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Table S1A. ANCOVA Model 1A: Bile-Extracted and Farm-Not-Extracted data adjusting for sex, season, and age (log transformed). The Difference is the estimated average difference in serum parameter (dependent variable) between the bear groups specified in the “Level” column. Table S1B. ANCOVA Model 1A: The difference in the effect of age on log Total White Blood Cell (TWBC). The “Estimate/Difference” is the estimated difference in the effect of age on TWBC between the bear groups specified in the “Level” column (log transformed). Table S2. ANCOVA Model 1B: Bile-Extracted and Farm-Not-Extracted data adjusting for sex and season (log transformed). Additional file tables provided for additional reference to results from the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) models performed to assess for differences in serum biochemical and hematological parameters when accounting for season, sex, and/or age between BE and non-farmed, non-extracted bear groups. Estimated differences between categorical levels, standard errors, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values from the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) models are presented in Tables 3, 4 and 5, and Table S1 and S2. A comparison of the effect of age between bear groups for TWBC is shown in Table 4 and Table S1B. (DOCX 24 kb)

Lemuricola (Madoxyuris) bauchoti Chabaud, Brygoo et Petter, 1965 is redescribed from material collected from the ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta, from the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in Madagascar using the scanning electron microscope. This is a new host record and the first oxyurid reported from the ring-tailed lemur. Previously, records of each species of the subgenus Madoxyuris have been restricted to a single host species, but the close relationship between these nematodes and their Strepsirrhini hosts will only be proven when additional records fill in the gaps in their distribution., Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores

Complete physical examinations and biomedical sample collection were performed on 70 free-ranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) from three different habitats in the Beza Mahfaly Special Reserve (BMSR), in southern Madagascar, to assess the impact of humans and habitat on lemur health. Lemurs were chemically immobilized with ketamine and diazepam administered via blow darts for concurrent biomedical, morphometric, and behavioral studies. Subsets of the animals had blood analyzed for hematology, serum chemistry, micronutrients, fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, and E), measures of iron metabolism, and polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR) for Toxoplasma gondii, Hemoplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Neorickettsia risticii. Results were compared on the basis of gender and the habitats at the study site: reserve (intact gallery forest), degraded (human inhabited and altered), and marginal (dry didieracea forest with heavy grazing and tree cutting). Levels of vitamin D, triglycerides, and cholesterol, and measures of iron metabolism for BMSR lemurs were greater than those previously reported for a free-ranging lemur population (Tsimanampetsotsa Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar) with less access to foods of anthropogenic origin. BMSR ring-tailed lemurs from a habitat with less water (marginal) had higher sodium (P = 0.051), chloride (P = 0.045), osmolality (P = 0.010), and amylase (P = 0.05) levels than lemurs from other BMSR habitats, suggesting that these lemurs were less hydrated. Vitamin D levels of male lemurs were higher (P = 0.011) than those of females at BMSR, possibly because of differences in sunning behavior or differential selection of food items. The biological significance is uncertain for other parameters with statistically significant differences. All samples tested (n = 20) were negative for the pathogens tested using PCR assays. Continued concurrent biomedical and ecological research is needed at BMSR to confirm these results and determine their association with population mortality and fecundity rates.