches employed among 22 participating study centers, and to calculate the fetal and neonatal death rates according to gestational age, in non-anomalous monoamniotic twins from 26 weeks' gestation. METHODS: The MONOMONO study was a multinational cohort study of consecutive women with monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancies, who were referred to 22 university hospitals in Italy, the USA, the UK and Spain, from January 2010 to January 2017. Only non-anomalous uncomplicated monoamniotic twin pregnancies with two live fetuses at 26 + 0 weeks' gestation were included in the study. In 10 of the centers, monoamniotic twins were managed routinely as inpatients, whereas in the other 12 centers they were managed routinely as outpatients. The primary outcome was intrauterine fetal death. We also planned to assess fetal and neonatal death rates according to gestational age per 1-week interval. Outcomes are presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% CIs. The main outcome was analyzed using both standard logistic regression analysis, in which each fetus was treated as an independent unit, and a generalized mixed-model approach, with each twin pair treated as a cluster unit, considering that the outcome for a twin is not independent of that of its cotwin. RESULTS: 195 consecutive pregnant women with a non-anomalous uncomplicated monoamniotic twin gestation (390 fetuses) were included. Of these, 75 (38.5%) were managed as inpatients and 120 (61.5%) as outpatients. The overall perinatal loss rate was 10.8% (42/390) with a peak fetal death rate of 4.3% (15/348) occurring at 29 weeks' gestation. There was no significant difference in mean gestational age at delivery (31 weeks), birth weight (∼1.6 kg), or emergency delivery rate between the inpatient and outpatient surveillance groups. Based on generalized mixed-model analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in fetal death rates between inpatient management commencing from around 26 weeks compared with outpatient surveillance protocols from 30 weeks (3.3% vs 10.8%; adjusted OR 0.21 (95% CI, 0.04-1.17)). Maternal length of stay in the hospital was 42.1 days in the inpatient group, and 7.4 days in the outpatient group (mean difference 34.70 days (95% CI, 31.36-38.04 days). From 32 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks, no fetal or neonatal death in either group was recorded. 46 fetuses were delivered after 34 + 0 weeks, and none of them died in utero or within the first 28 days postpartum. CONCLUSION: In uncomplicated monoamniotic twins, inpatient surveillance is associated with similar fetal mortality as outpatient management. After 31 + 6 weeks, and up to 36 + 6 weeks, there were no intrauterine fetal deaths or neonatal deaths. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

In the context of biodiversity loss, molecular species delimitation approaches can accelerate species discovery. In this study, the effect of intrinsic factors on the efficiency of the most used single-marker species delimitation methods (nucleotide distance threshold, ABGD, GMYC, mPTP) was tested on more than 90 empirical datasets, derived from 7,237 Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) COI sequences. The considered factors were: number of haplotypes per species; geographic distance among conspecific collection localities; difficulty related to species morphological identification; taxonomic rank. Distance-based methods outperformed coalescent-based ones. A high number of haplotypes per species was found to negatively affect delimitation efficiency, whereas large geographic distances within species had a positive effect. ABGD, mPTP and distance threshold delimitations were negatively affected by species difficult to be morphologically identified. Only GMYC was influenced by the taxonomic rank, showing lower efficiency on genus datasets. Achieved results should be considered for obtaining more reliable delimitations through molecular methods.

Insects are a highly diverse group of organisms and constitute more than half of all known animal species. They have evolved an extraordinary range of traits, from flight and complete metamorphosis to complex polyphenisms and advanced eusociality. Although the rich insect fossil record has helped to chart the appearance of many phenotypic innovations, data are scarce for a number of key periods. One such period is that following the End-Permian Extinction, recognized as the most catastrophic of all extinction events. We recently discovered several 240-million-year-old insect fossils in the Mount San Giorgio Lagerstätte (Switzerland–Italy) that are remarkable for their state of preservation (including internal organs and soft tissues), and because they extend the records of their respective taxa by up to 200 million years. By using these fossils as calibrations in a phylogenomic dating analysis, we present a revised timescale for insect evolution. Our date estimates for several major lineages, including the hyperdiverse crown groups of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera Heteroptera and Diptera, are substantially older than their currently accepted post-Permian origins. We found that major evolutionary innovations, including flight and metamorphosis, appeared considerably earlier than previously thought. These results have numerous implications for understanding the evolution of insects and their resilience in the face of extreme events such as the End-Permian Extinction.

Insects are a highly diverse group of organisms and constitute more than half of all known animal species. They have evolved an extraordinary range of traits, from flight and complete metamorphosis to complex polyphenisms and advanced eusociality. Although the rich insect fossil record has helped to chart the appearance of many phenotypic innovations, data are scarce for a number of key periods. One such period is that following the End-Permian Extinction, recognized as the most catastrophic of all extinction events. We recently discovered several 240-million-year-old insect fossils in the Mount San Giorgio Lagerstätte (Switzerland–Italy) that are remarkable for their state of preservation (including internal organs and soft tissues), and because they extend the records of their respective taxa by up to 200 million years. By using these fossils as calibrations in a phylogenomic dating analysis, we present a revised timescale for insect evolution. Our date estimates for several major lineages, including the hyperdiverse crown groups of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera Heteroptera and Diptera, are substantially older than their currently accepted post-Permian origins. We found that major evolutionary innovations, including flight and metamorphosis, appeared considerably earlier than previously thought. These results have numerous implications for understanding the evolution of insects and their resilience in the face of extreme events such as the End-Permian Extinction.

Insects are a highly diverse group of organisms and constitute more than half of all known animal species. They have evolved an extraordinary range of traits, from flight and complete metamorphosis to complex polyphenisms and advanced eusociality. Although the rich insect fossil record has helped to chart the appearance of many phenotypic innovations, data are scarce for a number of key periods. One such period is that following the End-Permian Extinction, recognized as the most catastrophic of all extinction events. We recently discovered several 240-million-year-old insect fossils in the Mount San Giorgio Lagerstätte (Switzerland–Italy) that are remarkable for their state of preservation (including internal organs and soft tissues), and because they extend the records of their respective taxa by up to 200 million years. By using these fossils as calibrations in a phylogenomic dating analysis, we present a revised timescale for insect evolution. Our date estimates for several major lineages, including the hyperdiverse crown groups of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera Heteroptera and Diptera, are substantially older than their currently accepted post-Permian origins. We found that major evolutionary innovations, including flight and metamorphosis, appeared considerably earlier than previously thought. These results have numerous implications for understanding the evolution of insects and their resilience in the face of extreme events such as the End-Permian Extinction.

Orthocladius (Orthocladius) rubicundus (Meigen, 1818) Chironomus rubicundus Meigen, 1818: 35. Material examined. 1♁ pinned,now mounted on slide, labelled:‘M.Goetghebuer det. Orthocladius rubicundus Meig // Orthocladius rubicundus Meig. // Virton, 2.IX.1921 // R. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. I.G. 14.228’; 1 ♁ in isinglass, now mounted on slide, labelled: ‘ O. rhyacophilus K. Brno (Zavrel) // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. Both specimens have weak and reduced (about 30 μm long) dorsocentrals (SOPONIS 1977) and genitalia compatible with O. (O.) rubicundus (ROSSARO et al. 2003); the shape of genitalia and the observation that all the other Orthocladius species known from the West Palaearctic possess more robust and longer (about 70 μm long) dorsocentrals allows us to assign both specimens to O. (O.) rubicundus., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 741, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["SOPONIS A. R. 1977: A revision of the Nearctic species of Orthocladius (Orthocladius) van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoires of the Entomological Society of Canada 102: 1 - 187.","ROSSARO B., LENCIONI V. & CASALEGNO C. 2003: Revision of West Palaearctic species of Orthocladius s. str. van der Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a new key to species. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, Acta Biologica 79: 213 - 241."]}

Georthocladius (Georthocladius) collarti (Goetghebuer, 1941), comb. nov. (Figs 1–6) Orthocladius (Chaetocladius) collarti Goetghebuer, 1941: 7. Parachaetocladius retezati Albu, 1972: 19, syn. nov. Type material examined. Orthocladius collarti: LECTOTYPE (present designation): pinned♁, now mounted on slide, labelled:‘ Orth.collarti n.sp. ♁ D. M.Goetghebuer det.// Lectotype // type locality:Hockai Hautes Fagnes 21.IV.1939 // R.I.SC.N.B.18.073 en grand nombre (éclosion) près du sol, dans un endroit très marecageux’. PARALECTOTYPES: two pinned ♁♁ without hypopygium, now mounted on the same slide, labelled: ‘ Orthocladius collarti // Paralectotypes // same locality. R. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. I.G. 12.190 Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. Orthocladius collarti was listed among nomina dubia in Chaetocladius by ASHE & O’CONNOR (2012). The species is now assigned to Georthocladius Strenzke, 1941 because of the presence of a squama with setae, sinuate Cu1, presence of acrostichals, well developed pulvilli, tarsal pseudospurs present on ta1 and ta2 of p3, a strong triangular anal point with numerous setae, a stout digitiform inferior volsella, and of a gonostylus that is distally enlarged, with a pronounced outer corner. A strong seta at the apex of the antenna seems to be present, but broken in the examined sample. The male hypopygium is identical with the one of Parachaetocladius retezati Albu, 1972; the presence of acrostichals reported in ALBU (1972) also supports inclusion in Georthocladius. We therefore consider P. retezati as a junior synonym of G. collarti., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 726, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["ALBU P. 1972: Doua specii de Chironomide noi pentru stiinta in Masivul Retezat. (Two species of chironomids new to science from the Retezat Mountains). Studii si Cercetari de Biologie. Seria Biologie Animala 24: 15 - 20 (in Romanian, English summary).","ASHE P. & O'CONNOR J. P. 2012: A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera) Part 2. Orthocladiinae. The Irish Biographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp."]}

Hydrobaenus conformis (Holmgren, 1869) Chironomus conformis Holmgren, 1869: 42. Orthocladius obesus Goetghebuer, 1940: 60. Type material examined. Orthocladius obesus: HOLOTYPE: pinned ♂, now mounted on slide, labelled: ‘ Orthocladius obesus n. sp. // type ♂ / M. Goetghebuer // type locality Abisko Lapp Sved Thienemann 1939 // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. The synonymy of O. obesus with H. conformis was already proposed by SAETHER (1976), even if the type material was probably not examined; the present examination of the holotype confirms the synonym., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on pages 728-729, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["GOETGHEBUER M. 1940 - 1950: Tendipedidae (Chironomidae). f) Subfamilie Orthocladiinae. A. Die Imagines In: LINDNER E. (ed.): Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region 13 g: 1 - 208.","SAETHER O. A. 1976: Revision of Hydrobaenus, Trissocladius, Zalutschia, Paratrissocladius, and some related genera (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the Fishery, Research Board Canada 195: 1 - 287."]}

Bryophaenocladius muscicola (Kieffer, 1906) Orthocladius muscicola Kieffer, 1906: 332. Material examined. 1 ♁ pinned, now mounted on slide, labelled ‘ Orthocladius muscicola, Kieff Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer // Hockai, 1.VII.1920 // 817’. Comments. The specimen is not from the type locality. The hypopygium is lacking, but the wings with coarse points, squama with setae and the well-developed acrostichals suggest conspecificity with B. muscicola (Kieffer, 1906). It is non-type material so nothing more is here stated other that it belongs to Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 737, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416

Lapposmittia succinea (Goetghebuer, 1942), comb. nov. (Figs 13–19) Orthocladius succineus Goetghebuer, 1942: 664. Type material examined. Orthocladius succineus: LECTOTYPE and PARALECTOTYPE (here designated): two ♁♁, in isinglass, now mounted on the same slide, labelled: ‘ Orthocladius succineus Goetgh. // Lectotype // Paralectotype // Allemagne 1941 dr. Thienemann // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. The labels “ Lectotype ” and “ Paralectotype ” are added on the slide near the respective specimens, an Indian ink line separates the two specimens. Comments. GOETGHEBUER (1942) wrote in his original publication, in a footnote on page 664: ‘came from the Grossen Plöner See, more precise data on the collecting locality and time cannot be given’. ASHE & O’CONNOR (2012) listed Orthocladius succineus among nomina dubia in Orthocladiinae. The specimens are in very poor condition, but the observable characters allow to conclude that the species fits reasonably well in Lapposmittia because of bare wings, eyes and squama, well visible pulvilli, a transparent triangular anal point, well developed virga, a sternapodeme with oral projections, inferior volsella with a rectangular dorsal lobe, and a gently curved gonostylus without crista dorsalis. The generic diagnosis must be emended, because the costa is moderately extended, the antennal plume is not reduced, and the sternapodeme has only moderately developed anterior projections., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 729, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["GOETGHEBUER M. 1942: Diagnose de trois Orthocladines nouveaux. Archiv fur Hydrobiol ogie 38: 663 - 664.","ASHE P. & O'CONNOR J. P. 2012: A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera) Part 2. Orthocladiinae. The Irish Biographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp."]}

Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) spitzbergensis (Kieffer, 1919) Dactylocladius spitzbergensis Kieffer, 1919 in KIEFFER & THIENEMANN (1919: 116). Material examined. 1 ♀ pinned, now mounted on slide, labelled ‘ Dactylocladius spitzbergensis // Greenland East 10.VIII.1926 // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. ASHE & O’CONNOR (2012) listed Dactylocladius spitzbergensis among nomina dubia probably in Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius). The examined female is from Greenland, not from the type locality (Spitzbergen, Cross Bay, Ebelthof harbour). It is very damaged, including the genitalia, which do not allow an accurate redescription or an evaluation whether Goetghebuer’s determination of this specimen was a correct identification of D. spitzbergensis. Therefore, no change in the generic placement and status is proposed here (see ASHE & O’CONNOR 2012)., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 739, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["KIEFFER J. J. & THIENEMANN A. 1919: Chironomiden, gesammelt von Dr. A. Koch (Munster) auf den Lofoten, der Bareninsel und Spitzbergen (Dipt.). (Vorwort von A. Koch: 38 - 39). Chironomiden der nordlichen Polarregion. Entomologische Mitteilungen 8: 110 - 120.","ASHE P. & O'CONNOR J. P. 2012: A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera) Part 2. Orthocladiinae. The Irish Biographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp."]}

Hydrobaenus distylus (Potthast, 1914) Orthocladius distylus Potthast, 1914: 371. Orthocladius antennalis Goetghebuer, 1944: 39, syn. nov. Type material examined. Orthocladius antennalis: LECTOTYPE and PARALECTOTYPE (here designated): two ♁♁ in isinglass, mounted on different slides; one slide labelled ‘ Orthocladius antennalis Melle 29. III.1944 // Lectotype // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’, one slide labelled ‘ Orthocladius antennalis Melle 29. III.1944 // Paralectotype // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Additional material examined. 1 pinned ♁ (non-type material but from the same type locality) labelled ‘Reg. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. I. G. 10.148 // Dr. M. Goetghebuer det., 1933: Orthocladius distylus Kief. // Melle 2.IV. 23 M. Goetghebuer // distylus Kief. ’ Comments. ASHE & O’CONNOR (2012) listed O. antennalis Goetghebuer, 1944 among nomina dubia in Orthocladiinae. Metriocnemus antennalis Kieffer, 1921 is from another type locality and belongs to another genus. The examination of genitalia supports that O. distylus is conspecific with O. antennalis. The wing membrane with faint punctation, squama with setae, presence of acrostichals, absence of pulvilli and the shape of hypopygium suggest the inclusion of all the three specimens in Hydrobaenus Fries, 1830. Therefore, O. antennalis is here stated as a junior synonym of H. distylus., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 729, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["ASHE P. & O'CONNOR J. P. 2012: A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera) Part 2. Orthocladiinae. The Irish Biographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp."]}

Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) tolleti Goetghebuer, 1944, stat. nov. (Figs 20–23) Orthocladius tolleti Goetghebuer, 1944: 39. Type material examined. Orthocladius tolleti: HOLOTYPE: ♁ pinned, now mounted on slide, labelled ‘ Orthocladius tolleti n. sp. // type ♁ / M. Goetghebuer // type locality Onoz-Spy, 14.V.1942, R. Tollet legit // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. Only the last three abdominal segments and the genitalia are preserved. A detailed examination of the hypopygium shows that it belongs to the subgenus Euorthocladius Thienemann, 1935, but it does not fit with any other known species. ASHE & O’CONNOR (2012: 703) listed the name among nomina dubia in Orthocladiinae; despite the specimen being in very poor condition, it is considered a valid species., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on pages 730-731, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["THIENEMANN A. 1935: Chironomiden-Metamorphosen. X. \" Orthocladius-Dactylocladius \" (Dipt.) Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 96: 201 - 224.","ASHE P. & O'CONNOR J. P. 2012: A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera) Part 2. Orthocladiinae. The Irish Biographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp."]}

Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer, 1914 Orthocladius lignicola Kieffer, 1914 in POTTHAST (1915: 273). Material examined. 2 ♁♁ pinned, now mounted on slides, labelled: ‘ Orthocladius lignicola K. // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’, type locality not given. Comments. The differences between the species described in the subgenus Symposiocladius Cranston, 1982 (SAETHER 2004) are really small and the two RBINS specimens are in poor condition, with some body parts missing. Nevertheless, the hypopygeal structure confirms that the specimens belong to Symposiocladius and the length ratio of Pm 3 / Pm 4 = 114 / 78 (about 1.5) supports the identification of O. (S.) lignicola., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 742, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["POTTHAST A. 1915: Uber die Metamorphose der Orthocladius-Gruppe. (Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Chironomiden). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement 2: 243 - 376.","SAETHER O. A. 2004: A review of Orthocladius subgenus Symposiocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects 25: 281 - 317."]}

Smittia nudipennis (Goetghebuer, 1913) Camptocladius nudipennis Goetghebuer, 1913: 166. Material examined. 1 pinned ♁ now mounted on slide, labelled: ‘ Camptocladius nudipennis, Coll. et det. Goetgh. M. Goetghebuer // Gand, 31.III.1914 ’. Comments. The hypopygium is lacking so the specimen cannot be confirmed to be S. nudipennis even if it cannot be excluded., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 747, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416

Orthocladius (Orthocladius) rhyacobius Kieffer, 1911 (Figs 53‒58) Orthocladius (Orthocladius) rhyacobius Kieffer, 1911: 181. Material examined. 1 ♁ pinned labelled: ‘ O. oblidens Edw. Brno 1937 (Zavrel) // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’; 1 ♁ in isinglass labelled: ‘ Orthocladius rhyacophilus K. Brno, Zavrel // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’, all now mounted on slides. Comments. The two specimens apparently come from the same locality and are conspecific. The dorsal lobes of the inferior volsellae and the absence of virga fit the description of O. rhyacobius Kieffer, 1911, not with that of O. oblidens (Walker, 1856) (ROSSARO et al. 2003). KIEFFER (1911: 181‒182) separated O. rhyacobius from O. rhyacophilus by the color of the thoracic vittae (black in O. rhyacophilus versus yolk-colored ‘vitellines’ in O. rhyacobius) and by the relative lengths of palpomeres (Pm) 3 and 4, with the Pm 3 being longer than Pm 4 in O. rhyacobius (‘articles 2 des palpes plus long che le 3’) versus the reverse in O. rhyacophilus (‘articles 2 des palpes plus court che le 3’). It is emphasized (SPIES & SAETHER 2004: 25‒26), that Pm 3 and Pm 4 correspond to articles 2 and 3 of KIEFFER (1911). All the examined adult specimens of various species in Orthocladius s. str. that are present in the Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science at the University of Milano (DeFENS) have Pm 3 longer than or subequal to Pm 4, never shorter, with the sole possible exception of O. (O.) wetterensis Brundin, 1956. The color of the vittae is variable, winter specimens are often black, while spring specimens are lighter. The RBINS males examined are in poor condition, the color of the vittae was not registered in the pinned specimens and cannot be evaluated in the mounted slide. Consequently, in light of the problems discussed in detail by SPIES & SAETHER (2004: 24‒26), the status of these two species (O. rhycobius and O. rhyacophilus) remains unresolved. In the present work, the solution proposed by ASHE & O’CONNOR (2012) is followed, considering Orthocladius (Orthocladius) rhyacophilous Kieffer, 1911, a nomen dubium in Orthocladius., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on pages 739-741, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["KIEFFER J. J. 1911: Nouveaux Tendipedides du groupe Orthocladius [Dipt.]. (1 re note). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 1911: 181 - 187.","ROSSARO B., LENCIONI V. & CASALEGNO C. 2003: Revision of West Palaearctic species of Orthocladius s. str. van der Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a new key to species. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, Acta Biologica 79: 213 - 241.","SPIES M. & SAETHER O. A. 2004: Notes and recommendations on taxonomy and nomenclature of Chironomidae (Diptera). Zootaxa 752: 1 - 90.","ASHE P. & O'CONNOR J. P. 2012: A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera) Part 2. Orthocladiinae. The Irish Biographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp."]}

Diamesa vaillanti Serra-Tosio, 1972 Diamesa vaillanti Serra-Tosio, 1972: 10. Syndiamesa alpina Goetghebuer, 1941: 2, an invalid junior secondary homonym of D. alpina Tokunaga, 1936. Material examined. Syndiamesa alpina: LECTOTYPE: ♁ (slide), labelled: ‘ Syndiamesa alpina n. sp. // Tyrol 12. VIII. 1939 Janets check // = Diamesa vaillanti S. T., E. Willassen rev. 1986 // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. PARALECTOTYPE: ♁ (slide), same locality, labelled ‘ = Diamesa zernyi, E. Willassen rev. 86 // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. The lectotype can be confirmed to belong to D. vaillanti, the paralectotype was identified as D. zernyi by Willassen, but the length × width ratio of the gonocoxite (399 × 124‒175) suggests that it belongs to D. vaillanti. The high range width of gonocoxite observed in the paralectotype may be attributed to a different compression and orientation of the right and left gonocoxites; nevertheless, they fall within the range of D. vaillanti, the lectotype gonocoxite length × width ratio = 398 × 140, well in the range of D. vaillanti., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 746, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416

Orthocladius (Orthocladius) lapponicus Goetghebuer, 1940 Orthocladius lapponicus Goetghebuer, 1940: 60. Type material examined. LECTOTYPE (designated by SOPONIS 1977): ♁ (slide) labelled ‘ Orthocladius lapponicus n. sp. // Env. d’Abisko Lap. Suedoise 1939 A. Thienemann // type M. Goetghebuer // lectotype A. R. Soponis, 1975 ’. PARALECTOTYPE: ♁ (slide), labelled: ‘ Orthocladius lapponicus n. sp. same locality // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer Paratype – AR Soponis 1975’. Comments. The species is just mounted on a slide and well described in another publication (SOPONIS 1977). Nothing to add here., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 733, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["GOETGHEBUER M. 1940 - 1950: Tendipedidae (Chironomidae). f) Subfamilie Orthocladiinae. A. Die Imagines In: LINDNER E. (ed.): Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region 13 g: 1 - 208.","SOPONIS A. R. 1977: A revision of the Nearctic species of Orthocladius (Orthocladius) van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoires of the Entomological Society of Canada 102: 1 - 187."]}

Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) ruffoi Rossaro & Prato, 1981 Orthocladius ruffoi Rossaro & Prato, 1981: 60. Material examined. 1♁ in isinglass now mounted on slide, labelled:‘ Rheorthocladius sp.A. 416 // Heusden 20.3. 16 M. Goetghebuer // Non-type, type locality Ploen (GERMANY), 1937 Humphries, P.S.Cranston, 1975 // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. The genus Rheorthocladius was created by THIENEMANN (1935) to include species of Orthocladius on the basis of their metamorphic stages (pupal exuviae). This male is associated with pupal exuviae labelled as Rheorthocladius sp. A, deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM). The last antennal flagellomere is 1066  m long, the total length of the remaining flagellomeres is 379  m, AR = 2.81; Pm3 length 151  m, Pm4 length 116  m, length ratio Pm3/Pm4 = 1.30; dorsocentrals 13; tergite IX with 13 setae. Hypopygium as in O. (S.) ruffoi (see ROSSARO et al. 2003) with phallapodeme distinctly curved apically. A comparison with the holotype allows the assignment of the studied specimen to O. (S.) ruffoi, even though in the holotype of O. (S.) ruffoi the length ratio Pm3/Pm 4 is near to 1, instead of 1.30 (ROSSARO et al. 2003).

Syndiamesa edwardsi (Pagast, 1947) Sympotthastia edwardsi Pagast, 1947: 459. Material examined. 2 pinned ♁♁, now mounted on the same slide, labelled: ‘ Synd. macronyx K. // Gastein 13. VII. 1907 // coll. Holdenberg // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. Examination of the hypopygium indicates that both specimens belong to S. edwardsi, characterized by a tubercle-like expansion on the gonostylus. Syndiamesa macronyx Kieffer, 1918 from the type locality ‘ Italien Alpen, Mont Cenis’ (KIEFFER 1918), assigned to the genus Onychodiamesa Pagast, 1947 by PAGAST (1947) and currently treated as a valid species in Diamesa, clearly is a different species (see PAGAST 1947: Figs 17‒18). It is concluded that Goetghebuer’s identification of the RBINS specimen as ‘ Synd. macronyx ’ is incorrect., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 746, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["PAGAST F. 1947: Systematik und Verbreitung der um die Gattung Diamesa Gruppierten Chironomiden. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 41: 435 - 596.","KIEFFER J. J. 1918: Beschreibung neuer, auf Lazarettschiffen des ostlichen Kriegsschauplatzes und bei Ignalino in Litauen von Dr. W. Horn gesammelter Chironomiden, mit Ubersichtstabellen einiger Gruppen von palaarktischen Arten (Dipt.). Entomologischen Mitteilungen 7: 35 - 53, 94 - 110, 163 - 170, 177 - 188."]}

Chaetocladius rusticus (Goetghebuer, 1932) Orthocladius (Dactylocladius) rusticus Goetghebuer, 1932: 91. Type material examined. Orthocladius rusticus: LECTOTYPE (slide):labelled ‘ Orthocladius / rusticus n. sp. // Lectotype // Postel 11 juin 1923 G Severin // Type ♁ / M. Goetghebuer // R.I.Sc.N.B.18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. PARALECTOTYPE (slide): labelled ‘ rusticus G // Paralectotype // Postel 11 juin 1923 G Severin // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. SOPONIS (1986) mounted the specimens on slides, redescribed the species, designated the lectotype and placed it in the genus Chaetocladius Kieffer, 1911., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 725, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["SOPONIS A. R. 1986: The transfer of Orthocladius rusticus Goetghebuer to Chaetocladius with a redescription of the type (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 17: 299 - 300.","KIEFFER J. J. 1911: Nouveaux Tendipedides du groupe Orthocladius [Dipt.]. (1 re note). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 1911: 181 - 187."]}

Orthocladius (Orthocladius) decoratus (Holmgren, 1869) Chironomus decoratus Holmgren, 1869: 43. Material examined. 1 ♁ in isinglass, mounted on slide, labelled: ‘ Orthocladius decoratus Holmgren det. Goetghebuer // type locality Hoels eksp. 1930 Østgrønland Jull‘; 1♀ in isinglass, labelled: ‘ Orthocladius decoratus ♀ // type locality “ Groenland 8.26 Exped. Courguoi // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. The specimens match the published descriptions of O. decoratus (SOPONIS 1977, ROSSARO et al. 2003)., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 739, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["SOPONIS A. R. 1977: A revision of the Nearctic species of Orthocladius (Orthocladius) van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoires of the Entomological Society of Canada 102: 1 - 187.","ROSSARO B., LENCIONI V. & CASALEGNO C. 2003: Revision of West Palaearctic species of Orthocladius s. str. van der Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a new key to species. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, Acta Biologica 79: 213 - 241."]}

Orthocladius (Orthocladius) timoni Goetghebuer & Timon-David, 1939 (Figs 37–40) Orthocladius (Orthocladius) timoni Goetghebuer & Timon-David, 1939: 69. Type material examined. LECTOTYPE (pinned ♁, present designation) and PARALECTOTYPE (pinned ♁), both now mounted on the same slide and labelled: ‘ Orthocladius timoni n. sp. // type ♁ Goetghebuer // Env. Marseille 1938, leg. Timon David // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’.The labels “ Lectotype ”and “ Paralectotype ” are added on the slide near the respective specimens, an Indian ink line separates the two specimens. Comments. Orthocladius timoni was listed as a nomen dubium in Orthocladiinae by ASHE & O’CONNOR (2012). The specimens are in good condition and the examination of the hypopygium allows the assignment of the species to the subgenus Orthocladius s. str., but a separation from other species within the subgenus is not easy without associated exuviae or molecular data even if the details of the hypopygium, such as the anal point, the superior and inferior volsella and the presence of virga suggest a possible conspecificity with O. (O.) excavatus Brundin, 1947; the species can be considered tentatively valid, but for the same reasons reported for other species of the subgenus at present a formal synonymy is not recommended., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 734, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416, {"references":["ASHE P. & O'CONNOR J. P. 2012: A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera) Part 2. Orthocladiinae. The Irish Biographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp."]}

Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno, Disaa (2017): Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940-1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2): 723-749, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097

Clunio marinus Haliday, 1855 Clunio marinus Haliday, 1855: 62. Material examined. 1 ♁ in isinglass, now mounted on slide, labelled: ‘ Clunio marinus Holm. // Knocke (br-lames) 26. VI. 1938 ’; 1 ♁ in isinglass, now mounted on slide, labelled: ‘ marinus H. // Leysele 22. V. 1934 // R.I.SC.N.B. 18.073 / Coll. et det. M. Goetghebuer’. Comments. The male from Knocke has well preserved genitalia and legs, but not wings; it can be assigned to the genus, but the species cannot be confirmed. The specimen from Leysele is surely not a Clunio Haliday, 1855; only antennae, parts of thorax with a leg and abdomen without hypopygium are preserved and cannot be identified to species., Published as part of Magoga, Giulia, Montagna, Matteo, Marziali, Laura, Rossaro, Bruno & Disaa, 2017, Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940 - 1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 723-749 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on pages 746-747, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097, http://zenodo.org/record/5318416