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50 results on '"McBride, E. E."'

1. Using Diffuse Scattering to Observe X-Ray-Driven Nonthermal Melting

Author

Hartley, N. J., Grenzer, J., Huang, L., Inubushi, Y., Kamimura, N., Katagiri, K., Kodama, R., Kon, A., Lu, W., Makita, M., Matsuoka, T., Nakajima, S., Ozaki, N., Pikuz, T., Rode, A., Sagae, D., Schuster, A. K., Tono, K., Voigt, K., Vorberger, J., Yabuuchi, T., McBride, E. E., and Kraus, D.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

We present results from the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser (SACLA) XFEL facility, using a high intensity ($\sim\!10^{20}\,$W/cm$^2$) X-ray pump X-ray probe scheme to observe changes in the ionic structure of silicon induced by X-ray heating of the electrons. By avoiding Laue spots in the scattering signal from a single crystalline sample, we observe a rapid rise in diffuse scattering, which we attribute to a loss of lattice order and a transition to a liquid state within 100 fs of irradiation, a timescale which agrees well with first principles simulations, but is faster than that predicted by purely inertial behavior. This method is capable of observing liquid scattering without masking or filtering of signal from the ambient solid, allowing the liquid structure to be measured throughout and beyond the phase change., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Updated title and abstract

Published
2020
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2. Time-resolved XUV Opacity Measurements of Warm-Dense Aluminium

Author

Vinko, S. M., Vozda, V., Andreasson, J., Bajt, S., Bielecki, J., Burian, T., Chalupsky, J., Ciricosta, O., Desjarlais, M. P., Fleckenstein, H., Hajdu, J., Hajkova, V., Hollebon, P., Juha, L., Kasim, M. F., McBride, E. E., Muehlig, K., Preston, T. R., Rackstraw, D. S., Roling, S., Toleikis, S., Wark, J. S., and Zacharias, H.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Computational Physics, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability
Abstract

The free-free opacity in plasmas is fundamental to our understanding of energy transport in stellar interiors and for inertial confinement fusion research. However, theoretical predictions in the challenging dense plasma regime are conflicting and there is a dearth of accurate experimental data to allow for direct model validation. Here we present time-resolved transmission measurements in solid-density Al heated by an XUV free-electron laser. We use a novel functional optimization approach to extract the temperature-dependent absorption coefficient directly from an oversampled pool of single-shot measurements, and find a pronounced enhancement of the opacity as the plasma is heated to temperatures of order the Fermi energy. Plasma heating and opacity-enhancement is observed on ultrafast time scales, within the duration of the femtosecond XUV pulse. We attribute further rises in the opacity on ps timescales to melt and the formation of warm-dense matter.

Published
2020
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3. Setup for meV-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering measurements at the Matter in Extreme Conditions Endstation at the LCLS

Author

McBride, E. E., White, T. G., Descamps, A., Fletcher, L. B., Appel, K., Condamine, F., Curry, C. B., Dallari, F., Funk, S., Galtier, E., Gauthier, M., Goede, S., Kim, J. B., Lee, H. J., Ofori-Okai, B. K., Oliver, M., Rigby, A., Schoenwaelder, C., Sun, P., Tschentscher, Th., Witte, B. B. L., Zastrau, U., Gregori, G., Nagler, B., Hastings, J., Glenzer, S. H., and Monaco, G.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We describe a setup for performing inelastic X-ray scattering measurements at the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) endstation of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). This technique is capable of performing high-, meV-resolution measurements of dynamic ion features in both crystalline and non-crystalline materials. A four-bounce silicon (533) monochromator was used in conjunction with three silicon (533) diced crystal analyzers to provide an energy resolution of ~50 meV over a range of ~500 meV in single shot measurements. In addition to the instrument resolution function, we demonstrate the measurement of longitudinal acoustic phonon modes in polycrystalline diamond. Furthermore, this setup may be combined with the high intensity laser drivers available at MEC to create warm dense matter, and subsequently measure ion acoustic modes., Comment: Proceedings for High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics

Published
2018
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4. Liquid Structure of Shock-Compressed Hydrocarbons at Megabar Pressures

Author

Hartley, N. J., Vorberger, J., Doppner, T., Cowan, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., MacDonald, M. J., MacKinnon, A. J., McBride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Pak, A., Rohatsch, K., Saunders, A. M., Schuster, A.‰ K., Sun, P., van Driel, T., and Kraus, D.

Published
2018

5. High-pressure chemistry of hydrocarbons relevant to planetary interiors and inertial confinement fusion

Author

Kraus, D., Hartley, N. J, Frydrych, S., Schuster, A. K, Rohatsch, K., Rödel, M., Cowan, T. E, Brown, S., Cunningham, E., van Driel, T., Fletcher, L. B, Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J, Laso Garcia, A., Gericke, D. O, Granados, E., Heimann, P. A, Lee, H. J, MacDonald, M. J, MacKinnon, A. J, McBride, E. E, Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Pak, A., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Saunders, A. M, Schölmerich, M., Schörner, M., Sun, P., Turner, S. J, Zettl, A., Falcone, R. W, Glenzer, S. H, T. Döppner, T., and Vorberger, J.

Published
2018

6. Shock compression experiments using the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density instrument at the European x-ray free electron laser: Quantitative structural analysis of liquid Sn

Author

Gorman, M, Mcgonegle, D, Smith, R, Singh, S, Jenkins, T, Mcwilliams, R, Albertazzi, B, Ali, S, Antonelli, L, Armstrong, M, Baehtz, C, Ball, O, Banerjee, S, Belonoshko, A, Benuzzi-Mounaix, A, Bolme, C, Bouffetier, V, Briggs, R, Buakor, K, Butcher, T, Di Dio Cafiso, S, Cerantola, V, Chantel, J, Di Cicco, A, Clarke, S, Coleman, A, Collier, J, Collins, G, Comley, A, Coppari, F, Cowan, T, Cristoforetti, G, Cynn, H, Descamps, A, Dorchies, F, Duff, M, Dwivedi, A, Edwards, C, Eggert, J, Errandonea, D, Fiquet, G, Galtier, E, Laso Garcia, A, Ginestet, H, Gizzi, L, Gleason, A, Goede, S, Gonzalez, J, Harmand, M, Hartley, N, Heighway, P, Hernandez-Gomez, C, Higginbotham, A, Höppner, H, Husband, R, Hutchinson, T, Hwang, H, Lazicki, A, Keen, D, Kim, J, Koester, P, Konopkova, Z, Kraus, D, Krygier, A, Labate, L, Lee, Y, Liermann, H, Mason, P, Masruri, M, Massani, B, Mcbride, E, Mcguire, C, Mchardy, J, Merkel, S, Morard, G, Nagler, B, Nakatsutsumi, M, Nguyen-Cong, K, Norton, A, Oleynik, I, Otzen, C, Ozaki, N, Pandolfi, S, Peake, D, Pelka, A, Pereira, K, Phillips, J, Prescher, C, Preston, T, Randolph, L, Ranjan, D, Ravasio, A, Redmer, R, Rips, J, Santamaria-Perez, D, Savage, D, Schoelmerich, M, Schwinkendorf, J, Smith, J, Sollier, A, Spear, J, Spindloe, C, Stevenson, M, Strohm, C, Suer, T, Tang, M, Toncian, M, Toncian, T, Tracy, S, Trapananti, A, Tschentscher, T, Tyldesley, M, Vennari, C, Vinci, T, Vogel, S, Volz, T, Vorberger, J, Walsh, J, Wark, J, Willman, J, Wollenweber, L, Zastrau, U, Brambrink, E, Appel, K, Mcmahon, M, Gorman, M. G., McGonegle, D., Smith, R. F., Singh, S., Jenkins, T., McWilliams, R. S., Albertazzi, B., Ali, S. J., Antonelli, L., Armstrong, M. R., Baehtz, C., Ball, O. B., Banerjee, S., Belonoshko, A. B., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Bolme, C. A., Bouffetier, V., Briggs, R., Buakor, K., Butcher, T., Di Dio Cafiso, S., Cerantola, V., Chantel, J., Di Cicco, A., Clarke, S., Coleman, A. L., Collier, J., Collins, G. W., Comley, A. J., Coppari, F., Cowan, T. E., Cristoforetti, G., Cynn, H., Descamps, A., Dorchies, F., Duff, M. J., Dwivedi, A., Edwards, C., Eggert, J. H., Errandonea, D., Fiquet, G., Galtier, E., Laso Garcia, A., Ginestet, H., Gizzi, L., Gleason, A., Goede, S., Gonzalez, J. M., Harmand, M., Hartley, N. J., Heighway, P. G., Hernandez-Gomez, C., Higginbotham, A., Höppner, H., Husband, R. J., Hutchinson, T. M., Hwang, H., Lazicki, A. E., Keen, D. A., Kim, J., Koester, P., Konopkova, Z., Kraus, D., Krygier, A., Labate, L., Lee, Y., Liermann, H. -P., Mason, P., Masruri, M., Massani, B., McBride, E. E., McGuire, C., McHardy, J. D., Merkel, S., Morard, G., Nagler, B., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nguyen-Cong, K., Norton, A. -M., Oleynik, I. I., Otzen, C., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Peake, D. J., Pelka, A., Pereira, K. A., Phillips, J. P., Prescher, C., Preston, T. R., Randolph, L., Ranjan, D., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Rips, J., Santamaria-Perez, D., Savage, D. J., Schoelmerich, M., Schwinkendorf, J. -P., Smith, J., Sollier, A., Spear, J., Spindloe, C., Stevenson, M., Strohm, C., Suer, T. -A., Tang, M., Toncian, M., Toncian, T., Tracy, S. J., Trapananti, A., Tschentscher, T., Tyldesley, M., Vennari, C. E., Vinci, T., Vogel, S. C., Volz, T. J., Vorberger, J., Walsh, J. P. S., Wark, J. S., Willman, J. T., Wollenweber, L., Zastrau, U., Brambrink, E., Appel, K., McMahon, M. I., Gorman, M, Mcgonegle, D, Smith, R, Singh, S, Jenkins, T, Mcwilliams, R, Albertazzi, B, Ali, S, Antonelli, L, Armstrong, M, Baehtz, C, Ball, O, Banerjee, S, Belonoshko, A, Benuzzi-Mounaix, A, Bolme, C, Bouffetier, V, Briggs, R, Buakor, K, Butcher, T, Di Dio Cafiso, S, Cerantola, V, Chantel, J, Di Cicco, A, Clarke, S, Coleman, A, Collier, J, Collins, G, Comley, A, Coppari, F, Cowan, T, Cristoforetti, G, Cynn, H, Descamps, A, Dorchies, F, Duff, M, Dwivedi, A, Edwards, C, Eggert, J, Errandonea, D, Fiquet, G, Galtier, E, Laso Garcia, A, Ginestet, H, Gizzi, L, Gleason, A, Goede, S, Gonzalez, J, Harmand, M, Hartley, N, Heighway, P, Hernandez-Gomez, C, Higginbotham, A, Höppner, H, Husband, R, Hutchinson, T, Hwang, H, Lazicki, A, Keen, D, Kim, J, Koester, P, Konopkova, Z, Kraus, D, Krygier, A, Labate, L, Lee, Y, Liermann, H, Mason, P, Masruri, M, Massani, B, Mcbride, E, Mcguire, C, Mchardy, J, Merkel, S, Morard, G, Nagler, B, Nakatsutsumi, M, Nguyen-Cong, K, Norton, A, Oleynik, I, Otzen, C, Ozaki, N, Pandolfi, S, Peake, D, Pelka, A, Pereira, K, Phillips, J, Prescher, C, Preston, T, Randolph, L, Ranjan, D, Ravasio, A, Redmer, R, Rips, J, Santamaria-Perez, D, Savage, D, Schoelmerich, M, Schwinkendorf, J, Smith, J, Sollier, A, Spear, J, Spindloe, C, Stevenson, M, Strohm, C, Suer, T, Tang, M, Toncian, M, Toncian, T, Tracy, S, Trapananti, A, Tschentscher, T, Tyldesley, M, Vennari, C, Vinci, T, Vogel, S, Volz, T, Vorberger, J, Walsh, J, Wark, J, Willman, J, Wollenweber, L, Zastrau, U, Brambrink, E, Appel, K, Mcmahon, M, Gorman, M. G., McGonegle, D., Smith, R. F., Singh, S., Jenkins, T., McWilliams, R. S., Albertazzi, B., Ali, S. J., Antonelli, L., Armstrong, M. R., Baehtz, C., Ball, O. B., Banerjee, S., Belonoshko, A. B., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Bolme, C. A., Bouffetier, V., Briggs, R., Buakor, K., Butcher, T., Di Dio Cafiso, S., Cerantola, V., Chantel, J., Di Cicco, A., Clarke, S., Coleman, A. L., Collier, J., Collins, G. W., Comley, A. J., Coppari, F., Cowan, T. E., Cristoforetti, G., Cynn, H., Descamps, A., Dorchies, F., Duff, M. J., Dwivedi, A., Edwards, C., Eggert, J. H., Errandonea, D., Fiquet, G., Galtier, E., Laso Garcia, A., Ginestet, H., Gizzi, L., Gleason, A., Goede, S., Gonzalez, J. M., Harmand, M., Hartley, N. J., Heighway, P. G., Hernandez-Gomez, C., Higginbotham, A., Höppner, H., Husband, R. J., Hutchinson, T. M., Hwang, H., Lazicki, A. E., Keen, D. A., Kim, J., Koester, P., Konopkova, Z., Kraus, D., Krygier, A., Labate, L., Lee, Y., Liermann, H. -P., Mason, P., Masruri, M., Massani, B., McBride, E. E., McGuire, C., McHardy, J. D., Merkel, S., Morard, G., Nagler, B., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nguyen-Cong, K., Norton, A. -M., Oleynik, I. I., Otzen, C., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Peake, D. J., Pelka, A., Pereira, K. A., Phillips, J. P., Prescher, C., Preston, T. R., Randolph, L., Ranjan, D., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Rips, J., Santamaria-Perez, D., Savage, D. J., Schoelmerich, M., Schwinkendorf, J. -P., Smith, J., Sollier, A., Spear, J., Spindloe, C., Stevenson, M., Strohm, C., Suer, T. -A., Tang, M., Toncian, M., Toncian, T., Tracy, S. J., Trapananti, A., Tschentscher, T., Tyldesley, M., Vennari, C. E., Vinci, T., Vogel, S. C., Volz, T. J., Vorberger, J., Walsh, J. P. S., Wark, J. S., Willman, J. T., Wollenweber, L., Zastrau, U., Brambrink, E., Appel, K., and McMahon, M. I.

Abstract

X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources coupled to high-power laser systems offer an avenue to study the structural dynamics of materials at extreme pressures and temperatures. The recent commissioning of the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density (HED) instrument at the European XFEL represents the state-of-the-art in combining x-ray diffraction with laser compression, allowing for compressed materials to be probed in unprecedented detail. Here, we report quantitative structural measurements of molten Sn compressed to 85(5) GPa and ∼ 3500 K. The capabilities of the HED instrument enable liquid density measurements with an uncertainty of ∼ 1 % at conditions which are extremely challenging to reach via static compression methods. We discuss best practices for conducting liquid diffraction dynamic compression experiments and the necessary intensity corrections which allow for accurate quantitative analysis. We also provide a polyimide ablation pressure vs input laser energy for the DiPOLE 100-X drive laser which will serve future users of the HED instrument.

Published
2024

7. Release dynamics of nanodiamonds created by laser-driven shock-compression of polyethylene terephthalate

Author

(0000-0001-6363-1780) Heuser, B., Bergermann, A., Stevenson, M. G., Ranjan, D., He, Z., Lütgert, J., Schumacher, S., Bethkenhagen, M., Descamps, A., Galtier, E., Gleason, A. E., Khaghani, D., Glenn, G. D., Cunningham, E. F., Glenzer, S. H., Hartley, N. J., Hernandez, J.-A., Humphries, O. S., Katagiri, K., Ja Lee, H., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Nagler, B., Ofori-Okai, B., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Qu, C., Thomas May, P., Redmer, R., Schoenwaelder, C., Sueda, K., Yabuuchi, T., Yabashi, M., Lukic, B., Rack, A., Zinta, L. M. V., Vinci, T., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Ravasio, A., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., (0000-0001-6363-1780) Heuser, B., Bergermann, A., Stevenson, M. G., Ranjan, D., He, Z., Lütgert, J., Schumacher, S., Bethkenhagen, M., Descamps, A., Galtier, E., Gleason, A. E., Khaghani, D., Glenn, G. D., Cunningham, E. F., Glenzer, S. H., Hartley, N. J., Hernandez, J.-A., Humphries, O. S., Katagiri, K., Ja Lee, H., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Nagler, B., Ofori-Okai, B., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Qu, C., Thomas May, P., Redmer, R., Schoenwaelder, C., Sueda, K., Yabuuchi, T., Yabashi, M., Lukic, B., Rack, A., Zinta, L. M. V., Vinci, T., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Ravasio, A., and (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D.

Abstract

Laser-driven dynamic compression experiments of plastic materials have found surprisingly fast formation of nanodiamonds (ND) via X-ray probing. This mechanism is relevant for planetary models, but could also open efficient synthesis routes for tailored NDs. We investigate the release mechanics of compressed NDs by molecular dynamics simulation of the isotropic expansion of finite size diamond from different P-T states. Analysing the structural integrity along different release paths via molecular dynamic simulations, we found substantial disintegration rates upon shock release, increasing with the on-Hugnoiot shock temperature. We also find that recrystallization can occur after the expansion and hence during the release, depending on subsequent cooling mechanisms. Our study suggests higher ND recovery rates from off-Hugoniot states, e.g., via double-shocks, due to faster cooling. Laser-driven shock compression experiments of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples with in situ X-ray probing at the simulated conditions found diamond signal that persists up to 11 ns after breakout. In the diffraction pattern, we observed peak shifts, which we attribute to thermal expansion of the NDs and thus a total release of pressure, which indicates the stability of the released NDs.

Published
2024

8. Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures

Author

Lütgert, J., Vorberger, J., Hartley, N. J., Voigt, K., Rödel, M., Schuster, A. K., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Brown, S., Cowan, T. E., Cunningham, E., Döppner, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Galtier, E., Glenzer, S. H., Laso Garcia, A., Gericke, D. O., Heimann, P. A., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Saunders, A. M., Schölmerich, M., Schörner, M., Sun, P., Vinci, T., Ravasio, A., and Kraus, D.

Published
2021
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9. An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser

Author

Descamps, A., Ofori-Okai, B. K., Appel, K., Cerantola, V., Comley, A., Eggert, J. H., Fletcher, L. B., Gericke, D. O., Göde, S., Humphries, O., Karnbach, O., Lazicki, A., Loetzsch, R., McGonegle, D., Palmer, C. A. J., Plueckthun, C., Preston, T. R., Redmer, R., Senesky, D. G., Strohm, C., Uschmann, I., White, T. G., Wollenweber, L., Monaco, G., Wark, J. S., Hastings, J. B., Zastrau, U., Gregori, G., Glenzer, S. H., and McBride, E. E.

Published
2020
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11. Demonstration of X-ray Thomson scattering as diagnostics for miscibility in warm dense matter

Author

Frydrych, S., Vorberger, J., Hartley, N. J., Schuster, A. K., Ramakrishna, K., Saunders, A. M., van Driel, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., MacDonald, M. J., MacKinnon, A. J., McBride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Pak, A., Voigt, K., Roth, M., Sun, P., Gericke, D. O., Döppner, T., and Kraus, D.

Published
2020
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12. Indirect evidence for elemental hydrogen in laser-compressed hydrocarbons

Author

Kraus, D., primary, Vorberger, J., additional, Hartley, N. J., additional, Lütgert, J., additional, Rödel, M., additional, Chekrygina, D., additional, Döppner, T., additional, van Driel, T., additional, Falcone, R. W., additional, Fletcher, L. B., additional, Frydrych, S., additional, Galtier, E., additional, Gericke, D. O., additional, Glenzer, S. H., additional, Granados, E., additional, Inubushi, Y., additional, Kamimura, N., additional, Katagiri, K., additional, MacDonald, M. J., additional, MacKinnon, A. J., additional, Matsuoka, T., additional, Miyanishi, K., additional, McBride, E. E., additional, Nam, I., additional, Neumayer, P., additional, Ozaki, N., additional, Pak, A., additional, Ravasio, A., additional, Saunders, A. M., additional, Schuster, A. K., additional, Stevenson, M. G., additional, Sueda, K., additional, Sun, P., additional, Togashi, T., additional, Voigt, K., additional, Yabashi, M., additional, and Yabuuchi, T., additional

Published
2023
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13. Indirect evidence for elemental hydrogen in laser-compressed hydrocarbons

Author

(0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., Hartley, N. J., Lütgert, J., Rödel, M., Chekrygina, D., Döppner, T., Driel, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Inubushi, Y., Kamimura, N., Katagiri, K., Macdonald, M. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Matsuoka, T., Miyanishi, K., McBride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Ozaki, N., Pak, A., Ravasio, A., Saunders, A. M., Schuster, A. K., Stevenson, M. G., Sueda, K., Sun, P., Togashi, T., Voigt, K., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., Hartley, N. J., Lütgert, J., Rödel, M., Chekrygina, D., Döppner, T., Driel, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Inubushi, Y., Kamimura, N., Katagiri, K., Macdonald, M. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Matsuoka, T., Miyanishi, K., McBride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Ozaki, N., Pak, A., Ravasio, A., Saunders, A. M., Schuster, A. K., Stevenson, M. G., Sueda, K., Sun, P., Togashi, T., Voigt, K., Yabashi, M., and Yabuuchi, T.

Abstract

We demonstrate a significantly simplified experimental approach for investigating liquid metallic hydrogen, which is crucial to understand the internal structure and evolution of giant planets. Plastic samples were shockcompressed and then probed by short pulses of X-rays generated by free electron lasers. By comparison with ab initio simulations, we provide indirect evidence for the creation of elemental hydrogen in shock-compressed plastics at ∼150GPa and ∼5,000K and thus in a regime where hydrogen is predicted to be metallic. Being the most common form of condensed matter in our solar system, and ostensibly the simplest of all elements, hydrogen is the model case for many theoretical studies and we provide a new possibility to benchmark models for conditions with extreme pressures and temperatures. Moreover, this approach will also allow to probe the chemical behavior of metallic hydrogen in mixture with other elements, which, besides its importance for planetary physics, may open up promising pathways for the synthesis of new materials.

Published
2023

14. Evidence for Crystalline Structure in Dynamically-Compressed Polyethylene up to 200 GPa

Author

Hartley, N. J., Brown, S., Cowan, T. E., Cunningham, E., Döppner, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J., Laso Garcia, A., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Heimann, P. A., Lee, H. J., MacDonald, M. J., MacKinnon, A. J., McBride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Pak, A., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Ravasio, A., Rödel, M., Rohatsch, K., Saunders, A. M., Schölmerich, M., Schörner, M., Schuster, A. K., Sun, P., van Driel, T., Vorberger, J., and Kraus, D.

Published
2019
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15. Recovery of release cloud from laser shock-loaded graphite and hydrocarbon targets: in search of diamonds

Author

Schuster, A. K., Voigt, K., Klemmed, B., Hartley, N. J., Lütgert, J., Zhang, M., Bähtz, C., Benad, A., Brabetz, C., Cowan, T., Döppner, T., Erb, D. J., Eychmüller, A., Facsko, S., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Ganzenmüller, G. C., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Grenzer, J., Helbig, U., Hiermaier, S., Hübner, R., Laso Garcia, A., Lee, H. J., MacDonald, M. J., McBride, E. E., Neumayer, P., Pak, A., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Prosvetov, A., Rack, A., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Reemts, D., Rödel, M., Schoelmerich, M., Schumacher, D., Tomut, M., Turner, S. J., Saunders, A. M., Sun, P., Vorberger, J., Zettl, A., Kraus, D., Schuster, A. K., Voigt, K., Klemmed, B., Hartley, N. J., Lütgert, J., Zhang, M., Bähtz, C., Benad, A., Brabetz, C., Cowan, T., Döppner, T., Erb, D. J., Eychmüller, A., Facsko, S., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Ganzenmüller, G. C., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Grenzer, J., Helbig, U., Hiermaier, S., Hübner, R., Laso Garcia, A., Lee, H. J., MacDonald, M. J., McBride, E. E., Neumayer, P., Pak, A., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Prosvetov, A., Rack, A., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Reemts, D., Rödel, M., Schoelmerich, M., Schumacher, D., Tomut, M., Turner, S. J., Saunders, A. M., Sun, P., Vorberger, J., Zettl, A., and Kraus, D.

Abstract

This work presents first insights into the dynamics of free-surface release clouds from dynamically compressed polystyrene and pyrolytic graphite at pressures up to 200 GPa, where they transform into diamond or lonsdaleite, respectively. These ejecta clouds are released into either vacuum or various types of catcher systems, and are monitored with high-speed recordings (frame rates up to 10 MHz). Molecular dynamics simulations are used to give insights to the rate of diamond preservation throughout the free expansion and the catcher impact process, highlighting the challenges of diamond retrieval. Raman spectroscopy data show graphitic signatures on a catcher plate confirming that the shock-compressed PS is transformed. First electron microscopy analyses of solid catcher plates yield an outstanding number of different spherical-like objects in the size range between ten(s) up to hundreds of nanometres, which are one type of two potential diamond candidates identified. The origin of some objects can unambiguously be assigned, while the history of others remains speculative.

Published
2022

16. Diamond formation kinetics in shock-compressed C-H-O samples recorded by small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction

Author

He, Z., Rödel, M., Lütgert, J., Bergermann, A., Bethkenhagen, M., Chekrygina, D., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., Descamps, A., French, M., Galtier, E., Gleason, A. E., Glenn, G. D., Glenzer, S. H., Inubushi, Y., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., Hernandez, J.-A., Heuser, B., (0000-0001-6748-0422) Humphries, O. S., Kamimura, N., Katagiri, K., Khaghani, D., Ja Lee, H., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Nagler, B., Ofori-Okai, B., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Qu, C., (0000-0002-8641-4794) Ranjan, D., Redmer, R., Schoenwaelder, C., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., Stevenson, M. G., Sueda, K., Togashi, T., Vinci, T., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., Zinta, L. M. V., Ravasio, A., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., He, Z., Rödel, M., Lütgert, J., Bergermann, A., Bethkenhagen, M., Chekrygina, D., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., Descamps, A., French, M., Galtier, E., Gleason, A. E., Glenn, G. D., Glenzer, S. H., Inubushi, Y., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., Hernandez, J.-A., Heuser, B., (0000-0001-6748-0422) Humphries, O. S., Kamimura, N., Katagiri, K., Khaghani, D., Ja Lee, H., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Nagler, B., Ofori-Okai, B., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Qu, C., (0000-0002-8641-4794) Ranjan, D., Redmer, R., Schoenwaelder, C., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., Stevenson, M. G., Sueda, K., Togashi, T., Vinci, T., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., Zinta, L. M. V., Ravasio, A., and (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D.

Abstract

Extreme conditions inside ice giants like Uranus and Neptune can result in peculiar chemistry and structural transitions, e.g., the precipitation of diamonds or superionic water, as so far experimentally observed only for pure C-H and H2O systems, respectively. Here we investigate a stoichiometric mixture of C and H2O by shock-compressing PET plastics and performing in situ X-ray probing. We observe diamond formation at pressures between 72±7 GPa and 125±13 GPa at temperatures ranging from ~3500 K to ~6000 K. Combining X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering, we access the kinetics of this exotic reaction. The observed demixing of C and H2O suggests that diamond precipitation inside the ice giants is enhanced by oxygen, which can lead to isolated water and thus the formation of superionic structures relevant to the planets’ magnetic fields. Moreover, our measurements indicate a way of producing nanodiamonds by simple laser-driven shock-compression of cheap PET plastics.

Published
2022

17. Towards performing high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering measurements at hard X-ray free-electron lasers coupled with energetic laser drivers

Author

Descamps, A., primary, Ofori-Okai, B. K., additional, Baldwin, J. K., additional, Chen, Z., additional, Fletcher, L. B., additional, Glenzer, S. H., additional, Hartley, N. J., additional, Hasting, J. B., additional, Khaghani, D., additional, Mo, M., additional, Nagler, B., additional, Recoules, V., additional, Redmer, R., additional, Schörner, M., additional, Sun, P., additional, Wang, Y. Q., additional, White, T. G., additional, and McBride, E. E., additional

Published
2022
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18. Probing ultrafast laser plasma processes inside solids with resonant small angle X-ray scattering

Author

Gaus, L., Bischoff, L., Bussmann, M., Cunningham, E., Curry, C. B., E, Juncheng, Galtier, E., Gauthier, M., Laso García, A., Garten, M., Glenzer, S., Grenzer, J., Gutt, C., Hartley, N., Huang, L., Hübner, U., Kraus, D., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., Metzkes-Ng, J., Nagler, B., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nikl, J., Ota, M., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Randolph, L., Rödel, M., Sakawa, Y., Schlenvoigt, H.-P., Smid, M., Treffert, F., Voigt, K., Zeil, K., Cowan, T., Schramm, U., and Kluge, T.

Abstract

Extreme states of matter exist throughout the universe e.g. inside planetary cores, stars or astrophysical jets. Such conditions can be generated in the laboratory in the interaction of powerful lasers with solids. Yet, the measurement of the subsequent plasma dynamics with regard to density, temperature and ionization is a major experimental challenge. However, ultra-short X-ray pulses provided by X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) allow for dedicated studies, which are highly relevant to study laboratory astrophysics, laser-fusion research or laser-plasma-based particle acceleration. Here, we report on experiments that employ a novel ultrafast method, which allows to simultaneously access temperature, ionization state and nanometer scale expansion dynamics in high-intensity laser-driven solid-density plasmas with a single X-ray detector. Using this method, we gain access to the expansion dynamics of a buried layer in compound samples, and we measure opacity changes arising from bound-bound resonance transitions in highly ionized copper. The presence of highly ionized copper leads to a temperature estimate of at least 2 million Kelvin already after the first 100 femtoseconds following the high-intensity laser irradiation. More specifically, we make use of asymmetries in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns, which arise from different spatial distributions of absorption and scattering cross sections in nanostructured grating samples when we tune an XFEL to atomic resonant energies of copper. Thereby, changes in asymmetry can be connected with the evolution of the plasma expansion and ionization dynamics. The potential of XFEL-based resonant SAXS to obtain three-dimensional ultrafast, nanoscopic information on density and opacity may offer a unique path for the characterization of dynamic processes in High Energy Density plasmas.

Published
2021

19. Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures

Author

Lütgert, B. J., Vorberger, J., Hartley, N., Voigt, K., Rödel, M., Schuster, A., Brown, S., Cowan, T., Cunningham, E., Döppner, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Galtier, E., Glenzer, S. H., Laso García, A., Gericke, D. O., Heimann, P. A., Lee, H. J., Mcbride, E. E., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Ravasio, A., Saunders, A. M., Schölmerich, M., SchÖrner, M., Sun, P., and Kraus, D.

Abstract

We present structure measurements of biaxially orientated polyethylene terephthalate (PET, (C10H8O4)n , also called mylar) shock-compressed to (155+/-20) GPa and (6000+/-1000) K using in situ X-ray diffraction. Comparing to density functional theory molecular dynamics simulations, we find a highly correlated liquid that exhibits a temperature signficantly lower than predicted by some equation-of-state tables, which underlines the influence of complex chemical interactions in this regime. Indeed, at the inferred temperature and pressure, formation of nanodiamonds may be expected as recently observed in polystyrene at similar conditions. While some hints of diamond formation from PET are visible in the diffraction data, the strong liquid correlations prevent a conclusive statement as to whether diamonds are formed inside the sample volume.

Published
2021

20. Dataset: Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures

Author

Lütgert, B. J., Vorberger, J., Hartley, N., Voigt, K., Rödel, M., Schuster, A., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Brown, S., Cowan, T., Cunningham, E., Döppner, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Galtier, E., Glenzer, S. H., Laso García, A., Gericke, D. O., Heimann, P. A., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Saunders, A. M., Schölmerich, M., Schörner, M., Sun, P., Vinci, T., Ravasio, A., and Kraus, D.

Abstract

This repository contains raw-data related to our publication "Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures". The XRD data in the "LCLS" folder is accompanied with a "calibration.poni" file that provides information about the experiment's geometry and can be used in pyFAI (GitHub page) or Dioptas (GitHub page) to integrate the two-dimensional data azimuthally. Integrated XRD data after background-subtraction and filter-corrections is presented in Fig. 2 and 3 of the manuscript while 2D data of run 215 is used in Fig. 1. The "shotlist.csv" file contains information about the relative X-ray to drive-laser timing, shot-type and X-ray energy for the individual events. VISAR, SOP and reflectivity measurements can be found in the "LULI" directory. 2ω-VISAR and SOP datasets of shot 08 are displayed as inserts in Fig. 5 (the first after performing a ghost-fringe subtraction). "shotlist.csv" provides additional parameters. The DFTMD folder contains the results of our density functional theory molecular dynamics simulation. In the "XRD" subdirectory, "wrofk_mylar_chomd*.dat" files can be found in which the quantities to calculate the lineouts in Fig. 3 and 4 are saved for given temperatures, pressures and densities. The header of those files is given in "header.txt" and additional information about the conditions and settings for individual calculations can be obtained from "param_mylar_md.txt". The dataset for the Hugoniot curve from our DFT-MD equation-of-state (which is plotted in Fig. 5) is provided in the "Hugoniot" sub-folder.

Published
2021

21. Novel experimental setup for megahertz X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL)

Author

Liermann, H. P., Konôpková, Z., Appel, K., Prescher, C., Schropp, A., Cerantola, V., Husband, R. J., McHardy, J. D., McMahon, M. I., McWilliams, R. S., Pépin, C. M., Mainberger, J., Roeper, M., Berghäuser, A., Damker, H., Talkovski, P., Foese, M., Kujala, N., Ball, O. B., Baron, M. A., Briggs, R., Bykov, M., Bykova, E., Chantel, J., Coleman, A. L., Cynn, H., Dattelbaum, D., Dresselhaus-Marais, L. E., Eggert, J. H., Ehm, L., Evans, W. J., Fiquet, G., Frost, M., Glazyrin, K., Goncharov, A. F., Hwang, H., Jenei, Z., Kim, J.-Y., Langenhorst, F., Lee, Y., Makita, M., Marquardt, H., McBride, E. E., Merkel, S., Morard, G., Obannon, E. F., Otzen, C., Pace, E. J., Pelka, A., Pigott, J. S., Prakapenka, V. B., Redmer, R., Sanchez-Valle, C., Schölmerich, M., Speziale, S., Spiekermann, G., Sturtevant, B. T., Toleikis, S., Velisavljevic, N., Wilke, M., Yoo, C.-S., Baehtz, C., Zastrau, U., Strohm, C., Liermann, H. P., Konôpková, Z., Appel, K., Prescher, C., Schropp, A., Cerantola, V., Husband, R. J., McHardy, J. D., McMahon, M. I., McWilliams, R. S., Pépin, C. M., Mainberger, J., Roeper, M., Berghäuser, A., Damker, H., Talkovski, P., Foese, M., Kujala, N., Ball, O. B., Baron, M. A., Briggs, R., Bykov, M., Bykova, E., Chantel, J., Coleman, A. L., Cynn, H., Dattelbaum, D., Dresselhaus-Marais, L. E., Eggert, J. H., Ehm, L., Evans, W. J., Fiquet, G., Frost, M., Glazyrin, K., Goncharov, A. F., Hwang, H., Jenei, Z., Kim, J.-Y., Langenhorst, F., Lee, Y., Makita, M., Marquardt, H., McBride, E. E., Merkel, S., Morard, G., Obannon, E. F., Otzen, C., Pace, E. J., Pelka, A., Pigott, J. S., Prakapenka, V. B., Redmer, R., Sanchez-Valle, C., Schölmerich, M., Speziale, S., Spiekermann, G., Sturtevant, B. T., Toleikis, S., Velisavljevic, N., Wilke, M., Yoo, C.-S., Baehtz, C., Zastrau, U., and Strohm, C.

Abstract

The high-precision X-ray diffraction setup for work with diamond anvil cells (DACs) in interaction chamber 2 (IC2) of the High Energy Density instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is described. This includes beamline optics, sample positioning and detector systems located in the multipurpose vacuum chamber. Concepts for pump–probe X-ray diffraction experiments in the DAC are described and their implementation demonstrated during the First User Community Assisted Commissioning experiment. X-ray heating and diffraction of Bi under pressure, obtained using 20 fs X-ray pulses at 17.8 keV and 2.2 MHz repetition, is illustrated through splitting of diffraction peaks, and interpreted employing finite element modeling of the sample chamber in the DAC.

Published
2021

22. The High Energy Density Scientific Instrument at the European XFEL

Author

Zastrau, U., Appel, K., Bähtz, C., Bähr, O., Batchelor, L., Berghäuser, A., Banjafar, M., Brambrink, E., Cerantola, V., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., Damker, H., Dittrich, S., Di Dio Cafiso, S. D., Dreyer, J., Engel, H.-O., Feldmann, T., Findeisen, S., Foese, M., Fulla-Marsa, D., Göde, S., Hassan, M. K. Y., Hauser, J., (0000-0001-6706-4541) Herrmannsdörfer, T., Höppner, H., Kaa, J., Kaever, P., Knöfel, K., Konopkova, Z., (0000-0002-7671-0901) Laso García, A., Liermann, H.-P., Mainberger, J., Makita, M., Martens, E.-C., McBride, E. E., Möller, D., Nakatsutsumi, M., Pelka, A., Plueckthun, C., Prescher, C., Preston, T. R., Röper, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, W., Schwinkendorf, J.-P., Schoelmerich, M. O., (0000-0003-0390-7671) Schramm, U., Schropp, A., Strohm, C., Sukharnikov, K., Talkovski, P., Thorpe, I., Toncian, M., (0000-0001-7986-3631) Toncian, T., Wollenweber, L., (0000-0001-5819-2867) Yamamoto, S., Tschentscher, T., Zastrau, U., Appel, K., Bähtz, C., Bähr, O., Batchelor, L., Berghäuser, A., Banjafar, M., Brambrink, E., Cerantola, V., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., Damker, H., Dittrich, S., Di Dio Cafiso, S. D., Dreyer, J., Engel, H.-O., Feldmann, T., Findeisen, S., Foese, M., Fulla-Marsa, D., Göde, S., Hassan, M. K. Y., Hauser, J., (0000-0001-6706-4541) Herrmannsdörfer, T., Höppner, H., Kaa, J., Kaever, P., Knöfel, K., Konopkova, Z., (0000-0002-7671-0901) Laso García, A., Liermann, H.-P., Mainberger, J., Makita, M., Martens, E.-C., McBride, E. E., Möller, D., Nakatsutsumi, M., Pelka, A., Plueckthun, C., Prescher, C., Preston, T. R., Röper, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, W., Schwinkendorf, J.-P., Schoelmerich, M. O., (0000-0003-0390-7671) Schramm, U., Schropp, A., Strohm, C., Sukharnikov, K., Talkovski, P., Thorpe, I., Toncian, M., (0000-0001-7986-3631) Toncian, T., Wollenweber, L., (0000-0001-5819-2867) Yamamoto, S., and Tschentscher, T.

Abstract

The European XFEL delivers up to 27000 intense (>1012 photons) pulses per second, of ultrashort (≤50 fs) and transversely coherent X-ray radiation, at a maximum repetition rate of 4.5 MHz. Its unique X-ray beam parameters enable groundbreaking experiments in matter at extreme conditions at the High Energy Density (HED) scientific instrument. The performance of the HED instrument during its first two years of operation, its scientific remit, as well as ongoing installations towards full operation are presented. Scientific goals of HED include the investigation of extreme states of matter created by intense laser pulses, diamond anvil cells, or pulsed magnets, and ultrafast X-ray methods that allow their diagnosis using self-amplified spontaneous emission between 5 and 25 keV, coupled with X-ray monochromators and optional seeded beam operation. The HED instrument provides two target chambers, X-ray spectrometers for emission and scattering, X-ray detectors, and a timing tool to correct for residual timing jitter between laser and X-ray pulses.

Published
2021

23. Probing ultrafast laser plasma processes inside solids with resonant small angle X-ray scattering

Author

(0000-0002-6914-4083) Gaus, L., (0000-0003-3968-7498) Bischoff, L., (0000-0002-8258-3881) Bussmann, M., (0000-0002-0976-4416) Cunningham, E., (0000-0001-8756-181X) Curry, C. B., E, Juncheng, Galtier, E., (0000-0001-6608-9325) Gauthier, M., (0000-0002-7671-0901) Laso García, A., (0000-0001-6994-2475) Garten, M., (0000-0001-9112-0558) Glenzer, S., Grenzer, J., Gutt, C., Hartley, N., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., Hübner, U., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., (0000-0002-9556-0662) Metzkes-Ng, J., Nagler, B., (0000-0003-0868-4745) Nakatsutsumi, M., (0000-0003-0131-0628) Nikl, J., Ota, M., Pelka, A., (0000-0003-0931-1350) Prencipe, I., Randolph, L., Rödel, M., Sakawa, Y., (0000-0003-4400-1315) Schlenvoigt, H.-P., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0003-1277-4241) Treffert, F., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0003-3926-409X) Zeil, K., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., (0000-0003-0390-7671) Schramm, U., (0000-0003-4861-5584) Kluge, T., (0000-0002-6914-4083) Gaus, L., (0000-0003-3968-7498) Bischoff, L., (0000-0002-8258-3881) Bussmann, M., (0000-0002-0976-4416) Cunningham, E., (0000-0001-8756-181X) Curry, C. B., E, Juncheng, Galtier, E., (0000-0001-6608-9325) Gauthier, M., (0000-0002-7671-0901) Laso García, A., (0000-0001-6994-2475) Garten, M., (0000-0001-9112-0558) Glenzer, S., Grenzer, J., Gutt, C., Hartley, N., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., Hübner, U., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., (0000-0002-9556-0662) Metzkes-Ng, J., Nagler, B., (0000-0003-0868-4745) Nakatsutsumi, M., (0000-0003-0131-0628) Nikl, J., Ota, M., Pelka, A., (0000-0003-0931-1350) Prencipe, I., Randolph, L., Rödel, M., Sakawa, Y., (0000-0003-4400-1315) Schlenvoigt, H.-P., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0003-1277-4241) Treffert, F., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0003-3926-409X) Zeil, K., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., (0000-0003-0390-7671) Schramm, U., and (0000-0003-4861-5584) Kluge, T.

Abstract

Extreme states of matter exist throughout the universe e.g. inside planetary cores, stars or astrophysical jets. Such conditions can be generated in the laboratory in the interaction of powerful lasers with solids. Yet, the measurement of the subsequent plasma dynamics with regard to density, temperature and ionization is a major experimental challenge. However, ultra-short X-ray pulses provided by X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) allow for dedicated studies, which are highly relevant to study laboratory astrophysics, laser-fusion research or laser-plasma-based particle acceleration. Here, we report on experiments that employ a novel ultrafast method, which allows to simultaneously access temperature, ionization state and nanometer scale expansion dynamics in high-intensity laser-driven solid-density plasmas with a single X-ray detector. Using this method, we gain access to the expansion dynamics of a buried layer in compound samples, and we measure opacity changes arising from bound-bound resonance transitions in highly ionized copper. The presence of highly ionized copper leads to a temperature estimate of at least 2 million Kelvin already after the first 100 femtoseconds following the high-intensity laser irradiation. More specifically, we make use of asymmetries in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns, which arise from different spatial distributions of absorption and scattering cross sections in nanostructured grating samples when we tune an XFEL to atomic resonant energies of copper. Thereby, changes in asymmetry can be connected with the evolution of the plasma expansion and ionization dynamics. The potential of XFEL-based resonant SAXS to obtain three-dimensional ultrafast, nanoscopic information on density and opacity may offer a unique path for the characterization of dynamic processes in High Energy Density plasmas.

Published
2021

24. Using Diffuse Scattering to Observe X-Ray-Driven Nonthermal Melting

Author

(0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., Grenzer, J., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., Inubushi, Y., Kamimura, N., Katagiri, K., Kodama, R., Kon, A., Lu, W., Makita, M., Matsuoka, T., Nakajima, S., Ozaki, N., Pikuz, T., Rode, A. V., Sagae, D., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., Tono, K., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., Yabuuchi, T., McBride, E. E., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., Grenzer, J., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., Inubushi, Y., Kamimura, N., Katagiri, K., Kodama, R., Kon, A., Lu, W., Makita, M., Matsuoka, T., Nakajima, S., Ozaki, N., Pikuz, T., Rode, A. V., Sagae, D., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., Tono, K., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., Yabuuchi, T., McBride, E. E., and (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D.

Abstract

We present results from the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser facility, where we used a high intensity (∼10^20 W/cm2) x-ray pump x-ray probe scheme to observe changes in the ionic structure of silicon induced by x-ray heating of the electrons. By avoiding Laue spots in the scattering signal from a single crystalline sample, we observe a rapid rise in diffuse scattering and a transition to a disordered, liquidlike state with a structure significantly different from liquid silicon. The disordering occurs within 100 fs of irradiation, a timescale that agrees well with first principles simulations, and is faster than that predicted by purely inertial behavior, suggesting that both the phase change and disordered state reached are dominated by Coulomb forces. This method is capable of observing liquid scattering without masking signal from the ambient solid, allowing the liquid structure to be measured throughout and beyond the phase change.

Published
2021

25. Resonant SAXS data used in publication: 'Probing ultrafast laser plasma processes inside solids with resonant small angle X-ray scattering'

Author

(0000-0002-6914-4083) Gaus, L., (0000-0003-3968-7498) Bischoff, L., (0000-0002-8258-3881) Bussmann, M., (0000-0002-0976-4416) Cunningham, E., (0000-0001-8756-181X) Curry, C. B., E, Juncheng, Galtier, E., (0000-0001-6608-9325) Gauthier, M., (0000-0002-7671-0901) Laso García, A., (0000-0001-6994-2475) Garten, M., (0000-0001-9112-0558) Glenzer, S., Grenzer, J., Gutt, C., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., Hübner, U., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., (0000-0002-9556-0662) Metzkes-Ng, J., Nagler, B., (0000-0003-0868-4745) Nakatsutsumi, M., (0000-0003-0131-0628) Nikl, J., Ota, M., Pelka, A., (0000-0003-0931-1350) Prencipe, I., Randolph, L., Rödel, M., Sakawa, Y., (0000-0003-4400-1315) Schlenvoigt, H.-P., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0003-1277-4241) Treffert, F., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0003-3926-409X) Zeil, K., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., (0000-0003-0390-7671) Schramm, U., (0000-0003-4861-5584) Kluge, T., (0000-0002-6914-4083) Gaus, L., (0000-0003-3968-7498) Bischoff, L., (0000-0002-8258-3881) Bussmann, M., (0000-0002-0976-4416) Cunningham, E., (0000-0001-8756-181X) Curry, C. B., E, Juncheng, Galtier, E., (0000-0001-6608-9325) Gauthier, M., (0000-0002-7671-0901) Laso García, A., (0000-0001-6994-2475) Garten, M., (0000-0001-9112-0558) Glenzer, S., Grenzer, J., Gutt, C., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., Hübner, U., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., (0000-0002-9556-0662) Metzkes-Ng, J., Nagler, B., (0000-0003-0868-4745) Nakatsutsumi, M., (0000-0003-0131-0628) Nikl, J., Ota, M., Pelka, A., (0000-0003-0931-1350) Prencipe, I., Randolph, L., Rödel, M., Sakawa, Y., (0000-0003-4400-1315) Schlenvoigt, H.-P., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0003-1277-4241) Treffert, F., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0003-3926-409X) Zeil, K., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., (0000-0003-0390-7671) Schramm, U., and (0000-0003-4861-5584) Kluge, T.

Abstract

Resonant Small-angle x-ray scattering raw data obtained in measurements at MEC at LCLS and evalutation of the asymmetry in the scattering patterns. The data set is structured in case 1/Si-Cu-compound targets and case 2/Cu-only-targets as presented in the publication for on- and off-resonant XFEL probe energies.

Published
2021

26. Dataset: Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures

Author

(0000-0002-2593-573X) Lütgert, B. J., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., Rödel, M., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Brown, S., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., Cunningham, E., Döppner, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Galtier, E., Glenzer, S. H., (0000-0002-7671-0901) Laso García, A., Gericke, D. O., Heimann, P. A., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., Pelka, A., (0000-0003-0931-1350) Prencipe, I., Saunders, A. M., Schölmerich, M., Schörner, M., Sun, P., Vinci, T., Ravasio, A., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., (0000-0002-2593-573X) Lütgert, B. J., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., Rödel, M., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Brown, S., (0000-0002-5845-000X) Cowan, T., Cunningham, E., Döppner, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Galtier, E., Glenzer, S. H., (0000-0002-7671-0901) Laso García, A., Gericke, D. O., Heimann, P. A., Lee, H. J., McBride, E. E., Pelka, A., (0000-0003-0931-1350) Prencipe, I., Saunders, A. M., Schölmerich, M., Schörner, M., Sun, P., Vinci, T., Ravasio, A., and (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D.

Abstract

This repository contains raw-data related to our publication "Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures". The XRD data in the "LCLS" folder is accompanied with a "calibration.poni" file that provides information about the experiment's geometry and can be used in GitHub page) to integrate the two-dimensional data azimuthally. Integrated XRD data after background-subtraction and filter-corrections is presented in Fig. 2 and 3 of the manuscript while 2D data of run 215 is used in Fig. 1. The "shotlist.csv" file contains information about the relative X-ray to drive-laser timing, shot-type and X-ray energy for the individual events. VISAR, SOP and reflectivity measurements can be found in the "LULI" directory. 2ω-VISAR and SOP datasets of shot 08 are displayed as inserts in Fig. 5 (the first after performing a ghost-fringe subtraction). "shotlist.csv" provides additional parameters. The DFTMD folder contains the results of our density functional theory molecular dynamics simulation. In the "XRD" subdirectory, "wrofk_mylar_chomd*.dat" files can be found in which the quantities to calculate the lineouts in Fig. 3 and 4 are saved for given temperatures, pressures and densities. The header of those files is given in "header.txt" and additional information about the conditions and settings for individual calculations can be obtained from "param_mylar_md.txt". The dataset for the Hugoniot curve from our DFT-MD equation-of-state (which is plotted in Fig. 5) is provided in the "Hugoniot" sub-folder.

Published
2021

27. Erratum: High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (Review of Scientific Instruments (2021) 92 (013101) DOI: 10.1063/5.0022886)

Author

Wollenweber L., Wollenweber, L, Preston, T, Descamps, A, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Geloni, G, Gericke, D, Glenzer, S, Göde, S, Hastings, J, Humphries, O, Jenei, A, Karnbach, O, Konopkova, Z, Loetzsch, R, Marx-Glowna, B, Mcbride, E, Mcgonegle, D, Monaco, G, Ofori-Okai, B, Palmer, C, Plückthun, C, Redmer, R, Strohm, C, Thorpe, I, Tschentscher, T, Uschmann, I, Wark, J, White, T, Appel, K, Gregori, G, Zastrau, U, Wollenweber L., Preston T. R., Descamps A., Cerantola V., Comley A., Eggert J. H., Fletcher L. B., Geloni G., Gericke D. O., Glenzer S. H., Göde S., Hastings J., Humphries O. S., Jenei A., Karnbach O., Konopkova Z., Loetzsch R., Marx-Glowna B., Mcbride E. E., Mcgonegle D., Monaco G., Ofori-Okai B. K., Palmer C. A. J., Plückthun C., Redmer R., Strohm C., Thorpe I., Tschentscher T., Uschmann I., Wark J. S., White T. G., Appel K., Gregori G., Zastrau U., Wollenweber L., Wollenweber, L, Preston, T, Descamps, A, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Geloni, G, Gericke, D, Glenzer, S, Göde, S, Hastings, J, Humphries, O, Jenei, A, Karnbach, O, Konopkova, Z, Loetzsch, R, Marx-Glowna, B, Mcbride, E, Mcgonegle, D, Monaco, G, Ofori-Okai, B, Palmer, C, Plückthun, C, Redmer, R, Strohm, C, Thorpe, I, Tschentscher, T, Uschmann, I, Wark, J, White, T, Appel, K, Gregori, G, Zastrau, U, Wollenweber L., Preston T. R., Descamps A., Cerantola V., Comley A., Eggert J. H., Fletcher L. B., Geloni G., Gericke D. O., Glenzer S. H., Göde S., Hastings J., Humphries O. S., Jenei A., Karnbach O., Konopkova Z., Loetzsch R., Marx-Glowna B., Mcbride E. E., Mcgonegle D., Monaco G., Ofori-Okai B. K., Palmer C. A. J., Plückthun C., Redmer R., Strohm C., Thorpe I., Tschentscher T., Uschmann I., Wark J. S., White T. G., Appel K., Gregori G., and Zastrau U.

Published
2021

28. Novel experimental setup for megahertz X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL)

Author

Liermann, H, Konôpková, Z, Appel, K, Prescher, C, Schropp, A, Cerantola, V, Husband, R, Mchardy, J, Mcmahon, M, Mcwilliams, R, Pépin, C, Mainberger, J, Roeper, M, Berghäuser, A, Damker, H, Talkovski, P, Foese, M, Kujala, N, Ball, O, Baron, M, Briggs, R, Bykov, M, Bykova, E, Chantel, J, Coleman, A, Cynn, H, Dattelbaum, D, Dresselhaus-Marais, L, Eggert, J, Ehm, L, Evans, W, Fiquet, G, Frost, M, Glazyrin, K, Goncharov, A, Hwang, H, Jenei, Z, Kim, J, Langenhorst, F, Lee, Y, Makita, M, Marquardt, H, Mcbride, E, Merkel, S, Morard, G, O'Bannon, E, Otzen, C, Pace, E, Pelka, A, Pigott, J, Prakapenka, V, Redmer, R, Sanchez-Valle, C, Schoelmerich, M, Speziale, S, Spiekermann, G, Sturtevant, B, Toleikis, S, Velisavljevic, N, Wilke, M, Yoo, C, Baehtz, C, Zastrau, U, Strohm, C, Liermann, H P, Husband, R J, McHardy, J D, McMahon, M I, McWilliams, R S, Pépin, C M, Ball, O B, Baron, M A, Coleman, A L, Dresselhaus-Marais, L E, Eggert, J H, Evans, W J, Goncharov, A F, Jenei, Zs, Kim, J Y, McBride, E E, O'Bannon, E F, Pace, E J, Pigott, J S, Prakapenka, V B, Sturtevant, B T, Yoo, C S, Liermann, H, Konôpková, Z, Appel, K, Prescher, C, Schropp, A, Cerantola, V, Husband, R, Mchardy, J, Mcmahon, M, Mcwilliams, R, Pépin, C, Mainberger, J, Roeper, M, Berghäuser, A, Damker, H, Talkovski, P, Foese, M, Kujala, N, Ball, O, Baron, M, Briggs, R, Bykov, M, Bykova, E, Chantel, J, Coleman, A, Cynn, H, Dattelbaum, D, Dresselhaus-Marais, L, Eggert, J, Ehm, L, Evans, W, Fiquet, G, Frost, M, Glazyrin, K, Goncharov, A, Hwang, H, Jenei, Z, Kim, J, Langenhorst, F, Lee, Y, Makita, M, Marquardt, H, Mcbride, E, Merkel, S, Morard, G, O'Bannon, E, Otzen, C, Pace, E, Pelka, A, Pigott, J, Prakapenka, V, Redmer, R, Sanchez-Valle, C, Schoelmerich, M, Speziale, S, Spiekermann, G, Sturtevant, B, Toleikis, S, Velisavljevic, N, Wilke, M, Yoo, C, Baehtz, C, Zastrau, U, Strohm, C, Liermann, H P, Husband, R J, McHardy, J D, McMahon, M I, McWilliams, R S, Pépin, C M, Ball, O B, Baron, M A, Coleman, A L, Dresselhaus-Marais, L E, Eggert, J H, Evans, W J, Goncharov, A F, Jenei, Zs, Kim, J Y, McBride, E E, O'Bannon, E F, Pace, E J, Pigott, J S, Prakapenka, V B, Sturtevant, B T, and Yoo, C S

Abstract

The high-precision X-ray diffraction setup for work with diamond anvil cells (DACs) in interaction chamber 2 (IC2) of the High Energy Density instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is described. This includes beamline optics, sample positioning and detector systems located in the multipurpose vacuum chamber. Concepts for pump-probe X-ray diffraction experiments in the DAC are described and their implementation demonstrated during the First User Community Assisted Commissioning experiment. X-ray heating and diffraction of Bi under pressure, obtained using 20 fs X-ray pulses at 17.8 keV and 2.2 MHz repetition, is illustrated through splitting of diffraction peaks, and interpreted employing finite element modeling of the sample chamber in the DAC.

Published
2021

29. Novel experimental setup for megahertz X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL)

Author

Liermann, H. P., primary, Konôpková, Z., additional, Appel, K., additional, Prescher, C., additional, Schropp, A., additional, Cerantola, V., additional, Husband, R. J., additional, McHardy, J. D., additional, McMahon, M. I., additional, McWilliams, R. S., additional, Pépin, C. M., additional, Mainberger, J., additional, Roeper, M., additional, Berghäuser, A., additional, Damker, H., additional, Talkovski, P., additional, Foese, M., additional, Kujala, N., additional, Ball, O. B., additional, Baron, M. A., additional, Briggs, R., additional, Bykov, M., additional, Bykova, E., additional, Chantel, J., additional, Coleman, A. L., additional, Cynn, H., additional, Dattelbaum, D., additional, Dresselhaus-Marais, L. E., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, Ehm, L., additional, Evans, W. J., additional, Fiquet, G., additional, Frost, M., additional, Glazyrin, K., additional, Goncharov, A. F., additional, Hwang, H., additional, Jenei, Zs., additional, Kim, J.-Y., additional, Langenhorst, F., additional, Lee, Y., additional, Makita, M., additional, Marquardt, H., additional, McBride, E. E., additional, Merkel, S., additional, Morard, G., additional, O'Bannon, E. F., additional, Otzen, C., additional, Pace, E. J., additional, Pelka, A., additional, Pigott, J. S., additional, Prakapenka, V. B., additional, Redmer, R., additional, Sanchez-Valle, C., additional, Schoelmerich, M., additional, Speziale, S., additional, Spiekermann, G., additional, Sturtevant, B. T., additional, Toleikis, S., additional, Velisavljevic, N., additional, Wilke, M., additional, Yoo, C.-S., additional, Baehtz, C., additional, Zastrau, U., additional, and Strohm, C., additional

Published
2021
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30. Using simultaneous x-ray diffraction and velocity interferometry to determine material strength in shock-compressed diamond

Author

Macdonald, M. J., Mcbride, E. E., Galtier, E., Gauthier, M., Granados, E., Kraus, D., Krygier, A., Levitan, A. L., Mackinnon, A. J., Nam, I., Schumaker, W., Sun, P., Driel, T. B., Vorberger, J., Zhou, X., Drake, R. P., Glenzer, S. H., and Fletcher, L. B.

Subjects
Condensed Matter::Materials Science, high pressure, diamond, diffraction, shock, strength, Hugoniot
Abstract

We determine the strength of laser shock-compressed polycrystalline diamond at stresses above the Hugoniot elastic limit using a novel technique combining x-ray diffraction from the Linac Coherent Light Source with velocity interferometry. X-ray diffraction is used to measure lattice strains and velocity interferometry is used to infer shock and particle velocities. These measurements, combined with density-dependent elastic constants calculated using density functional theory, enable determination of material strength above the Hugoniot elastic limit. Our results indicate that diamond retains approximately 20 GPa of strength at longitudinal stresses of 150–300 GPa under shock compression.

Published
2020

31. Measurement of Diamond Nucleation Rates from Hydrocarbons at Conditions Comparable to the Interiors of Icy Giant Planets

Author

Schuster, A. K., Hartley, N. J., Vorberger, J., Döppner, T., Driel, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Macdonald, M. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Pak, A., Prencipe, I., Rohatsch, K., Saunders, A. M., Sun, P., Kraus, D., Schuster, A. K., Hartley, N. J., Vorberger, J., Döppner, T., Driel, T., Falcone, R. W., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Macdonald, M. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Pak, A., Prencipe, I., Rohatsch, K., Saunders, A. M., Sun, P., and Kraus, D.

Abstract

We present measurements of the nucleation rate into a diamond lattice in dynamically compressed polystyrene obtained in a pump-probe experiment using a high energy laser system and in situ femtosecond X-ray diffraction. Different temperature-pressure conditions that occur in planetary interiors were probed. For a single shock reaching 70GPa and 3000K no diamond formation was observed while with a double shock driving polystyrene to pressures around 150GPa and temperatures around 5000K nucleation rates between 1029 m-3s-1 and 1034 m-3s-1 were recorded. These nucleation rates do not a agree with predictions of recent theoretical models for carbon-hydrogen mixtures by many orders of magnitude. Our data suggests that there is indeed significant diamond formation to be expected inside icy giant planets like Neptune and Uranus.

Published
2020

32. Phase transition lowering in dynamically compressed silicon

Author

Mcbride, E. E., Krygier, A., Ehnes, A., Galtier, E., Harmand, M., Konôpková, Z., Lee, H. J., Liermann, H.-P., Nagler, B., Pelka, A., Rödel, M., Schropp, A., Smith, R. F., Spindloe, C., Swift, D., Tavella, F., Toleikis, S., Tschentscher, T., Wark, J. S., Higginbotham, A., Mcbride, E. E., Krygier, A., Ehnes, A., Galtier, E., Harmand, M., Konôpková, Z., Lee, H. J., Liermann, H.-P., Nagler, B., Pelka, A., Rödel, M., Schropp, A., Smith, R. F., Spindloe, C., Swift, D., Tavella, F., Toleikis, S., Tschentscher, T., Wark, J. S., and Higginbotham, A.

Abstract

Silicon, being one of the most abundant elements in nature, attracts wide-ranging scientific and technological interest. Specifically, in its elemental form, crystals of remarkable purity can be produced. One may assume that this would lead to silicon being well understood, and indeed, this is the case for many ambient properties, as well as for higher-pressure behaviour under quasi-static loading. However, despite many decades of study, a detailed understanding of the response of silicon to rapid compression—such as that experienced under shock impact—remains elusive. Here, we combine a novel free-electron laser-based X-ray diffraction geometry with laser-driven compression to elucidate the importance of shear generated during shock compression on the occurrence of phase transitions. We observe lowering of the hydrostatic phase boundary in elemental silicon, an ideal model system for investigating high-strength materials, analogous to planetary constituents. Moreover, we unambiguously determine the onset of melting above 14 GPa, previously ascribed to a solid–solid phase transition, undetectable in the now conventional shocked diffraction geometry; transitions to the liquid state are expected to be ubiquitous in all systems at sufficiently high pressures and temperatures.

Published
2019

33. Simultaneous 8.2 keV phase-contrastimaging and 24.6 keV X-ray diffraction fromshock-compressed matter at the LCLS

Author

Seiboth, F., Fletcher, L. B., Mcgonegle, D., Anzellini, S., Dresselhaus-Cooper, L. E., Frost, M., Galtier, E., Goede, S., Harmand, M., Lee, H. J., Levitan, A. L., Miyanishi, K., Nagler, B., Nam, I., Ozaki, N., Rödel, M., Schropp, A., Spindloe, C., Sun, P., Wark, J. S., Hastings, J., Glenzer, S. H., and Mcbride, E. E.

Subjects
germanium, LCLS, x-ray diffraction, Phase Contrast Imaging, shock compression, XFEL, MEC, PCI, shock, Matter in Extreme Conditions, release
Abstract

In this work, we demonstrate simultaneous phase-contrast imaging (PCI) and X-ray diffractionfrom shock compressed matter at the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation, at the LinacCoherent Light Source (LCLS). We utilize the chromaticity from compound refractive X-ray lensesto focus the 24.6 keV 3rd order undulator harmonic of the LCLS to a spot size of 5lm on target toperform X-ray diffraction. Simultaneous PCI from the 8.2 keV fundamental X-ray beam is used tovisualize and measure the transient properties of the shock wave over a 500lm field of view.Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability to extend the reciprocal space measurements by 5 Angstroem, rel-ative to the fundamental X-ray energy, by utilizing X-ray diffraction from the 3rd harmonic of theLCLS.

Published
2018

34. Observation of ultrafast solid-density plasma dynamics using femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser

Author

Kluge, T., Rödel, M., Metzkes, J., Bussmann, M., Erbe, A., Galtier, E., Garcia, A. L., Garten, M., Georgiev, Y. M., Gutt, C., Hartley, N., Huebner, U., Lee, H. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nam, I., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Rehwald, M., Christian, R., Schönherr, T., Zacharias, M., Zeil, K., Glenzer, S., Schramm, U., Cowan, T. E., Kluge, T., Rödel, M., Metzkes, J., Bussmann, M., Erbe, A., Galtier, E., Garcia, A. L., Garten, M., Georgiev, Y. M., Gutt, C., Hartley, N., Huebner, U., Lee, H. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nam, I., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Rehwald, M., Christian, R., Schönherr, T., Zacharias, M., Zeil, K., Glenzer, S., Schramm, U., and Cowan, T. E.

Abstract

The complex physics of the interaction between short pulse high intensity lasers and solids is so far hardly accessible by experiments. As a result of missing experimental capabilities to probe the complex electron dynamics and competing instabilities, this impedes the development of compact laser-based next generation secondary radiation sources, e.g. for tumor therapy, laboratory-astrophysics, and fusion. At present, the fundamental plasma dynamics that occur at the nanometer and femtosecond scales during the laser-solid interaction can only be elucidated by simulations. Here we show experimentally that Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) of femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses facilitates new capabilities for direct in-situ characterization of intense short-pulse laser plasma interaction at solid density that allows simultaneous nanometer spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution, directly verifying numerical simulations of the electron density dynamics during the short pulse high intensity laser irradiation of a solid density target. For laser-driven grating targets, we measure the solid density plasma expansion and observe the generation of a transient grating structure in front of the pre-inscribed grating, due to plasma expansion, which is an hitherto unknown effect. We expect that our results will pave the way for novel time-resolved studies, guiding the development of future laser-driven particle and photon sources from solid targets.

Published
2018

35. Data for publication

Author

(0000-0003-4861-5584) Kluge, T., Rödel, M., Metzkes, J., Pelka, A., Garcia, A. L., Prencipe, I., Rehwald, M., Nakatsutsumi, M., McBride, E. E., Schönherr, T., Garten, M., Hartley, N. J., Zacharias, M., Erbe, A., Georgiev, Y. M., Galtier, E., Nam, I., Lee, H. J., Glenzer, S., Bussmann, M., Gutt, C., Zeil, K., Rödel, C., Hübner, U., Schramm, U., Cowan, T. E., (0000-0003-4861-5584) Kluge, T., Rödel, M., Metzkes, J., Pelka, A., Garcia, A. L., Prencipe, I., Rehwald, M., Nakatsutsumi, M., McBride, E. E., Schönherr, T., Garten, M., Hartley, N. J., Zacharias, M., Erbe, A., Georgiev, Y. M., Galtier, E., Nam, I., Lee, H. J., Glenzer, S., Bussmann, M., Gutt, C., Zeil, K., Rödel, C., Hübner, U., Schramm, U., and Cowan, T. E.

Abstract

Raw data, lineouts and fits for the publication

Published
2018

36. Formation of diamonds in laser-compressed hydrocarbons at planetary interior conditions

Author

Kraus, D., Vorberger, J., Pak, A., Hartley, N. J., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Macdonald, M. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Roth, M., Saunders, A. M., Sun, P., Driel, T., Döppner, T., and Falcone, R. W.

Subjects
nano-diamond, uranus, shock compression, carbon, x-ray free electron laser, demixing, neptune, warm dense matter, mixtures, planets, diamond, hydrogen, x-ray scattering, phase separation
Abstract

The effects of hydrocarbon dissociation and subsequent diamond precipitation on the internal structure and evolution of icy giant planets like Neptune and Uranus have been discussed for more than three decades. Inside these celestial bodies, gravity compresses mixtures of light elements to densities of several grams per cubic centimeter while the temperature reaches thousands of Kelvins resulting in thermal energies on the order of chemical bonding and above. Under these conditions, simple hydrocarbons like methane, which are highly abundant in the atmospheres of these planets, are believed to undergo structural transitions that release molecular hydrogen from deeper layers and may lead to compact stratified cores. Indeed, the isentropes of Uranus and Neptune intersect temperature-pressure conditions where first polymerization occurs, and then, in deeper layers, a phase separation into diamond and hydrogen may be possible. Here we show experimental evidence for this phase separation process obtained by in situ X-ray diffraction from polystyrene samples dynamically compressed to 150GPa and 5000 K, which resembles the environment ~10,000 km below the surfaces of Neptune and Uranus. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of high pressures for initiating carbon-hydrogen demixing and imply that diamond precipitation may require ~10x higher pressures than previously suggested by experiments investigating non-isolated hydrocarbons. Besides underlining the general importance of chemical processes inside giant planets, these results will inform evolutionary models of Uranus and Neptune, where carbon-hydrogen demixing can be a significant source for the convection necessary to explain their unusual magnetic fields. Additionally, our experiment demonstrates an alternative path for producing nanodiamonds for scientific and industrial applications that may be superior to current methods using oxygen-deficient explosives.

Published
2017

37. Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils

Author

Hartley, N. J., 1000070432515, Ozaki, N., 1000070581635, Matsuoka, T., Albertazzi, B., Faenov, A., Fujimoto, Y., 1000060397734, Habara, H., Harmand, M., 1000040506250, Inubushi, Y., 1000090648073, Katayama, T., Koenig, M., Krygier, A., Mabey, P., Matsumura, Y., 1000010423196, Matsuyama, S., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Morard, G., Okuchi, T., Pikuz, T., 1000040215629, Sakata, O., 1000040252598, Sano, Y., Sato, T., Sekine, T., Seto, Y., Takahashi, K., 1000070171741, Tanaka, K. A., 1000070543164, Tange, Y., 1000060415239, Togashi, T., Umeda, Y., Vinci, T., 1000000372144, Yabashi, M., 1000020397772, Yabuuchi, T., 1000010174575, Yamauchi, K., 1000080211902, Kodama, R., Hartley, N. J., 1000070432515, Ozaki, N., 1000070581635, Matsuoka, T., Albertazzi, B., Faenov, A., Fujimoto, Y., 1000060397734, Habara, H., Harmand, M., 1000040506250, Inubushi, Y., 1000090648073, Katayama, T., Koenig, M., Krygier, A., Mabey, P., Matsumura, Y., 1000010423196, Matsuyama, S., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Morard, G., Okuchi, T., Pikuz, T., 1000040215629, Sakata, O., 1000040252598, Sano, Y., Sato, T., Sekine, T., Seto, Y., Takahashi, K., 1000070171741, Tanaka, K. A., 1000070543164, Tange, Y., 1000060415239, Togashi, T., Umeda, Y., Vinci, T., 1000000372144, Yabashi, M., 1000020397772, Yabuuchi, T., 1000010174575, Yamauchi, K., 1000080211902, and Kodama, R.

Abstract

N. J. Hartley, N. Ozaki, T. Matsuoka, B. Albertazzi, A. Faenov, Y. Fujimoto, H. Habara, M. Harmand, Y. Inubushi, T. Katayama, M. Koenig, A. Krygier, P. Mabey, Y. Matsumura, S. Matsuyama, E. E. McBride, K. Miyanishi, G. Morard, T. Okuchi, T. Pikuz, O. Sakata, Y. Sano, T. Sato, T. Sekine, Y. Seto, K. Takahashi, K. A. Tanaka, Y. Tange, T. Togashi, Y. Umeda, T. Vinci, M. Yabashi, T. Yabuuchi, K. Yamauchi, and R. Kodama , "Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils", Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 071905 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976541., We have observed the lattice expansion before the onset of compression in an optical-laser-driven target, using diffraction of femtosecond X-ray beams generated by the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free-electron Laser. The change in diffraction angle provides a direct measure of the lattice spacing, allowing the density to be calculated with a precision of ±1%. From the known equation of state relations, this allows an estimation of the temperature responsible for the expansion as <1000 K. The subsequent ablation-driven compression was observed with a clear rise in density at later times. This demonstrates the feasibility of studying the dynamics of preheating and shock formation with unprecedented detail.

Published
2017

38. Observation of ultrafast solid-density plasma dynamics using femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser

Author

Kluge, T., Rödel, M., Metzkes, J., Bussmann, M., Erbe, A., Galtier, E., Garcia, A. L., Garten, M., Georgiev, Y. M., Gutt, C., Hartley, N., Huebner, U., Lee, H. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nam, I., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Rehwald, M., Christian, R., Schönherr, T., Zacharias, M., Zeil, K., Glenzer, S., Schramm, U., Cowan, T. E., Kluge, T., Rödel, M., Metzkes, J., Bussmann, M., Erbe, A., Galtier, E., Garcia, A. L., Garten, M., Georgiev, Y. M., Gutt, C., Hartley, N., Huebner, U., Lee, H. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nam, I., Pelka, A., Prencipe, I., Rehwald, M., Christian, R., Schönherr, T., Zacharias, M., Zeil, K., Glenzer, S., Schramm, U., and Cowan, T. E.

Abstract

The complex physics of the interaction between short pulse high intensity lasers and solids is so far hardly accessible by experiments. As a result of missing experimental capabilities to probe the complex electron dynamics and competing instabilities, this impedes the development of compact laser-based next generation secondary radiation sources, e.g. for tumor therapy, laboratory-astrophysics, and fusion. At present, the fundamental plasma dynamics that occur at the nanometer and femtosecond scales during the laser-solid interaction can only be elucidated by simulations. Here we show experimentally that Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) of femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses facilitates new capabilities for direct in-situ characterization of intense short-pulse laser plasma interaction at solid density that allows simultaneous nanometer spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution, directly verifying numerical simulations of the electron density dynamics during the short pulse high intensity laser irradiation of a solid density target. For laser-driven grating targets, we measure the solid density plasma expansion and observe the generation of a transient grating structure in front of the pre-inscribed grating, due to plasma expansion, which is an hitherto unknown effect. We expect that our results will pave the way for novel time-resolved studies, guiding the development of future laser-driven particle and photon sources from solid targets.

Published
2017

39. Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils

Author

(0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N. J., Ozaki, N., Matsuoka, T., Albertazzi, B., Faenov, A., Fujimoto, Y., Habara, H., Harmand, M., Inubushi, Y., Katayama, T., Koenig, M., Krygier, A., Mabey, P., Matsumura, Y., Matsuyama, S., Mcbride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Morard, G., Okuchi, T., Pikuz, T., Sakata, O., Sano, Y., Sato, T., Sekine, T., Seto, Y., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, K. A., Tange, Y., Togashi, T., Umeda, Y., Vinci, T., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., Yamauchi, K., Kodama, R., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N. J., Ozaki, N., Matsuoka, T., Albertazzi, B., Faenov, A., Fujimoto, Y., Habara, H., Harmand, M., Inubushi, Y., Katayama, T., Koenig, M., Krygier, A., Mabey, P., Matsumura, Y., Matsuyama, S., Mcbride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Morard, G., Okuchi, T., Pikuz, T., Sakata, O., Sano, Y., Sato, T., Sekine, T., Seto, Y., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, K. A., Tange, Y., Togashi, T., Umeda, Y., Vinci, T., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., Yamauchi, K., and Kodama, R.

Abstract

We have observed lattice expansion before the onset of compression in an optical-laser-driven target, using diffraction of femtosecond X-ray beams generated by the SACLA X-ray Free Electron Laser. The change in diffraction angle provides a direct measure of the lattice spacing, allowing the density to be calculated with a precision of +-1%. From known equation of state relations this allows estimation of the temperature responsible for the expansion as <1000 K. The subsequent ablation-driven compression was observed with a clear rise in density at later times. This demonstrates the feasibility of studying the dynamics of preheating and shock formation with unprecedented detail.

Published
2017

40. Nanometer-scale characterization of laser-driven compression, shocks, and phase transitions, by x-ray scattering using free electron lasers

Author

Kluge, T., Rödel, C., Rödel, M., Pelka, A., Mcbride, E. E., Fletcher, L. B., Harmand, M., Krygier, A., Higginbotham, A., Bussmann, M., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E., Garcia, A. L., Garten, M., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Gutt, C., Lee, H. J., Nagler, B., Schumaker, W., Tavella, F., Zacharias, M., Schramm, U., Cowan, T. E., Kluge, T., Rödel, C., Rödel, M., Pelka, A., Mcbride, E. E., Fletcher, L. B., Harmand, M., Krygier, A., Higginbotham, A., Bussmann, M., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E., Garcia, A. L., Garten, M., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Gutt, C., Lee, H. J., Nagler, B., Schumaker, W., Tavella, F., Zacharias, M., Schramm, U., and Cowan, T. E.

Abstract

We study the feasibility of using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a new experimental diagnostic for intense laser-solid interactions. By using X-ray pulses from a hard X-ray free electron laser, we can simultaneously achieve nanometer and femtosecond resolution of laser-driven samples. This is an important new capability for the Helmholtz international beamline for extreme fields at the high energy density endstation currently built at the European X-ray free electron laser. We review the relevant SAXS theory and its application to transient processes in solid density plasmas and report on first experimental results that confirm the feasibility of the method. We present results of two test experiments where the first experiment employs ultra-short laser pulses for studying relativistic laser plasma interactions, and the second one focuses on shock compression studies with a nanosecond laser system.

Published
2017

41. Experimental Investigation of Diamond Precipitation inside Giant Planets

Author

Kraus, D., Vorberger, J., Pak, A., Hartley, N. J., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Macdonald, M. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Roth, M., Saunders, A. M., Schuster, A. K., Sun, P., Driel, T., Doeppner, T., Falcone, R. W., Kraus, D., Vorberger, J., Pak, A., Hartley, N. J., Fletcher, L. B., Frydrych, S., Galtier, E., Gamboa, E. J., Gericke, D. O., Glenzer, S. H., Granados, E., Macdonald, M. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Mcbride, E. E., Nam, I., Neumayer, P., Roth, M., Saunders, A. M., Schuster, A. K., Sun, P., Driel, T., Doeppner, T., and Falcone, R. W.

Abstract

The effects of hydrocarbon reactions and diamond precipitation on the internal structure and evolution of icy giant planets like Neptune and Uranus have been discussed for more than three decades. Inside these celestial bodies, gravity compresses mixtures of light elements to densities of several grams per cubic centimeter while the temperature reaches thousands of kelvins resulting in thermal energies on the order of chemical bond energies and above. Under these conditions, simple hydrocarbons like methane, which are highly abundant in the atmospheres, are believed to undergo structural transitions that release hydrogen from deeper layers and may lead to compact stratified cores. Indeed, the isentropes of Uranus and Neptune intersect a temperature-pressure regime where first polymerization occurs, whereas in deeper layers, a phase separation into diamond and hydrogen may be possible. Here we show experimental evidence for this phase separation process obtained by in situ X-ray diffraction from polystyrene (C8H8)n samples dynamically compressed to conditions around 150 GPa and 5000 K, which resembles the environment ~10,000 km below the surfaces of Neptune and Uranus [1]. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of high pressures for initiating carbon-hydrogen demixing and imply that diamond precipitation may require ~10x higher pressures than previously suggested by static compression experiments. In addition to their relevance for planetary modelling, by showing the formation of nanodiamonds from laser-irradiated plastic, our results identify a possible method to produce diamond nanoparticles for material science and industrial applications.

Published
2017

43. The extreme conditions beamline P02.2 and the extreme conditions science infrastructure at PETRA III

Author

Liermann, H P, Konôpková, Z, Morgenroth, W, Glazyrin, K, Bednarčik, J, McBride, E E, Petitgirard, S, Delitz, J T, Wendt, M, Bican, Y, Ehnes, A, Schwark, I, Rothkirch, A, Tischer, M, Heuer, J, Schulte-Schrepping, H, Kracht, T, and Franz, H

Abstract

A detailed description is presented of the Extreme Conditions Beamline P02.2 for micro X-ray diffraction studies of matter at simultaneous high pressure and high/low temperatures at PETRA III, in Hamburg, Germany. This includes performance of the X-ray optics and instrumental resolution as well as an overview of the different sample environments available for high-pressure studies in the diamond anvil cell. Particularly emphasized are the high-brilliance and high-energy X-ray diffraction capabilities of the beamline in conjunction with the use of fast area detectors to conduct time-resolved compression studies in the millisecond time regime. Finally, the current capability of the Extreme Conditions Science Infrastructure to support high-pressure research at the Extreme Conditions Beamline and other PETRA III beamlines is described.

Published
2015

44. Nanometer-scale characterization of laser-driven plasmas, compression, shocks and phase transitions, by coherent small angle x-ray scattering

Author

Kluge, T., Rödel, M., Pelka, A., Mcbride, E. E., Bussmann, M., Fletcher, L., Galtier, E., Laso Garcia, A., Gutt, C., Lee, H. J., Nagler, B., Rödel, C., Glenzer, S., Schramm, U., Cowan, T. E., Kluge, T., Rödel, M., Pelka, A., Mcbride, E. E., Bussmann, M., Fletcher, L., Galtier, E., Laso Garcia, A., Gutt, C., Lee, H. J., Nagler, B., Rödel, C., Glenzer, S., Schramm, U., and Cowan, T. E.

Abstract

Combining ultra-intense short-pulse and high-energy long-pulse lasers, with hard X-ray FELs, such as the Helmholtz International Beamline for Extreme Fields (HIBEF) [1] at European XFEL [2], or MEC at LCLS [3], holds the promise to revolutionize our understanding of many High Energy Density Physics phenomena. Examples include the relativistic electron generation, transport, and bulk plasma response [4], and ionization dynamics and heating [5] in relativistic laser-matter interactions, or the dynamics of laser-driven shocks, quasi-isentropic compression, and the kinetics of phase transitions at high pressure [3,6]. Particularly interesting is Small Angle X-ray Scattering [4] and resonant scattering [5]. Their feasibility in laser-driven matter will be discussed for ultra-intense short pulse drive lasers and nanosecond lasers, including first results from demonstration experiments at LCLS (SLAC). Very sharp density changes from laser-driven compression are observed, having a step width of <10 nm, comparing to a resolution of several hundred nm achieved previously [6] with phase contrast imaging. [1] www.hibef.eu [2] www.xfel.eu [3] J. Synchrotron Rad. 22, 520 (2015) [4] Phys. Plasmas 21, 033110 (2014) [5] http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.03988 [6] Sci. Rep. 3, 1633 (2013)

Published
2016

45. The Extreme Conditions Beamline P02.2 and the Extreme Conditions Science Infrastructure at PETRA III

Author

Liermann, H.-P., primary, Konôpková, Z., additional, Morgenroth, W., additional, Glazyrin, K., additional, Bednarčik, J., additional, McBride, E. E., additional, Petitgirard, S., additional, Delitz, J. T., additional, Wendt, M., additional, Bican, Y., additional, Ehnes, A., additional, Schwark, I., additional, Rothkirch, A., additional, Tischer, M., additional, Heuer, J., additional, Schulte-Schrepping, H., additional, Kracht, T., additional, and Franz, H., additional

Published
2015
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47. Peripheral Jet Air Cushion Landing System Spanloader Aircraft. Volume II

Author

LOCKHEED-GEORGIA CO MARIETTA, Moore, J. W., Barnett, L., Framer, B. T., McBride, E. E., Reynolds, B. I., LOCKHEED-GEORGIA CO MARIETTA, Moore, J. W., Barnett, L., Framer, B. T., McBride, E. E., and Reynolds, B. I.

Abstract

Inherent in the design optimization of wing span-distributed load (spanloader) aircraft is the lack of ground operational down bending laod reaction capability of the wing structure. It is necessary to provide a means to react these down bending loads if the wing structural weight is minimized. Recent studies have provided wide tread landing gears as a means to react these down bending loads, limiting the operational capability of the aircraft where the tread width exceeds most existing airport taxiway or runway widths. This study examines the feasibility of replacing the wide tread gear with a peripheral jet air cushion landing system (PJ-ACLS) in combination with a minimum tread (75 feet) width gear. The PJ-ACLS is located adjacent to the wing tip and is used primarily as wing down bending load reaction device. The minimum tread width gear is retained to simplify takeoff and landing procedures and to reduce the magnitude of the lift required from the PJ-ACLS., See also Volume 1, AD-A085 203.

Published
1979

48. Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils

Author

Hartley, N. J., Ozaki, N., Matsuoka, T., Albertazzi, B., Faenov, A., Fujimoto, Y., Habara, H., Harmand, M., Inubushi, Y., Katayama, T., Koenig, M., Krygier, A., Mabey, P., Matsumura, Y., Matsuyama, S., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Morard, G., Okuchi, T., Pikuz, T., Sakata, O., Sano, Y., Sato, T., Sekine, T., Seto, Y., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, K. A., Tange, Y., Togashi, T., Umeda, Y., Vinci, T., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., Yamauchi, K., Kodama, R., Hartley, N. J., Ozaki, N., Matsuoka, T., Albertazzi, B., Faenov, A., Fujimoto, Y., Habara, H., Harmand, M., Inubushi, Y., Katayama, T., Koenig, M., Krygier, A., Mabey, P., Matsumura, Y., Matsuyama, S., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Morard, G., Okuchi, T., Pikuz, T., Sakata, O., Sano, Y., Sato, T., Sekine, T., Seto, Y., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, K. A., Tange, Y., Togashi, T., Umeda, Y., Vinci, T., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., Yamauchi, K., and Kodama, R.

Abstract

N. J. Hartley, N. Ozaki, T. Matsuoka, B. Albertazzi, A. Faenov, Y. Fujimoto, H. Habara, M. Harmand, Y. Inubushi, T. Katayama, M. Koenig, A. Krygier, P. Mabey, Y. Matsumura, S. Matsuyama, E. E. McBride, K. Miyanishi, G. Morard, T. Okuchi, T. Pikuz, O. Sakata, Y. Sano, T. Sato, T. Sekine, Y. Seto, K. Takahashi, K. A. Tanaka, Y. Tange, T. Togashi, Y. Umeda, T. Vinci, M. Yabashi, T. Yabuuchi, K. Yamauchi, and R. Kodama , "Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils", Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 071905 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976541., We have observed the lattice expansion before the onset of compression in an optical-laser-driven target, using diffraction of femtosecond X-ray beams generated by the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free-electron Laser. The change in diffraction angle provides a direct measure of the lattice spacing, allowing the density to be calculated with a precision of ±1%. From the known equation of state relations, this allows an estimation of the temperature responsible for the expansion as <1000 K. The subsequent ablation-driven compression was observed with a clear rise in density at later times. This demonstrates the feasibility of studying the dynamics of preheating and shock formation with unprecedented detail.

49. Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils

Author

Hartley, N. J., Ozaki, N., Matsuoka, T., Albertazzi, B., Faenov, A., Fujimoto, Y., Habara, H., Harmand, M., Inubushi, Y., Katayama, T., Koenig, M., Krygier, A., Mabey, P., Matsumura, Y., Matsuyama, S., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Morard, G., Okuchi, T., Pikuz, T., Sakata, O., Sano, Y., Sato, T., Sekine, T., Seto, Y., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, K. A., Tange, Y., Togashi, T., Umeda, Y., Vinci, T., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., Yamauchi, K., Kodama, R., Hartley, N. J., Ozaki, N., Matsuoka, T., Albertazzi, B., Faenov, A., Fujimoto, Y., Habara, H., Harmand, M., Inubushi, Y., Katayama, T., Koenig, M., Krygier, A., Mabey, P., Matsumura, Y., Matsuyama, S., McBride, E. E., Miyanishi, K., Morard, G., Okuchi, T., Pikuz, T., Sakata, O., Sano, Y., Sato, T., Sekine, T., Seto, Y., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, K. A., Tange, Y., Togashi, T., Umeda, Y., Vinci, T., Yabashi, M., Yabuuchi, T., Yamauchi, K., and Kodama, R.

Abstract

N. J. Hartley, N. Ozaki, T. Matsuoka, B. Albertazzi, A. Faenov, Y. Fujimoto, H. Habara, M. Harmand, Y. Inubushi, T. Katayama, M. Koenig, A. Krygier, P. Mabey, Y. Matsumura, S. Matsuyama, E. E. McBride, K. Miyanishi, G. Morard, T. Okuchi, T. Pikuz, O. Sakata, Y. Sano, T. Sato, T. Sekine, Y. Seto, K. Takahashi, K. A. Tanaka, Y. Tange, T. Togashi, Y. Umeda, T. Vinci, M. Yabashi, T. Yabuuchi, K. Yamauchi, and R. Kodama , "Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils", Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 071905 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976541., We have observed the lattice expansion before the onset of compression in an optical-laser-driven target, using diffraction of femtosecond X-ray beams generated by the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free-electron Laser. The change in diffraction angle provides a direct measure of the lattice spacing, allowing the density to be calculated with a precision of ±1%. From the known equation of state relations, this allows an estimation of the temperature responsible for the expansion as <1000 K. The subsequent ablation-driven compression was observed with a clear rise in density at later times. This demonstrates the feasibility of studying the dynamics of preheating and shock formation with unprecedented detail.

50. Novel experimental setup for megahertz X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL)

Author

M. A. Baron, Leora E. Dresselhaus-Marais, Guillaume Morard, A. L. Coleman, Vitali B. Prakapenka, Mungo Frost, Jaeyong Kim, Julien Chantel, Dana M. Dattelbaum, Jon Eggert, Carsten Baehtz, Clemens Prescher, J. Mainberger, Guillaume Fiquet, William J. Evans, Edward J. Pace, A. Pelka, Richard Briggs, C. Strohm, Choong-Shik Yoo, Malcolm McMahon, Orianna B. Ball, P. Talkovski, Sven Toleikis, R. J. Husband, Konstantin Glazyrin, Georg Spiekermann, E. F. O'Bannon, Maxim Bykov, Karen Appel, Hauke Marquardt, Lars Ehm, M. Roeper, A. Schropp, H. Damker, Huijeong Hwang, Ulf Zastrau, Sébastien Merkel, J. D. McHardy, Sergio Speziale, Hanns-Peter Liermann, Falko Langenhorst, Blake T. Sturtevant, Emma McBride, Elena Bykova, Charles Pépin, C. Otzen, Naresh Kujala, Yongjae Lee, Zs. Jenei, Max Wilke, R. S. McWilliams, Ronald Redmer, M. Makita, Alexander F. Goncharov, Nenad Velisavljevic, Carmen Sanchez-Valle, Valerio Cerantola, A. Berghäuser, Hyunchae Cynn, M. Foese, Z. Konopkova, Markus O. Schoelmerich, Jeffrey S. Pigott, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron [Hamburg] (DESY), University of Edinburgh, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Unité Matériaux et Transformations - UMR 8207 (UMET), Centrale Lille-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yonsei University, Hanyang University, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], University of Oxford, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Institut für Physik [Rostock], Universität Rostock, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Washington State University (WSU), European Project: 730872,CALIPSOplus, Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centrale Lille Institut (CLIL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Münster, Universität Potsdam, Université de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron [Hamburg] [DESY], DAM Île-de-France [DAM/DIF], Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf [HZDR], Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie [IMPMC], Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [LLNL], Unité Matériaux et Transformations - UMR 8207 [UMET], Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL], Stony Brook University [SUNY] [SBU], Institut des Sciences de la Terre [ISTerre], German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam [GFZ], Washington State University [WSU], Liermann, H, Konôpková, Z, Appel, K, Prescher, C, Schropp, A, Cerantola, V, Husband, R, Mchardy, J, Mcmahon, M, Mcwilliams, R, Pépin, C, Mainberger, J, Roeper, M, Berghäuser, A, Damker, H, Talkovski, P, Foese, M, Kujala, N, Ball, O, Baron, M, Briggs, R, Bykov, M, Bykova, E, Chantel, J, Coleman, A, Cynn, H, Dattelbaum, D, Dresselhaus-Marais, L, Eggert, J, Ehm, L, Evans, W, Fiquet, G, Frost, M, Glazyrin, K, Goncharov, A, Hwang, H, Jenei, Z, Kim, J, Langenhorst, F, Lee, Y, Makita, M, Marquardt, H, Mcbride, E, Merkel, S, Morard, G, O'Bannon, E, Otzen, C, Pace, E, Pelka, A, Pigott, J, Prakapenka, V, Redmer, R, Sanchez-Valle, C, Schoelmerich, M, Speziale, S, Spiekermann, G, Sturtevant, B, Toleikis, S, Velisavljevic, N, Wilke, M, Yoo, C, Baehtz, C, Zastrau, U, Strohm, C, Konôpková, Z., 2European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany, Appel, K., Prescher, C., 1Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, Germany, Schropp, A., Cerantola, V., Husband, R. J., McHardy, J. D., 3School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, EdinburghEH9 3FD, United Kingdom, McMahon, M. I., Pépin, C. M., 4CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Mainberger, J., Roeper, M., Berghäuser, A., 6Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf e.V., 01328 Dresden, Germany, Damker, H., Talkovski, P., Foese, M., Kujala, N., Ball, O. B., Baron, M. A., 7Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France, Briggs, R., 8Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA, Bykov, M., 9Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA, Bykova, E., Chantel, J., 10Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France, Coleman, A. L., Cynn, H., Dattelbaum, D., 11Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Dresselhaus-Marais, L. E., Eggert, J. H., Ehm, L., 12Mineral Physics Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA, Evans, W. J., Fiquet, G., Frost, M., 13SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA, Glazyrin, K., Goncharov, A. F., Hwang, H., 14Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea, Jenei, Zs., Kim, J.-Y., 15Department of Physics, Research Institute for High Pressure, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea, Langenhorst, F., 16Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany, Lee, Y., Makita, M., Marquardt, H., 17Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3AN, United Kingdom, McBride, E. E., Merkel, S., Morard, G., O'Bannon, E. F., Otzen, C., Pace, E. J., Pelka, A., Pigott, J. S., Prakapenka, V. B., 20Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Redmer, R., 21Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany, Sanchez-Valle, C., 22Institut für Mineralogie, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Schoelmerich, M., Speziale, S., 23GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany, Spiekermann, G., 24Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, Sturtevant, B. T., Toleikis, S., Velisavljevic, N., Wilke, M., Yoo, C.-S., 25Department of Chemistry, Institute of Shock Physics, and Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA, Baehtz, C., Zastrau, U., and Strohm, C.

Subjects
Diffraction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, diamond anvil cells, X‐ray free‐electron lasers, x-ray free electron lasers, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Diamond anvil cell, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:550, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, high‐precision X‐ray diffraction, Radiation, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business.industry, X-ray free-electron lasers, high-precision X-ray diffraction, finite element modeling, Detector, Free-electron laser, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Research Papers, Beamline, high precision x-ray diffraction, X-ray crystallography, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], X-ray free-electron laser, Vacuum chamber, 0210 nano-technology, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [SDU.STU.MI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Mineralogy
Abstract

Journal of synchrotron radiation 28(3), 688 - 706 (2021). doi:10.1107/S1600577521002551, The high-precision X-ray diffraction setup for work with diamond anvil cells (DACs) in interaction chamber 2 (IC2) of the High Energy Density instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is described. This includes beamline optics, sample positioning and detector systems located in the multipurpose vacuum chamber. Concepts for pump–probe X-ray diffraction experiments in the DAC are described and their implementation demonstrated during the First User Community Assisted Commissioning experiment. X-ray heating and diffraction of Bi under pressure, obtained using 20 fs X-ray pulses at 17.8 keV and 2.2 MHz repetition, is illustrated through splitting of diffraction peaks, and interpreted employing finite element modeling of the sample chamber in the DAC., Published by Wiley-Blackwell, [S.l.]

Published
2021

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