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Objective: A hybrid approach is being employed increasingly in the management of peripheral arterial disease. This study aimed to assess the surgical site infection (SSI) incidence of hybrid revascularisation (HR) compared with common femoral endarterectomy (CFEA) alone. Methods: This was a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent CFEA or HR alongside CFEA between 2017 and 2021 including one year of follow up. The primary outcome was SSI incidence. Secondary outcomes included length of surgery, duration of admission, further revascularisation surgery, limb salvage, and death. Differences in outcomes were assessed with the Student's unpaired t test, chi square test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: A total of 157 groin incisions from 155 patients were included: 78 had CFEA procedures and 79 had HR procedures. No statistical difference was found between groups for age, sex, and indication for surgery. Surgical site infection occurred in five of the CFEA patients (6%) compared with seven of the HR patients (9%) (p = 0.77). The HR procedures took significantly longer, with an average of 299 minutes compared with 220 minutes for CFEA (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was identified for length of admission: median stay five days for CFEA vs. four days for HR (p = 0.44). Major amputation was performed within one year in five of the CFEA procedures (6%) and five of the HR procedures (6%) (p = 1.0). Further revascularisation surgery was attempted in two patients in the HR group and six patients in the CFEA group (p =. 17). No statistically significant difference was found in the one year mortality rate: eight CFEA (10%) and seven HR (9%) (p = 0.77). Conclusion: Patients who underwent HR alongside CFEA did not have a statistically significantly increased incidence of SSI, despite increased surgical time. Using HR techniques enabled patients to have multilevel disease treated in one stage without an increased incidence of SSI.

Background: Dysmenorrhoea may also affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) may be disrupted among adolescent women. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea and its impact on quality of life among medical and nursing students. Methodology: A cross sectional study conducted from November 2014 to January 2015 at Chirayu Medical College and Hospital in central India, among 311 medical and nursing students using a Health Survey Questionnaire from the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) to determine the HRQoL(Health related Quality of Life) of the study subjects. Results: Total 311 study subjects were studied, among them 202 (64.95%) were MBBS & 109 (35.05%) were nursing students. The average age of the students was 19.9 ± 1.6 years. 91.63% study sub- jects were Hindu by religion. The overall prevalence of dysmenor- rhoea was found to be 72.02 % (n = 224). In those with dysmenor- rhoea the scores received from all the domains of HRQoL were lower. It was statistically significant using student t test. Conclusions: Dysmenorrhoea is a very common problem among adolescent girls; it affects their quality of life. HRQoL decreases with the increase in the severity of dysmenorrhoea.

Background: Tobacco stalk is one kind of abundant crop residues in China. The high lignification of tobacco stalk increases its reusing cost and the existing of nicotine will cause serious pollution. The biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass has been demonstrated to be an environmental and economical approach for the utilization of plant stalk. Meanwhile, many nicotine-degrading microorganisms were found in nature. However, microorganisms which could degraded both nicotine and lignin haven't been reported. Therefore, it's imperative to find some suitable microorganisms to break down lignin and simultaneously remove nicotine in tobacco stalk. Results: The nicotine in tobacco stalk could be degraded effectively by Trametes versicolor, Trametes hirsute and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The nicotine content in tobacco stalk was lowered to below 500 mg/kg (a safe concentration to environment) after 10 days of fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor, and 15 days with Trametes hirsute. The degradation rate of lignin in the fermented tobacco stalk was 37.70, 51.56 and 53.75% with Trametes versicolor, Trametes hirsute and Phanerochaete chrysosporium,respectively. Meanwhile, 24.28% hemicellulose was degraded by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and 28.19% cellulose was removed by Trametes hirsute. Through the enzyme activity analysis, the main and highest ligninolytic enzymes produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes hirsute and Trametes versicolor were lignin peroxidase (88.62 U x L-1), manganese peroxidase (100.95 U x L-1 ) and laccase (745.65 U x L-1 ). Meanwhile, relatively high and stable cellulase activity was also detected during the fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and the highest endoglucanase, exoglucanase and filter paper enzyme activities were 0.38 U x mL-1, 0.45U x mL-1 and 0.35U x mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the products in the fermentation of tobacco stalk with P. chrysosporium were identified with GC-MS, besides the chemicals produced in the degradation of lignin and nicotine, some small molecular valuable chemicals and fatty acid were also detected. Conclusions: Our study developed a new method for the degradation and detoxification of tobacco stalk by fermentation with white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes hirsute. The differentoxidative enzymes and chemical products detected during the degradation indicated a possible pathway for the utilization of tobacco stalk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to screen more microorganisms for the biodegradation of tobacco stalk and explore its application value in the reusing of tobacco stalk. One bacterium strain H02 was screened out from soil for detecting its selective degradation of lignin in tobacco stalk and relative higher laccase production when fermentation with tobacco stalk in liquid state. The identification of 16S rDNA sequence indicates that the bacterium is belonged to Bacillus sp. It showed the highest laccase enzyme activity of 332.41 U/mL at 10 d after fermentation and the removal ratio of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were 15.68%, 5.58% and 19.66% respectively. In shortly, it can be inferred that this may provided a new approach for the reusing of tobacco stalk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcineurin B-like protein (CBL)-CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) network is one of the vital regulatory mechanisms which decode calcium signals triggered by environmental stresses. Although the complicated regulation mechanisms and some novel functions of CBL-CIPK signaling network in plants need to be further elucidated, numerous advances have been made in its roles involved in the abiotic stresses. This review chiefly introduces the progresses about protein interaction, classification and expression pattern of different CBLs and CIPKs in Arabidopsis thaliana, summarizes the physiological roles of CBL-CIPK pathway while pointing out some new research ideas in the future, and finally presents some unique perspectives for the further study. The review might provide new insights into the functional characterization of CBL-CIPK pathway in Arabidopsis, and contribute to a deeper understanding of CBL-CIPK network in other plants or stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse osmosis (RO) is known for the economic dewatering of dairy streams without any change in phase. At the household level, surplus milk is fermented and churned to obtain butter, which is subsequently heated to obtain clarified milk fat ( ghee ). The production of 1 kg ghee generates 15-20 kg sour buttermilk (SBM) as a by-product that is mostly drained. This causes a loss of milk solids and environmental pollution. The processing, preservation and valorization of SBM are quite challenging because of its low total solids (TS) and pH, poor heat stability and limited shelf life. This investigation aimed to transform SBM into a novel dried dairy ingredient. SBM was thermized, filtered, defatted and concentrated at 35 ± 1 °C, employing RO up to 3.62× (12.86%). The RO concentrate was subsequently converted into sour buttermilk powder (SBMP) by employing spray drying. SBMP was further characterized for its physicochemical, reconstitution and functional properties; rheological and morphological characteristics; and amino acid and fatty acid profiling, along with FTIR and XRD spectra. SBMP was "instant soluble-3 s" and exhibited excellent emulsion stability (80.70%), water binding capacity (4.34 g/g of protein), flowability (28.36°) and antioxidant properties. In nutshell, a process was developed for the valorization of sour buttermilk to a novel dairy ingredient by employing reverse osmosis and a spray-drying process.

Horticultural production is a vital catalyst for economic growth, yet insect infestations reduce horticultural crop yield and quality. Pesticides and other pest control methods are used during planting to eliminate pests that cause direct and indirect losses. In such situations, endophytic entomo-pathogenic fungi (EEPF) can act as a potential tools for biological control. They protect plants by boosting growth, nutrition, morpho-physiology and salt or iron tolerance. Antixenosis, antibiosis and plant tolerance change insect performance and preferences. EEPF- plant colonisation slows herbivore development, food consumption, oviposition and larval survival. EEPF changes plant physio-chemical properties like volatile emission profile and secondary metabolite production to regulate insect pest defences. EEPF produces chitinases, laccases, amylases, and cellulases for plant defence. Recent studies focused on EEPF species' significance, isolation, identification and field application. Realizing their full potential is difficult due to insufficient mass production, storage stability and formulation. Genetic-molecular and bioinformatics can help to build EEPF-based biological control systems. Metagenomics helps study microbial EEPF taxonomy and function. Multi-omics and system biology can decode EEPF interactions with host plants and microorganisms. NGS (Next Generation Sequencing), comparative genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, metatranscriptomics and microarrays are used to evaluate plant-EEPF relationships. IPM requires understanding the abiotic and biotic elements that influence plant-EEPF interaction and the physiological mechanisms of EEPF colonisation. Due to restricted research, there are hundreds of unexplored EEPFs, providing an urgent need to uncover and analyse them., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Samal, Bhoi, Majhi, Murmu, Pradhan, Kumar, Saini, Paschapur, Raj, Ankur, Manik, Behera, Mahanta, Komal, Alam and Balawi.)

India is affected strongly by the Coronavirus and within a short period, it becomes the second-highest country based on the infected case. Earlier, there was an indication of the impact of pollution on COVID-19 transmission from a few studies with early COVID-19 data. The study of the effect of pollution on COVID-19 in Indian metropolitan cities is ideal due to the high level of pollution and COVID-19 transmission in these cities. We study the impact of different air pollutants on the spread of coronavirus in different cities in India. A correlation is studied with daily confirmed COVID-19 cases with a daily mean of ozone, particle matter (PM) in size ≤ 10 μ m, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide of different cities. It is found that particulate matter concentration decreases during the nationwide lockdown period and the air quality index improves for different Indian regions. A correlation between the daily confirmed cases with particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 both) is observed. The air quality index also shows a positive correlation with the daily confirmed cases for most of the metropolitan Indian cities. The correlation study also indicates that different air pollutants may have a role in the spread of the virus., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) started in Wuhan province of China in November 2019 and within a short time, it was declared as a worldwide pandemic by World Health Organisation due to the very fast worldwide spread of the virus. There are a few studies that look for the correlation with infected individuals and different environmental parameters using early data of COVID-19 but there is no study so far that deals with the variation of effective reproduction number and environmental factors. Effective reproduction number is the driving parameter of the spread of a pandemic and it is important to study the effect of various environmental factors on effective reproduction number to understand the effect of those factors on the spread of the virus. We have used time-dependent models to investigate the variation of different time-dependent driving parameters of COVID-19 like effective reproduction number and contact rate using data from India as a test case. India is a large population country that is highly affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has a wide span of different temperature and humidity regions and is ideal for such study. We have studied the impact of temperature and humidity on the spread of the virus of different Indian states using time-dependent epidemiological models SIRD, and SEIRD for a long time scale. We have used a linear regression method to look for any dependency between the effective reproduction number with the relative humidity, absolute humidity, and temperature. The effective reproduction number shows a negative correlation with both relative and absolute humidity for most of the Indian states, which are statistically significant. This implies that relative and absolute humidity may have an important role in the variation of effective reproduction number. Most of the states (six out of ten) show a positive correlation while two (out of ten) show a negative correlation between effective reproduction number and average air temperature for both SIRD and SEIRD models., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of temporal bone helps in understanding the complex anatomy of temporal bone and in identifying disease in temporal bone. However, its role in diagnosing cholesteatoma and analyzing its extent and complications is not established unequivocally. Present study was undertaken to check sensitivity and specificity of HRCT in diagnosing cholesteatoma and assessing its extent and in identifying ossicular destruction and other complications. In this prospective study in 50 patients with clinical diagnosis of cholesteatoma, preoperative high-resolution temporal bone CT scans axial and coronal view were carried out and compared with intra-operative findings. Kappa statistics was used for radio-surgical correlation. Comparison of CT scan findings with intraoperative findings revealed perfect correlation for sigmoid plate erosion, mastoid cortex dehiscence and scutum erosion, strong correlation for erosion of malleus, posterior superior wall and peri labyrinthine cells, good for erosion of incus and stapes, labyrinthine fistula, tegmen erosion and extent of disease and moderate correlation for facial canal dehiscence. HRCT scan of the temporal bone is useful preoperative investigation for cholesteatoma surgery for identification and documentation of ossicular status, location and extent of disease, erosion of tegmen or sinus or labyrinthine dehiscence, with the exception of facial canal dehiscence. Although it serves as road map for surgery, it still has some false positives and false negatives and the importance of a skilful, aware and alert surgeon cannot be overemphasized., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that there were no conflicts of interests whatsoever in the conduct or writing of this research., (© Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2020.)

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of Allopolyherbal formulation (APHF) consisting of combinations of three well known medicinal plants used in traditional medicines (Trigonella foenum graceum, Momordica charantia, Aegle marmelos) and synthetic oral hypoglycaemic drug (Glipizide-GL). The optimized combination of lyophilized hydro-alcoholic extracts of drugs was 2:2:1 using OGTT model. The optimized PHF was simultaneously administered with GL and optimized using OGTT model in diabetic rats and further studied in STZ-induced diabetic rats for 21 days. The results (serum glucose level, lipid profile, hepatic enzymes and body weight) were compared with the standard drug GL (10 mg/kg body wt). The optimized APHF (500+5 mg/kg body wt) has shown significant antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities. The results were comparable with the standard; even better than the GL (10 mg/kg body wt) alone. The proposed hypothesis has reduced the no. of drug components from eight to three and dose almost 50% of both PHF and GL which fulfil the FDA requirements for export. Thus the developed APHF will be an ideal alternative for the existing hypoglycemic formulations in the market with an additional advantage of hypolipidemic effect and minimizing the cardiovascular risk factors associated with diabetes.