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We present a combined Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) and two-epoch Hubble Space Telescope (HST) study of the region NGC 2071 IR containing the outflow from the protostar HOPS 361-A (NGC 2071 IRS 1). New [O i ] 63 μ m spectra, taken with the German REciever for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) instrument aboard SOFIA, trace the outflow, spectrally resolve line profiles, and give radial velocities of the far-IR emission to yield 3D kinematics, shock properties, and feedback properties. Proper motions and extinction values from HST give a more complete quasi-3D picture that we use to model shock speeds and densities. We identify 14 distinct features that show proper motions. Combined with the GREAT data, we estimate that HOPS 361-A has a mass outflow rate of 3.16 × 10 ^−6 M _⊙ yr ^−1 with shock speeds up to 51 km s ^−1 . The outflow force summed over all knots per area is measured to be 1.45 × 10 ^−4 M _⊙ km ^−1 s ^−1 yr ^−1 and a power summed over all knotsper area of 2.37 × 10 ^−2 M _⊙ s ^−3 dissipated assuming constant $\dot{M}$ , with large uncertainties on the feedback values. The total [O i ] luminosity using all SOFIA apertures encompassing the HOPS 361 clump is 0.7 L _⊙ , corresponding to a mass outflow rate of 7 × 10 ^−5 M _⊙ yr ^−1 . This is the second 3D kinematic study of an outflow in NGC 2071 IR in the near- and far-IR regimes following Rubinstein et al. ( 2023 ). The SOFIA [O i ] spectra add unique focus to the entrained gas connecting the recent episode of outflows from HOPS 361-A to the outflow cavity and the surrounding NGC 2071 IR star-forming environment.

Using the upGREAT instrument on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, we imaged [C ii ] 157.74 and [O i ] 63.18 μ m line emission from a bright photodissociation region (PDR) associated with an ionized bubble located in the Nessie Nebula, a filamentary infrared dark cloud. A comparison with Australia Telescope Compact Array data reveals a classic photodissociation region (PDR) structure, with a uniform progression from ionized gas, to photodissociated gas, and to molecular gas from the bubble’s interior to its exterior. [O i ] line emission from the bubble’s PDR reveals self-absorption features. Toward a far-IR bright protostar, both [O i ] and [C ii ] show an absorption feature at a velocity of −18 km s ^−1 , the same velocity as an unrelated foreground molecular cloud. Since the gas density in typical molecular clouds is well below the [O i ] and [C ii ] critical densities, the excitation temperatures for both lines are low (∼20 K). The Meudon models demonstrate that the surface of a molecular cloud, externally illuminated by a standard G _0 = 1 interstellar radiation field, can produce absorption features in both transitions. Thus, the commonly observed [O i ] and [C ii ] self-absorption and absorption features plausibly arise from the subthermally excited, externally illuminated photodissociated envelopes of molecular clouds. The luminous young stellar object AGAL337.916-00.477, located precisely where the expanding bubble strikes the Nessie filament, is associated with two shock tracers: NH _3 (3,3) maser emission and SiO 2−1 emission, indicating an interaction between the bubble and the filament. The interaction of the expanding bubble with its parental dense filament has triggered star formation.

In the lower atmosphere of Earth, oxygen contains a higher fraction of the heavy ^{18}O isotope than ocean water does (Dole effect). This isotopic enrichment is a signature of biological activity, set by the equilibrium between oxygenic photosynthesis and respiratory metabolisms in terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems. While the mixing between stratospheric and tropospheric oxygen leads to a slow isotopic homogenization, little is known about the isotopic oxygen enrichment in the mesosphere and thermosphere of Earth. In situ measurements from rocket-borne air samplers are limited to altitudes below the mesopause, while higher layers have only been accessible through the analysis of the oxidation of ancient cosmic spherules. Here we report the detection of the far-infrared fine-structure lines (^{3}P_{1}←^{3}P_{2} and ^{3}P_{0}←^{3}P_{1}) of ^{18}O in absorption against the Moon, and determine the ^{16}O/^{18}O ratio in atomic oxygen from the mesosphere and lower thermosphere in absorption. After correcting for isotopic exchange between atomic and molecular oxygen, our values for the bulk ^{16}O/^{18}O ratio of 468 and 382 in February and November 2021, respectively, fall significantly below that found in solar wind samples (530±2), and encompass, within uncertainties, the corresponding ratios pertaining to the Dole effect in the troposphere (487), and those found in stratospheric ozone (429 to 466). We show that with existing technology, future, more sensitive measurements will allow us to monitor deviations from isotopic homogeneity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere of Earth by remote sensing. We demonstrate that the collisional excitation of the fine-structure levels of the ^{3}P ground-state triplet of ^{18}O may compete with isotopic exchange reactions, implying a deviation from the Boltzmann distribution that would be established under local thermodynamic equilibrium.

We present analysis of [O i ] 63 μ m and CO J = 5 − 4 and 8 − 7 multiposition data in the W3A region and use it to develop a model for the extended low-density foreground gas that produces absorption features in the [O i ] and J = 5 − 4 CO lines. We employ the extinction to the exciting stars of the background H ii region to constrain the total column density of the foreground gas. We have used the Meudon photodissociation region code to model the physical conditions and chemistry in the region employing a two-component model with a high-density layer near the H ii region responsible for the fine-structure line emission and an extended low-density foreground layer. The best-fitting total proton density, constrained largely by the CO lines, is n (H) = 250 cm ^−3 in the foreground gas and 5 × 10 ^5 cm ^−3 in the material near the H ii region. The absorption is distributed over the region mapped in W3A and is not restricted to the foreground of either the embedded exciting stars of the H ii region or the protostar W3 IRS5. The low-density material associated with regions of massive-star formation, based on an earlier study by Goldsmith et al., is quite common, and we now see that it is extended over a significant portion of W3A. It thus should be included in modeling of fine-structure line emission, including interpreting low-velocity-resolution observations made with incoherent spectrometer systems, in order to use these lines as accurate tracers of massive-star formation.

GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers based on four quantum well structures operating at 4.7 THz are reported. A large current density dynamic range is observed, leading to a maximum operation temperature of 150 K for the double metal waveguide device and a high peak output power more than 200 mW for the single surface plasmon waveguide device. A continuous wave, single mode, third order distributed feedback laser with a low electrical power dissipation and a narrow far-field beam pattern, which is required for a local oscillator in astronomy heterodyne spectrometers, is also demonstrated.