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966 results on '"Mei D."'

1. Nuclear Recoil Calibration at Sub-keV Energies in LUX and Its Impact on Dark Matter Search Sensitivity

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, Murphy, A St J, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xiang, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Engineering, General Physics, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) detectors offer heightened sensitivities for dark matter detection across a spectrum of particle masses. To broaden their capability to low-mass dark matter interactions, we investigated the light and charge responses of liquid xenon (LXe) to sub-keV nuclear recoils. Using neutron events from a pulsed Adelphi Deuterium-Deuterium neutron generator, an in situ calibration was conducted on the LUX detector. We demonstrate direct measurements of light and charge yields down to 0.45 and 0.27 keV, respectively, both approaching single quanta production, the physical limit of LXe detectors. These results hold significant implications for the future of dual-phase xenon TPCs in detecting low-mass dark matter via nuclear recoils.
Published: 2025

2. Exploring Charge Transport Dynamics in a Cryogenic P-Type Germanium Detector

Author: Acharya, P., Fritts, M., Mei, D. -M., Wang, G. -J., Mahapatra, R., and Platt, M.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: This study explores the dynamics of charge transport within a cryogenic P-type Ge particle detector, fabricated from a crystal cultivated at the University of South Dakota (USD). By subjecting the detector to cryogenic temperatures and an Am-241 source, we observe evolving charge dynamics and the emergence of cluster dipole states, leading to the impact ionization process at 40 mK. Our analysis focuses on crucial parameters: the zero-field cross-section of cluster dipole states and the binding energy of these states. For the Ge detector in our investigation, the zero-field cross-section of cluster dipole states is determined to be $8.45 \times 10^{-11}\pm 4.22\times 10^{-12}~cm^2$. Examination of the binding energy associated with cluster dipole states, formed by charge trapping onto dipole states during the freeze-out process, reveals a value of $0.034 \pm 0.0017$ meV. These findings shed light on the intricate charge states influenced by the interplay of temperature and electric field, with potential implications for the sensitivity in detecting low-mass dark matter., Comment: 11 pages and 12 figures
Published: 2024

3. Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay

Author: Adams, C., Alfonso, K., Andreoiu, C., Angelico, E., Arnquist, I. J., Asaadi, J. A. A., Avignone, F. T., Axani, S. N., Barabash, A. S., Barbeau, P. S., Baudis, L., Bellini, F., Beretta, M., Bhatta, T., Biancacci, V., Biassoni, M., Bossio, E., Breur, P. A., Brodsky, J. P., Brofferio, C., Brown, E., Brugnera, R., Brunner, T., Burlac, N., Caden, E., Calgaro, S., Cao, G. F., Cao, L., Capelli, C., Cardani, L., Fernandez, R. Castillo, Cattadori, C. M., Chana, B., Chernyak, D., Christofferson, C. D., Chu, P. -H., Church, E., Cirigliano, V., Collister, R., Comellato, T., Dalmasson, J., D'Andrea, V., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Decowski, M. P., Demarteau, M., Peixoto, S. De Meireles, Detwiler, J. A., DeVoe, R. G., Di Domizio, S., Di Marco, N., di Vacri, M. L., Dolinski, M. J., Efremenko, Yu., Elbeltagi, M., Elliott, S. R., Engel, J., Fabris, L., Fairbank, W. M., Farine, J., Febbraro, M., Figueroa-Feliciano, E., Fields, D. E., Formaggio, J. A., Foust, B. T., Franke, B., Fu, Y., Fujikawa, B. K., Gallacher, D., Gallina, G., Garfagnini, A., Gingras, C., Gironi, L., Giuliani, A., Gold, M., Gornea, R., Grant, C., Gratta, G., Green, M. P., Grinyer, G. F., Gruszko, J., Guan, Y., Guinn, I. S., Guiseppe, V. E., Gutierrez, T. D., Hansen, E. V., Hardy, C. A., Hauptman, J., Heffner, M., Heeger, K. M., Henning, R., Hergert, H., Aguilar, D. Hervas, Hodak, R., Holt, J. D., Hoppe, E. W., Horoi, M., Huang, H. Z., Inoue, K., Jamil, A., Jochum, J., Jones, B. J. P., Kaizer, J., Karapetrov, G., Kharusi, S. Al, Kidd, M. F., Kishimoto, Y., Klein, J. R., Kolomensky, Yu. G., Kontul, I., Kornoukhov, V. N., Krause, P., Krucken, R., Kumar, K. S., Lang, K., Leach, K. G., Lenardo, B. G., Leonhardt, A., Li, A., Li, G., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lindsay, R., Lippi, I., Liu, J., Macko, M., MacLellan, R., Macolino, C., Majidi, S., Mamedov, F., Masbou, J., Massarczyk, R., Mastbaum, A. T., Mayer, D., Mazumdar, A., Mei, D. M., Mei, Y., Meijer, S. J., Mereghetti, E., Mertens, S., Mistry, K., Mitsui, T., Moore, D. C., Morella, M., Nattress, J. T., Neuberger, M., Ngwadla, X. E., Nones, C., Novosad, V., Nygren, D. R., Ondze, J. C. Nzobadila, O'Donnell, T., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Orrell, J. L., Ortega, G. S., Ouellet, J. L., Overman, C., Pagani, L., Palusova, V., Para, A., Pavan, M., Perna, A., Pertoldi, L., Pettus, W., Piepke, A., Piseri, P., Pocar, A., Povinec, P., Psihas, F., Pullia, A., Radford, D. C., Ramonnye, G. J, Rasiwala, H., Redchuk, M., Riboldi, S., Richardson, G., Rielage, K., Rogers, L., Rowson, P. C., Rukhadze, E., Saakyan, R., Sada, C., Salamanna, G., Salamida, F., Saldanha, R., Salvat, D. J., Sangiorgio, S., Schaper, D. C., Schoenert, S., Schwarz, M., Schwartz, S. E., Shitov, Y., Simkovic, F., Singh, V., Slavickova, M., Sousa, A. C., Spadoni, F. L., Speller, D. H., Stekl, I., Sumathi, R. R., Surukuchi, P. T., Tayloe, R., Tornow, W., Torres, J. A., Totev, T. I., Triambak, S., Tyuka, O. A., Vasilyev, S. I., Velazquez, M., Viel, S., Vogl, C., von Strum, K., Wang, Q., Waters, D., Watkins, S. L., Watts, M., Wei, W. -Z., Welliver, B., Wen, Liangjian, Wichoski, U., Wilde, S., Wilkerson, J. F., Winslow, L., Wiseman, C., Wu, X., Xu, W., Yang, H., Yang, L., Yu, C. H., Zeman, J., Zennamo, J., and Zuzel, G.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract: This White Paper, prepared for the Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons, and Neutrinos Town Meeting related to the 2023 Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan, makes the case for double beta decay as a critical component of the future nuclear physics program. The major experimental collaborations and many theorists have endorsed this white paper., Comment: white paper submitted for the Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons, and Neutrinos Town Meeting in support of the US Nuclear Physics Long Range Planning Process
Published: 2022

4. Observation of Time-Dependent Internal Charge Amplification in a Planar Germanium Detector at Cryogenic Temperature

Author: Acharya, P., Fritts, M., Mei, D. -M., Mandic, V., Wang, G. -J., Mahapatra, R., and Platt, M.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: For the first time, time-dependent internal charge amplification through impact ionization has been observed in a planar germanium (Ge) detector operated at cryogenic temperature. In a time period of 30 and 45 minutes after applying a bias voltage, the charge energy corresponding to a baseline of the 59.54 keV $\gamma$ rays from a $^{241}$Am source is amplified for a short period of time and then decreases back to the baseline. The amplification of charge energy depends strongly on the applied positive bias voltage with drifting holes across the detector. No such phenomenon is visible with drifting electrons across the detector. We find that the observed charge amplification is dictated by the impact ionization of charged states, which has a strong correlation with impurity level and applied electric field. We analyze the dominant physics mechanisms that are responsible for the creation and the impact ionization of charged states. Our analysis suggests that the appropriate level of impurity in a Ge detector can enhance charge yield through the impact ionization of charged states to achieve extremely low-energy detection threshold ($<$ 10 meV) for MeV-scale dark matter searches if the charge amplification can be stabilized., Comment: 7 pages and 9 figures
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Nuclear Recoil Calibration at Sub-keV Energies in LUX and Its Impact on Dark Matter Search Sensitivity

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Rhyne, C., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) detectors offer heightened sensitivities for dark matter detection across a spectrum of particle masses. To broaden their capability to low-mass dark matter interactions, we investigated the light and charge responses of liquid xenon (LXe) to sub-keV nuclear recoils. Using neutron events from a pulsed Adelphi Deuterium-Deuterium neutron generator, an in situ calibration was conducted on the LUX detector. We demonstrate direct measurements of light and charge yields down to 0.45 keV and 0.27 keV, respectively, both approaching single quanta production, the physical limit of LXe detectors. These results hold significant implications for the future of dual-phase xenon TPCs in detecting low-mass dark matter via nuclear recoils.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Nuclear Recoil Calibration at Sub-keV Energies in LUX and Its Impact on Dark Matter Search Sensitivity

Author: Collaboration, LUX, Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, Viveiros, L de, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, Murphy, A St J, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xiang, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: physics.ins-det, astro-ph.CO, hep-ex
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) detectors offer heightenedsensitivities for dark matter detection across a spectrum of particle masses.To broaden their capability to low-mass dark matter interactions, weinvestigated the light and charge responses of liquid xenon (LXe) to sub-keVnuclear recoils. Using neutron events from a pulsed Adelphi Deuterium-Deuteriumneutron generator, an in situ calibration was conducted on the LUX detector. Wedemonstrate direct measurements of light and charge yields down to 0.45 keV and0.27 keV, respectively, both approaching single quanta production, the physicallimit of LXe detectors. These results hold significant implications for thefuture of dual-phase xenon TPCs in detecting low-mass dark matter via nuclearrecoils.
Published: 2022

7. Fast and flexible analysis of direct dark matter search data with machine learning

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carrara, N, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Ernst, J, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, St. J. Murphy, A, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xian, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Physical Sciences, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Information Technology R&D (NITRD)
Abstract: We present the results from combining machine learning with the profile likelihood fit procedure, using data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter experiment. This approach demonstrates reduction in computation time by a factor of 30 when compared with the previous approach, without loss of performance on real data. We establish its flexibility to capture nonlinear correlations between variables (such as smearing in light and charge signals due to position variation) by achieving equal performance using pulse areas with and without position-corrections applied. Its efficiency and scalability furthermore enables searching for dark matter using additional variables without significant computational burden. We demonstrate this by including a light signal pulse shape variable alongside more traditional inputs, such as light and charge signal strengths. This technique can be exploited by future dark matter experiments to make use of additional information, reduce computational resources needed for signal searches and simulations, and make inclusion of physical nuisance parameters in fits tractable.
Published: 2022

8. Evidence of cluster dipole states in germanium detectors operating at temperatures below 10 K

Author: Mei, D. -M., Panth, R., Kooi, K., Mei, H., Bhattarai, S., Raut, M., Acharya, P., and Wang, G. -J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: By studying charge trapping in germanium (Ge) detectors operating at temperatures below 10 K, we demonstrate for the first time that the formation of cluster dipole states from residual impurities is responsible for charge trapping. Two planar detectors with different impurity levels and types are used in this study. When drifting the localized charge carriers created by $\alpha$ particles from the top surface across a detector under a lower bias voltage, significant charge trapping is observed when compared to operating at a higher bias voltage. The amount of charge trapping shows a strong dependence on the type of charge carriers. Electrons are trapped more than holes in a p-type detector while holes are trapped more than electrons in a n-type detector. When both electrons and holes are drifted simultaneously using the widespread charge carriers created by $\gamma$ rays inside the detector, the amount of charge trapping shows no dependence on the polarity of bias voltage., Comment: 6 pages and 5 figures
Published: 2022
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9. Fast and Flexible Analysis of Direct Dark Matter Search Data with Machine Learning

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carrara, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Ernst, J., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Rhyne, C., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xian, X., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We present the results from combining machine learning with the profile likelihood fit procedure, using data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter experiment. This approach demonstrates reduction in computation time by a factor of 30 when compared with the previous approach, without loss of performance on real data. We establish its flexibility to capture non-linear correlations between variables (such as smearing in light and charge signals due to position variation) by achieving equal performance using pulse areas with and without position-corrections applied. Its efficiency and scalability furthermore enables searching for dark matter using additional variables without significant computational burden. We demonstrate this by including a light signal pulse shape variable alongside more traditional inputs such as light and charge signal strengths. This technique can be exploited by future dark matter experiments to make use of additional information, reduce computational resources needed for signal searches and simulations, and make inclusion of physical nuisance parameters in fits tractable.
Published: 2022
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10. LEGEND-1000 Preconceptual Design Report

Author: LEGEND Collaboration, Abgrall, N., Abt, I., Agostini, M., Alexander, A., Andreoiu, C., Araujo, G. R., Avignone III, F. T., Bae, W., Bakalyarov, A., Balata, M., Bantel, M., Barabanov, I., Barabash, A. S., Barbeau, P. S., Barton, C. J., Barton, P. J., Baudis, L., Bauer, C., Bernieri, E., Bezrukov, L., Bhimani, K. H., Biancacci, V., Blalock, E., Bolozdynya, A., Borden, S., Bos, B., Bossio, E., Boston, A., Bothe, V., Bouabid, R., Boyd, S., Brugnera, R., Burlac, N., Busch, M., Caldwell, A., Caldwell, T. S., Carney, R., Cattadori, C., Chan, Y. -D., Chernogorov, A., Christofferson, C. D., Chu, P. -H., Clark, M., Cohen, T., Combs, D., Comellato, T., Cooper, R. J., Costa, I. A., D'Andrea, V., Detwiler, J. A., Di Giacinto, A., Di Marco, N., Dobson, J., Drobizhev, A., Durand, M. R., Edzards, F., Efremenko, Yu., Elliott, S. R., Engelhardt, A., Fajt, L., Faud, N., Febbraro, M. T., Ferella, F., Fields, D. E., Fischer, F., Fomina, M., Fox, H., Franchi, J., Gala, R., Galindo-Uribarri, A., Gangapshev, A., Garfagnini, A., Geraci, A., Gilbert, C., Gold, M., Gooch, C., Gradwohl, K. P., Green, M. P., Grinyer, G. F., Grobov, A., Gruszko, J., Guinn, I., Guiseppe, V. E., Gurentsov, V., Gurov, Y., Gusev, K., Hacket, B., Hagemann, F., Hakenmüeller, J., Haranczyk, M., Hauertmann, L., Haufe, C. R., Hayward, C., Heffron, B., Henkes, F., Henning, R., Aguilar, D. Hervas, Hinton, J., Hodak, R., Hoffmann, H., Hofmann, W., Hostiuc, A., Huang, J., Hult, M., Mirza, M. Ibrahim, Jochum, J., Jones, R., Judson, D., Junker, M., Kaizer, J., Kazalov, V., Kermaïdic, Y., Khushbakht, H., Kidd, M., Kihm, T., Kilgus, K., Kim, I., Klimenko, A., Knöpfle, K. T., Kochetov, O., Konovalov, S. I., Kontul, I., Kool, K., Kormos, L. L., Kornoukhov, V. N., Korosec, M., Krause, P., Kuzminov, V. V., López-Castaño, J. M., Lang, K., Laubenstein, M., León, E., Lehnert, B., Leonhardt, A., Li, A., Lindner, M., Lippi, I., Liu, X., Liu, J., Loomba, D., Lubashevskiy, A., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lusardi, N., Müller, Y., Macko, M., Macolino, C., Majorovits, B., Mamedov, F., Maneschg, W., Manzanillas, L., Marshall, G., Martin, R. D., Martin, E. L., Massarczyk, R., Mei, D., Meijer, S. J., Mertens, S., Misiaszek, M., Mondragon, E., Morella, M., Morgan, B., Mroz, T., Muenstermann, D., Nave, C. J., Nemchenok, I., Neuberger, M., Oli, T. K., Gann, G. Orebi, Othman, G., Palušova, V., Panth, R., Papp, L., Paudel, L. S., Pelczar, K., Perez, J. Perez, Pertoldi, L., Pettus, W., Piseri, P., Poon, A. W. P., Povinec, P., Pullia, A., Radford, D. C., Ramachers, Y. A., Ransom, C., Rauscher, L., Redchuk, M., Reine, A. L., Riboldi, S., Rielage, K., Rozov, S., Rukhadze, E., Rumyantseva, N., Runge, J., Ruof, N. W., Saakyan, R., Sailer, S., Salamanna, G., Salamida, F., Salvat, D. J., Sandukovsky, V., Schönert, S., Schültz, A., Schütt, M., Schaper, D. C., Schreiner, J., Schulz, O., Schuster, M., Schwarz, M., Schwingenheuer, B., Selivanenko, O., Shafiee, M., Shevchik, E., Shirchenko, M., Shitov, Y., Simgen, H., Simkovic, F., Skorokhvatov, M., Slavickova, M., Smolek, K., Smolnikov, A., Solomon, J. A., Song, G., Starosta, K., Stekl, I., Stommel, M., Stukov, D., Sumathi, R. R., Sweigart, D. A., Szczepaniec, K., Taffarello, L., Tagnani, D., Tayloe, R., Tedeschi, D., Turqueti, M., Varner, R. L., Vasilyev, S., Veresnikova, A., Vetter, K., Vignoli, C., Vogl, C., von Sturm, K., Waters, D., Waters, J. C., Wei, W., Wiesinger, C., Wilkerson, J. F., Willers, M., Wiseman, C., Wojcik, M., Wu, V. H. -S., Xu, W., Yakushev, E., Ye, T., Yu, C. -H., Yumatov, V., Zaretski, N., Zeman, J., Zhitnikov, I., Zinatulina, D., Zschocke, A. -K., Zsigmond, A. J., Zuber, K., and Zuzel, G.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We propose the construction of LEGEND-1000, the ton-scale Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless $\beta \beta$ Decay. This international experiment is designed to answer one of the highest priority questions in fundamental physics. It consists of 1000 kg of Ge detectors enriched to more than 90% in the $^{76}$Ge isotope operated in a liquid argon active shield at a deep underground laboratory. By combining the lowest background levels with the best energy resolution in the field, LEGEND-1000 will perform a quasi-background-free search and can make an unambiguous discovery of neutrinoless double-beta decay with just a handful of counts at the decay $Q$ value. The experiment is designed to probe this decay with a 99.7%-CL discovery sensitivity in the $^{76}$Ge half-life of $1.3\times10^{28}$ years, corresponding to an effective Majorana mass upper limit in the range of 9-21 meV, to cover the inverted-ordering neutrino mass scale with 10 yr of live time.
Published: 2021

11. Development of Planar P-type Point Contact Germanium Detectors for Low-Mass Dark Matter Searches

Author: Wei, W. -Z., Mei, H., Kooi, K., Mei, D. -M., Liu, J., Li, J. -C., Panth, R., and Wang, G. -J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The detection of low-energy deposition in the range of sub-eV through ionization using germanium (Ge) with a bandgap of $\sim$0.7 eV requires internal amplification of charge signal. This can be achieved through high electric field which accelerates charge carriers to generate more charge carriers. The minimum electric field required to generate internal charge amplification is derived for different temperatures. A point contact Ge detector provides extremely high electric field in proximity to the point contact. We show the development of a planar point contact detector and its performance. The field distribution is calculated for this planar point contact detector. We demonstrate the required electric field can be achieved with a point contact detector., Comment: 10 pages, 19 figures
Published: 2021
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12. Low-Energy Solar Neutrino Detection Utilizing Advanced Germanium Detectors

Author: Bhattarai, S., Mei, D. -M., and Raut, M. -S.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We explore the possibility to use advanced germanium (Ge) detectors as a low-energy solar neutrino observatory by means of neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering. A Ge detector utilizing internal charge amplification for the charge carriers created by the ionization of impurities is a novel technology with experimental sensitivity for detecting low-energy solar neutrinos. Ge internal charge amplification (GeICA) will amplify the charge carriers induced by neutrino interacting with Ge atoms through emission of phonons. It is those phonons that will create charge carriers through the ionization of impurities to achieve an extremely low energy threshold of $\sim$0.01 eV. We demonstrate the phonon absorption, excitation, and ionization probability of impurities in a Ge detector with impurity levels of 3$\times$10$^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$, 9$\times$10$^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$, and 2$\times$10$^{11}$ cm$^{-3}$. We present the sensitivity of such a Ge experiment for detecting solar neutrinos in the low-energy region. We show that, if GeICA technology becomes available, then a new opportunity arises to observe $pp$ and 7Be solar neutrinos. Such a novel detector with only 1 kg of high-purity Ge will give $\sim$ 10 events per year for $pp$ neutrinos and $\sim$ 5 events per year for 7Be neutrinos with a detection energy threshold of 0.01 eV., Comment: 8 pages and 9 figures
Published: 2021

13. Fast and Flexible Analysis of Direct Dark Matter Search Data with Machine Learning

Author: Collaboration, LUX, Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carrara, N, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, Viveiros, L de, Druszkiewicz, E, Ernst, J, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, Murphy, A St J, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xian, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM, hep-ex, physics.ins-det
Abstract: We present the results from combining machine learning with the profilelikelihood fit procedure, using data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX)dark matter experiment. This approach demonstrates reduction in computationtime by a factor of 30 when compared with the previous approach, without lossof performance on real data. We establish its flexibility to capture non-linearcorrelations between variables (such as smearing in light and charge signalsdue to position variation) by achieving equal performance using pulse areaswith and without position-corrections applied. Its efficiency and scalabilityfurthermore enables searching for dark matter using additional variableswithout significant computational burden. We demonstrate this by including alight signal pulse shape variable alongside more traditional inputs such aslight and charge signal strengths. This technique can be exploited by futuredark matter experiments to make use of additional information, reducecomputational resources needed for signal searches and simulations, and makeinclusion of physical nuisance parameters in fits tractable.
Published: 2022

14. Constraints on Effective Field Theory Couplings Using 311.2 days of LUX Data

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Rhyne, C., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report here the results of an Effective Field Theory (EFT) WIMP search analysis using LUX data. We build upon previous LUX analyses by extending the search window to include nuclear recoil energies up to $\sim$180 keV$_{nr}$, requiring a reassessment of data quality cuts and background models. In order to use a binned Profile Likelihood statistical framework, the development of new analysis techniques to account for higher-energy backgrounds was required. With a 3.14$\times10^4$ kg$\cdot$day exposure using data collected between 2014 and 2016, we set 90\% C.L. exclusion limits on non-relativistic EFT WIMP couplings to neutrons and protons, providing the most stringent constraints on a significant fraction of the possible EFT WIMP interactions. Additionally, we report world-leading exclusion limits on inelastic EFT WIMP-nucleon recoils., Comment: 19 Pages, 10 Figures, 4 Table
Published: 2021
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15. Implication of the Temperature-Dependent Charge Barrier Height of Amorphous Germanium Contact Detector in Searching for Rare Event Physics

Author: Panth, R., Wei, W. -Z., Mei, D. -M., Liu, J., Bhattarai, S., Mei, H., Raut, M., Acharya, P., Kooi, K., and Wang, G. -J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The exploration of germanium (Ge) detectors with amorphous Ge (a-Ge) contacts has drawn attention to the searches for rare-event physics such as dark matter and neutrinoless double-beta decay. The charge barrier height (CBH) of the a-Ge contacts deposited on the detector surface is crucial to suppress the leakage current of the detector in order to achieve la ow-energy detection threshold and high-energy resolution. The temperature-dependent CBH of a-Ge contacts for three Ge detectors is analyzed to study the bulk leakage current (BLC) characteristics. The detectors were fabricated at the University of South Dakota using homegrown crystals. The CBH is determined from the BLC when the detectors are operated in the reverse bias mode with a guard-ring structure, which separates the BLC from the surface leakage current (SLC). The results show that CBH is temperature dependent. The direct relation of the CBH variation to temperature is related to the barrier inhomogeneities created on the interface of a-Ge and crystalline Ge. The inhomogeneities that occur at the interface were analyzed using the Gaussian distribution model for three detectors. The CBH of a-Ge contact is projected to zero temperature. The implication of the CBH at zero temperature is discussed for Ge detectors with a-Ge contacts in searching for rare-event physics., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, and 2 tables
Published: 2021

16. Improving sensitivity to low-mass dark matter in LUX using a novel electrode background mitigation technique

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Bang, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Rhyne, C., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: This paper presents a novel technique for mitigating electrode backgrounds that limit the sensitivity of searches for low-mass dark matter (DM) using xenon time projection chambers. In the LUX detector, signatures of low-mass DM interactions would be very low energy ($\sim$keV) scatters in the active target that ionize only a few xenon atoms and seldom produce detectable scintillation signals. In this regime, extra precaution is required to reject a complex set of low-energy electron backgrounds that have long been observed in this class of detector. Noticing backgrounds from the wire grid electrodes near the top and bottom of the active target are particularly pernicious, we develop a machine learning technique based on ionization pulse shape to identify and reject these events. We demonstrate the technique can improve Poisson limits on low-mass DM interactions by a factor of $2$-$7$ with improvement depending heavily on the size of ionization signals. We use the technique on events in an effective $5$ tonne$\cdot$day exposure from LUX's 2013 science operation to place strong limits on low-mass DM particles with masses in the range $m_{\chi}\in0.15$-$10$ GeV. This machine learning technique is expected to be useful for near-future experiments, such as LZ and XENONnT, which hope to perform low-mass DM searches with the stringent background control necessary to make a discovery., Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2020
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17. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Author: Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Akimov, D. Yu., Alquahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Arbuckle, A., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Aviles, S., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barry, M. J., Bauer, D., Bauer, P., Baxter, A., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Bensinger, J., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Birrittella, B., Boast, K. E., Bolozdynya, A. I., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Branson, S., Brás, P., Breidenbach, M., Brew, C. A. J., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Cabrita, R., Campbell, J. S., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Coleman, J., Colling, D., Conley, R. A., Cottle, A., Coughlen, R., Cox, G., Craddock, W. W., Curran, D., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., da Cunhaw, J. P., Dahl, C. E., Dardin, S., Dasu, S., Davis, J., Davison, T. J. R., de Viveiros, L., Decheine, N., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dushkin, A., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Edwards, B. N., Edwards, J., Elnimr, M. M., Emmet, W. T., Eriksen, S. R., Faham, C. H., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Florang, I. M. Fogarty, Ford, P., Francis, V. B., Fraser, E. D., Froborg, F., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Garcia, D., Gehman, V. M., Gelfand, R., Genovesi, J., Gerhard, R. M., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Gomber, B., Gonda, T. G., Greenall, A., Greenwood, S., Gregerson, G., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hamilton, D., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Harrington, T., Harrison, A., Harrison, J., Hasselkus, C., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hemer, D., Hertel, S. A., Heise, J., Hillbrand, S., Hitchcock, O., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holbrook, B., Holtom, E., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hurteau, T. W., Ignarra, C. M., Irving, M. N., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Jeffery, S. N., Ji, W., Johnson, M., Johnson, J., Johnson, P., Jones, W. G., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A., Kamdin, K., Kasey, V., Kazkaz, K., Keefner, J., Khaitan, D., Khaleeq, M., Khazov, A., Khromov, A. V., Khurana, I., Kim, Y. D., Kim, W. T., Kocher, C. D., Kodroff, D., Konovalov, A. M., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S. W., Krebs, H. J., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumpan, A. V., Kyre, S., Lambert, A. R., Landerud, B., Larsen, N. A., Laundrie, A., Leason, E. A., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liu, Y., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Lopez-Asamar, E., Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lucero, D., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Lynch, C., Majewski, P. A., Makkinje, J., Malling, D. C., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Markley, D. J., MarrLaundrie, P., Martin, T. J., Marzioni, M. F., Maupin, C., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mei, D. -M., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Minaker, Z. J., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J., Molash, D., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Nesbit, J., Neves, F., Nikkel, J. A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., O'Dell, J., Oh, H., O'Neill, F. G., O'Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Oxborough, L., Pagac, A., Pagenkopf, D., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmaccio, V. M., Palmer, J., Pangilinan, M., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B. P., Pereira, G., Pereira, C., Peterson, I. B., Piepke, A., Pierson, S., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Qie, Y., Racine, M., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rucinski, R., Rutherford, G., Saba, J. S., Sabarots, L., Santone, D., Sarychev, M., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Severson, M., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, G. W., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Smith, A. R., Smith, R. J., Smith, R. E., So, J., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sosnovtsev, V. V., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stephenson, S., Stern, N., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Studley, R., Sumner, T. J., Sundarnath, K., Sutcliffe, P., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Taylor, D. J., Temples, D., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Thomson, J. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tope, T. E., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Tull, C. E., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utes, M., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Va'vra, J., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Verbus, J. R., Vietanen, T., Voirin, E., Vuosalo, C. O., Walcott, S., Waldron, W. L., Walker, K., Wang, J. J., Wang, R., Wang, L., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Migneault, J., Weatherly, S., Webb, R. C., Wei, W. -Z., While, M., White, R. G., White, J. T., White, D. T., Whitis, T. J., Wisniewski, W. J., Wilson, K., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodward, D., Worm, S. D., Xiang, X., Xiao, Q., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Young, I., Zhang, C., and Zarzhitsky, P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented., Comment: 45 pages (79 inc. tables), 7 figures, 9 tables
Published: 2020
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18. Investigation of background electron emission in the LUX detector

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon detectors, as currently used in direct detection dark matter experiments, have observed elevated rates of background electron events in the low energy region. While this background negatively impacts detector performance in various ways, its origins have only been partially studied. In this paper we report a systematic investigation of the electron pathologies observed in the LUX dark matter experiment. We characterize different electron populations based on their emission intensities and their correlations with preceding energy depositions in the detector. By studying the background under different experimental conditions, we identified the leading emission mechanisms, including photoionization and the photoelectric effect induced by the xenon luminescence, delayed emission of electrons trapped under the liquid surface, capture and release of drifting electrons by impurities, and grid electron emission. We discuss how these backgrounds can be mitigated in LUX and future xenon-based dark matter experiments., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2020
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19. Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We present a comprehensive analysis of electronic recoil vs. nuclear recoil discrimination in liquid/gas xenon time projection chambers, using calibration data from the 2013 and 2014-16 runs of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. We observe strong charge-to-light discrimination enhancement with increased event energy. For events with S1 = 120 detected photons, i.e. equivalent to a nuclear recoil energy of $\sim$100 keV, we observe an electronic recoil background acceptance of $<10^{-5}$ at a nuclear recoil signal acceptance of 50%. We also observe modest electric field dependence of the discrimination power, which peaks at a field of around 300 V/cm over the range of fields explored in this study (50-500 V/cm). In the WIMP search region of S1 = 1-80 phd, the minimum electronic recoil leakage we observe is ${(7.3\pm0.6)\times10^{-4}}$, which is obtained for a drift field of 240-290 V/cm. Pulse shape discrimination is utilized to improve our results, and we find that, at low energies and low fields, there is an additional reduction in background leakage by a factor of up to 3. We develop an empirical model for recombination fluctuations which, when used alongside the Noble Element Scintillation Technique (NEST) simulation package, correctly reproduces the skewness of the electronic recoil data. We use this updated simulation to study the width of the electronic recoil band, finding that its dominant contribution comes from electron-ion recombination fluctuations, followed in magnitude of contribution by fluctuations in the S1 signal, fluctuations in the S2 signal, and fluctuations in the total number of quanta produced for a given energy deposition., Comment: 29 pages, 33 figures; minor typos corrected, references updated
Published: 2020
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20. Constraints on effective field theory couplings using 311.2 days of LUX data

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, St. J. Murphy, A, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xiang, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences
Abstract: We report here the results of a nonrelativistic effective field theory (EFT) WIMP search analysis using LUX data. We build upon previous LUX analyses by extending the search window to include nuclear recoil energies up to ∼180 keVnr, requiring a reassessment of data quality criteria and background models. In order to use an unbinned profile likelihood statistical framework, the development of new analysis techniques to account for higher-energy backgrounds was required. With a 3.14×104 kg·day exposure using data collected between 2014 and 2016, we find our data is compatible with the background expectation and set 90% C.L. exclusion limits on nonrelativistic EFT WIMP-nucleon couplings, improving upon previous LUX results and providing constraints on a EFT WIMP interactions using the {neutron,proton} interaction basis. Additionally, we report exclusion limits on inelastic EFT WIMP-isoscalar recoils that are competitive and world-leading for several interaction operators.
Published: 2021

21. Improving sensitivity to low-mass dark matter in LUX using a novel electrode background mitigation technique

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, St. J. Murphy, A, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xiang, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences
Abstract: This paper presents a novel technique for mitigating electrode backgrounds that limit the sensitivity of searches for low-mass dark matter (DM) using xenon time projection chambers. In the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) detector, signatures of low-mass DM interactions would be very low-energy () scatters in the active target that ionize only a few xenon atoms and seldom produce detectable scintillation signals. In this regime, extra precaution is required to reject a complex set of low-energy electron backgrounds that have long been observed in this class of detector. Noticing backgrounds from the wire grid electrodes near the top and bottom of the active target are particularly pernicious, we develop a machine learning technique based on ionization pulse shape to identify and reject these events. We demonstrate the technique can improve Poisson limits on low-mass DM interactions by a factor of 1.7-3 with improvement depending heavily on the size of ionization signals. We use the technique on events in an effective 5 tonne·day exposure from LUX’s 2013 science operation to place strong limits on low-mass DM particles with masses in the range . This machine learning technique is expected to be useful for near-future experiments, such as LUX-ZEPLIN and XENONnT, which hope to perform low-mass DM searches with the stringent background control necessary to make a discovery.
Published: 2021

22. Effective field theory analysis of the first LUX dark matter search

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Larsen, NA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Moongweluwan, M, Morad, JA, St. J. Murphy, A, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Pease, EK, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rhyne, C, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Uvarov, S, Vacheret, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences
Abstract: The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter search was a 250-kg active mass dual-phase time projection chamber that operated by detecting light and ionization signals from particles incident on a xenon target. In December 2015, LUX reported a minimum 90% upper C.L. of 6×10-46 cm2 on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering cross section based on a 1.4×104 kg·day exposure in its first science run. Tension between experiments and the absence of a definitive positive detection suggest it would be prudent to search for WIMPs outside the standard spin-independent/spin-dependent paradigm. Recent theoretical work has identified a complete basis of 14 independent effective field theory (EFT) operators to describe WIMP-nucleon interactions. In addition to spin-independent and spin-dependent nuclear responses, these operators can produce novel responses such as angular-momentum-dependent and spin-orbit couplings. Here we report on a search for all 14 of these EFT couplings with data from LUX's first science run. Limits are placed on each coupling as a function of WIMP mass.
Published: 2021

23. Characterization of High-Purity Germanium Detectors with Amorphous Germanium Contacts in Cryogenic Liquids

Author: Panth, R., Liu, J., Abt, I., Liu, X., Schulz, O., Wei, W. -Z., Mei, H., Mei, D. -M., and Wang, G. -J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: For the first time, planar high-purity germanium detectors with thin amorphous germanium contacts were successfully operated directly in liquid nitrogen and liquid argon in a cryostat at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physics in Munich. The detectors were fabricated at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of South Dakota, using crystals grown at the University of South Dakota. They survived long-distance transportation and multiple thermal cycles in both cryogenic liquids and showed reasonable leakage currents and spectroscopic performance. Also discussed are the pros and cons of using thin amorphous semiconductor materials as an alternative contact technology in large-scale germanium experiments searching for physics beyond the Standard Model., Comment: 12 pages, 19 figures
Published: 2020
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24. An Effective Field Theory Analysis of the First LUX Dark Matter Search

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Larsen, N. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter search was a 250-kg active mass dual-phase time projection chamber that operated by detecting light and ionization signals from particles incident on a xenon target. In December 2015, LUX reported a minimum 90% upper C.L. of 6e-46 cm^2 on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering cross section based on a 1.4e4 kg*day exposure in its first science run. Tension between experiments and the absence of a definitive positive detection suggest it would be prudent to search for WIMPs outside the standard spin-independent/spin-dependent paradigm. Recent theoretical work has identified a complete basis of 14 independent effective field theory (EFT) operators to describe WIMP-nucleon interactions. In addition to spin-independent and spin-dependent nuclear responses, these operators can produce novel responses such as angular-momentum-dependent and spin-orbit couplings. Here we report on a search for all 14 of these EFT couplings with data from LUX's first science run. Limits are placed on each coupling as a function of WIMP mass., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2020
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25. Characterization of High-Purity Germanium (Ge) Crystals for Developing Novel Ge Detectors

Author: Raut, M. -S., Mei, H., Mei, D. -M., Bhattarai, S., Wei, W. -Z., Panda, R., Acharya, P., and Wang, G. -J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: High-purity germanium (HPGe) crystals are required to be well-characterized before being fabricated into Ge detectors. The characterization of HPGe crystals is often performed with the Hall Effect system, which measures the carrier concentration, the Hall mobility, and the electrical resistivity. The reported values have a strong dependence on the size of the ohmic contacts and the geometry of the samples used in conducting the Hall Effect measurements. We conduct a systematic study using four samples cut from the same location in a HPGe crystal made into different sized ohmic contacts or different geometries to study the variation of the measured parameters from the Hall Effect system. The results are compared to the C-V measurements provided by the Ge detector made from the same crystal. We report the systematic errors involved with the Hall Effect system and find a reliable technique that minimizes the systematic error to be only a few percent from the Hall Effect measurements., Comment: 11 page, 4 figures, and 6 Tables
Published: 2020
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26. Investigation of the Electrical Conduction Mechanisms in P-type Amorphous Germanium (a-Ge) Used as a-Ge Contacts for Ge Detectors

Author: Bhattarai, S., Panth, R., Wei, W. -Z., Mei, H., Mei, D. -M., Raut, M. S., Acharya, P., and Wang, W. -J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Electrical conduction mechanisms in the disordered material system is experimentally studied for p-type amorphous germanium (a-Ge) used for high-purity Ge detector contacts. The localization length and the hopping parameters in a-Ge are determined using the surface leakage current measured from three high-purity planar Ge detectors. The temperature-dependent hopping distance and hopping energy are obtained for a-Ge fabricated as the electrical contact materials for high-purity Ge planar detectors. As a result, we find that the hopping energy in a-Ge increases as temperature increases while the hopping distance in a-Ge decreases as temperature increases. The localization length of a-Ge is on the order of $2.13^{-0.05}_{+0.07} A^\circ$ to $5.07^{-0.83}_{+2.58}A^\circ$, depending on the density of states near the Fermi energy level within bandgap. Using these parameters, we predict that the surface leakage current from a Ge detector with a-Ge contacts can be much smaller than one yocto amp (yA) at helium temperature, suitable for rare-event physics searches., Comment: 8 pages and 10 figures
Published: 2020

27. The Impact of the Charge Barrier Height on Germanium (Ge) Detectors with Amorphous-Ge Contacts for Light Dark Matter Searches

Author: Wei, W. -Z., Panth, R., Liu, J., Mei, H., Mei, D. -M., and Wang, G. -J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Germanium (Ge) detectors with ability of measuring a single electron-hole (e-h) pair are needed in searching for light dark matter (LDM) down to the MeV scale. We investigate the feasibility of Ge detectors with amorphous-Ge (a-Ge) contacts to achieve the sensitivity of measuring a single e-h pair, which requires extremely low leakage current. Three Ge detectors with a-Ge contacts are used to study the charge barrier height for blocking electrons and holes. Using the measured bulk leakage current and the D$\ddot{o}$hler-Brodsky model, we obtain the values for charge barrier height and the density of localized energy states near the Fermi energy level for the top and bottom contacts, respectively. We predict that the bulk leakage current is extremely small and can be neglected at helium temperature ($\sim$4 K). Thus, Ge detectors with a-Ge contacts possess the potential to measure a single e-h pair for detecting LDM particles., Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2020
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28. Search for two neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe in the full exposure of the LUX detector

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravits, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Two-neutrino double electron capture is a process allowed in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. This rare decay has been observed in $^{78}$Kr, $^{130}$Ba and more recently in $^{124}$Xe. In this publication we report on the search for this process in $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe using the full exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment, in a total of of 27769.5~kg-days. No evidence of a signal was observed, allowing us to set 90\% C.L. lower limits for the half-lives of these decays of $2.0\times10^{21}$~years for $^{124}$Xe and $1.9\times10^{21}$~years for $^{126}$Xe., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2019
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29. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author: The LZ Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Akimov, D. Yu., Alquahtani, A., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Arbuckle, A., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barry, M. J., Barthel, J., Bauer, D., Bauer, P., Baxter, A., Belle, J., Beltrame, P., Bensinger, J., Benson, T., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birrittella, B., Boast, K. E., Bolozdynya, A. I., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Bramante, R., Branson, S., Brás, P., Breidenbach, M., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V. V., Bunker, R., Burdin, S., Busenitz, J. K., Campbell, J. S., Carels, C., Carlsmith, D. L., Carlson, B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cascella, M., Chan, C., Cherwinka, J. J., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Chott, N. I., Cole, A., Coleman, J., Colling, D., Conley, R. A., Cottle, A., Coughlen, R., Craddock, W. W., Curran, D., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., da Cunha, J. P., Dahl, C. E., Dardin, S., Dasu, S., Davis, J., Davison, T. J. R., de Viveiros, L., Decheine, N., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dushkin, A., Edberg, T. K., Edwards, W. R., Edwards, B. N., Edwards, J., Elnimr, M. M., Emmet, W. T., Eriksen, S. R., Faham, C. H., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Florang, I. M. Fogarty, Ford, P., Francis, V. B., Froborg, F., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Gantos, N. J., Garcia, D., Geffre, A., Gehman, V. M., Gelfand, R., Genovesi, J., Gerhard, R. M., Ghag, C., Gibson, E., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Gomber, B., Gonda, T. G., Greenall, A., Greenwood, S., Gregerson, G., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Hamilton, D., Hans, S., Hanzel, K., Harrington, T., Harrison, A., Hasselkus, C., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hemer, D., Hertel, S. A., Heise, J., Hillbrand, S., Hitchcock, O., Hjemfelt, C., Hoff, M. D., Holbrook, B., Holtom, E., Hor, J. Y-K., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hurteau, T. W., Ignarra, C. M., Irving, M. N., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Jeffery, S. N., Ji, W., Johnson, M., Johnson, J., Johnson, P., Jones, W. G., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A., Kamdin, K., Kasey, V., Kazkaz, K., Keefner, J., Khaitan, D., Khaleeq, M., Khazov, A., Khromov, A. V., Khurana, I., Kim, Y. D., Kim, W. T., Kocher, C. D., Konovalov, A. M., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kras, J., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S. W., Krebs, H. J., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kumpan, A. V., Kyre, S., Lambert, A. R., Landerud, B., Larsen, N. A., Laundrie, A., Leason, E. A., Lee, H. S., Lee, J., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Leonard, R., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Li, J., Liu, Y., Liao, J., Liao, F. -T., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, R., Liu, X., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lucero, D., Luitz, S., Lyle, J. M., Lynch, C., Majewski, P. A., Makkinje, J., Malling, D. C., Manalaysay, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Markley, D. J., MarrLaundrie, P., Martin, T. J., Marzioni, M. F., Maupin, C., McConnell, C. T., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mei, D. -M., Meng, Y., Miller, E. H., Minaker, Z. J., Mizrachi, E., Mock, J., Molash, D., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morad, J. A., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Nesbit, J., Neves, F., Nikkel, J. A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Nilima, A., O'Dell, J., Oh, H., O'Neill, F. G., O'Sullivan, K., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Oxborough, L., Pagac, A., Pagenkopf, D., Pal, S., Palladino, K. J., Palmaccio, V. M., Palmer, J., Pangilinan, M., Patton, S. J., Pease, E. K., Penning, B. P., Pereira, G., Pereira, C., Peterson, I. B., Piepke, A., Pierson, S., Powell, S., Preece, R. M., Pushkin, K., Qie, Y., Racine, M., Ratcliff, B. N., Reichenbacher, J., Reichhart, L., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rodrigues, J. P., Rose, H. J., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rucinski, R., Rutherford, G., Rynders, D., Saba, J. S., Sabarots, L., Santone, D., Sarychev, M., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Schubnell, M., Scovell, P. R., Severson, M., Seymour, D., Shaw, S., Shutt, G. W., Shutt, T. A., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Skarpaas, K., Skulski, W., Smith, A. R., Smith, R. J., Smith, R. E., So, J., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sosnovtsev, V. V., Stancu, I., Stark, M. R., Stephenson, S., Stern, N., Stevens, A., Stiegler, T. M., Stifter, K., Studley, R., Sumner, T. J., Sundarnath, K., Sutcliffe, P., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Tan, M., Taylor, W. C., Taylor, R., Taylor, D. J., Temples, D., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Thomas, K. J., Thomson, J. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., To, W. H., Tomás, A., Tope, T. E., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Tull, C. E., Turner, W., Tvrznikova, L., Utes, M., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Va'vra, J., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A., Verbus, J. R., Vietanen, T., Voirin, E., Vuosalo, C. O., Walcott, S., Waldron, W. L., Walker, K., Wang, J. J., Wang, R., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Migneault, J., Weatherly, S., Webb, R. C., Wei, W. -Z., While, M., White, R. G., White, J. T., White, D. T., Whitis, T. J., Wisniewski, W. J., Wilson, K., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodward, D., Worm, S. D., Xiang, X., Xiao, Q., Xu, J., Yeh, M., Yin, J., Young, I., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements.
Published: 2019
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30. Improved Modeling of $\beta$ Electronic Recoils in Liquid Xenon Using LUX Calibration Data

Author: The LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravits, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We report here methods and techniques for creating and improving a model that reproduces the scintillation and ionization response of a dual-phase liquid and gaseous xenon time-projection chamber. Starting with the recent release of the Noble Element Simulation Technique (NEST v2.0), electronic recoil data from the $\beta$ decays of ${}^3$H and ${}^{14}$C in the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) detector were used to tune the model, in addition to external data sets that allow for extrapolation beyond the LUX data-taking conditions. This paper also presents techniques used for modeling complicated temporal and spatial detector pathologies that can adversely affect data using a simplified model framework. The methods outlined in this report show an example of the robust applications possible with NEST v2.0, while also providing the final electronic recoil model and detector parameters that will used in the new analysis package, the LUX Legacy Analysis Monte Carlo Application (LLAMA), for accurate reproduction of the LUX data. As accurate background reproduction is crucial for the success of rare-event searches, such as dark matter direct detection experiments, the techniques outlined here can be used in other single-phase and dual-phase xenon detectors to assist with accurate ER background reproduction., Comment: 17 Pages, 10 Figures, 2 Tables
Published: 2019
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31. Impact of Charge Trapping on the Energy Resolution of Ge Detectors for Rare-Event Physics Searches

Author: Mei, D. -M., Mukund, R. B, Wei, W. -Z., Panth, R., Liu, J., Mei, H., Li, Y. -Y., Acharya, P., Bhattarai, S., Kooi, K., Raut, M-S., Sun, X. -S., Kirkvold, A., Dong, K. -M., Meng, X. -H., Wang, G. -J., and Yang, G.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Charge trapping degrades the energy resolution of germanium (Ge) detectors, which require to have increased experimental sensitivity in searching for dark matter and neutrinoless double-beta decay. We investigate the charge trapping processes utilizing nine planar detectors fabricated from USD-grown crystals with well-known net impurity levels. The charge collection efficiency as a function of charge trapping length is derived from the Shockley-Ramo theorem. Furthermore, we develop a model that correlates the energy resolution with the charge collection efficiency. This model is then applied to the experimental data. As a result, charge collection efficiency and charge trapping length are determined accordingly. Utilizing the Lax model (further developed by CDMS collaborators), the absolute impurity levels are determined for nine detectors. The knowledge of these parameters when combined with other traits such as the Fano factor serve as a reliable indicator of the intrinsic nature of charge trapping within the crystals. We demonstrate that electron trapping is more severe than hole trapping in a p-type detector and the charge collection efficiency depends on the absolute impurity level of the Ge crystal when an adequate bias voltage is applied to the detector. Negligible charge trapping is found when the absolute impurity level is less than 1.0$\times$10$^{11}/$cm$^{3}$ for collecting electrons and 2.0$\times$10$^{11}/$cm$^{3}$ for collecting holes., Comment: 36 pages and 23 figures
Published: 2019
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32. First direct detection constraint on mirror dark matter kinetic mixing using LUX 2013 data

Author: LUX Collaboration, Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., O'Sullivan, K., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: We present the results of a direct detection search for mirror dark matter interactions, using data collected from the Large Underground Xenon experiment during 2013, with an exposure of 95 live-days $\times$ 118 kg. Here, the calculations of the mirror electron scattering rate in liquid xenon take into account the shielding effects from mirror dark matter captured within the Earth. Annual and diurnal modulation of the dark matter flux and atomic shell effects in xenon are also accounted for. Having found no evidence for an electron recoil signal induced by mirror dark matter interactions we place an upper limit on the kinetic mixing parameter over a range of local mirror electron temperatures between 0.1 and 0.6 keV. This limit shows significant improvement over the previous experimental constraint from orthopositronium decays and significantly reduces the allowed parameter space for the model. We exclude mirror electron temperatures above 0.3 keV at a 90% confidence level, for this model, and constrain the kinetic mixing below this temperature.
Published: 2019
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33. Extending light WIMP searches to single scintillation photons in LUX

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Cahn, S. B., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chiller, A. A., Chiller, C., Currie, A., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Dobi, A., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Edwards, B. N., Faham, C. H., Fallon, S. R., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Gehman, V. M., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibson, K. R., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Grace, E., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Hanhardt, M., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazka, K., Khaitan, D., Knoche, R., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Larsen, N. A., Leason, E., Lee, C., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., López-Paredes, B., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Mock, J., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., O'Sullivan, K., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Reichhart, L., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Stephenson, S., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Verbus, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., Yazdani, K., Young, S. K., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We present a novel analysis technique for liquid xenon time projection chambers that allows for a lower threshold by relying on events with a prompt scintillation signal consisting of single detected photons. The energy threshold of the LUX dark matter experiment is primarily determined by the smallest scintillation response detectable, which previously required a 2-fold coincidence signal in its photomultiplier arrays, enforced in data analysis. The technique presented here exploits the double photoelectron emission effect observed in some photomultiplier models at vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths. We demonstrate this analysis using an electron recoil calibration dataset and place new constraints on the spin-independent scattering cross section of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) down to 2.5 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP mass using the 2013 LUX dataset. This new technique is promising to enhance light WIMP and astrophysical neutrino searches in next-generation liquid xenon experiments.
Published: 2019
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34. Atmospheric Charged $K/\pi$ Ratio and Measurement of Muon Annual Modulation with a Liquid Scintillation Detector at Soudan

Author: Zhang, C. and Mei, D. -M.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We report a measurement of muon annual modulation in a 12-liter liquid scintillation detector with a live-time of more than 4 years at the Soudan Underground Laboratory. Muon minimum ionization in the detector is identified by its observed pulse shape and large energy deposition. The measured muon rate in the detector is 28.69$\pm$2.09 muons per day with a modulation amplitude of 2.66$\pm$ 1.0\% and a phase at Jul 22 $\pm$ 36.2 days. This annual modulation is correlated with the variation of the effective atmospheric temperature in the stratosphere. The correlation coefficient, $\alpha_{T}$, is determined to be $0.898 \pm 0.025$. This can be interpreted as a measurement of the atmospheric charged kaon to pion ($K$/$\pi$) ratio of 0.094$^{+0.044}_{-0.061}$ for $E_{p} > $ 7 TeV, consistent with the measurement from the MINOS far detector. To further constrain the value of $K$/$\pi$ ratio, a Geant4 simulation of the primary cosmic-ray protons with energy up to 100 TeV is implemented to study the correlation of $K$/$\pi$ ratio and the muon annual modulation for muon energy greater than 0.5 TeV. We find out that a charged $K$/$\pi$ ratio of 0.1598, greater than the upper bound (0.138) from this work at the production point 30 km above the Earth surface in the stratosphere cannot induce muon annual modulation at the depth of Soudan., Comment: 6 pages and 11 figures
Published: 2019
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35. Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Moongweluwan, M, Morad, JA, St. J. Murphy, A, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Pease, EK, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rhyne, C, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Uvarov, S, Vacheret, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences, physics.ins-det, hep-ex, nucl-ex
Abstract: We present a comprehensive analysis of electronic recoil vs nuclear recoil discrimination in liquid/gas xenon time projection chambers, using calibration data from the 2013 and 2014-2016 runs of the Large Underground Xenon experiment. We observe strong charge-to-light discrimination enhancement with increased event energy. For events with S1=120 detected photons, i.e., equivalent to a nuclear recoil energy of ∼100 keV, we observe an electronic recoil background acceptance of
Published: 2020

36. Improving sensitivity to low-mass dark matter in LUX using a novel electrode background mitigation technique

Author: Collaboration, LUX, Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, Viveiros, L de, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Morad, JA, Murphy, A St J, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Rhyne, C, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Swanson, N, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Vacheret, A, Vaitkus, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xiang, X, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: hep-ex, astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM, physics.ins-det
Abstract: This paper presents a novel technique for mitigating electrode backgroundsthat limit the sensitivity of searches for low-mass dark matter (DM) usingxenon time projection chambers. In the LUX detector, signatures of low-mass DMinteractions would be very low energy ($\sim$keV) scatters in the active targetthat ionize only a few xenon atoms and seldom produce detectable scintillationsignals. In this regime, extra precaution is required to reject a complex setof low-energy electron backgrounds that have long been observed in this classof detector. Noticing backgrounds from the wire grid electrodes near the topand bottom of the active target are particularly pernicious, we develop amachine learning technique based on ionization pulse shape to identify andreject these events. We demonstrate the technique can improve Poisson limits onlow-mass DM interactions by a factor of $2$-$7$ with improvement dependingheavily on the size of ionization signals. We use the technique on events in aneffective $5$ tonne$\cdot$day exposure from LUX's 2013 science operation toplace strong limits on low-mass DM particles with masses in the range$m_{\chi}\in0.15$-$10$ GeV. This machine learning technique is expected to beuseful for near-future experiments, such as LZ and XENONnT, which hope toperform low-mass DM searches with the stringent background control necessary tomake a discovery.
Published: 2020

37. Investigation of background electron emission in the LUX detector

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Moongweluwan, M, Morad, JA, St. J. Murphy, A, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Pease, EK, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rhyne, C, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Uvarov, S, Vacheret, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, physics.ins-det
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon detectors, as currently used in direct detection dark matter experiments, have observed elevated rates of background electron events in the low energy region. While this background negatively impacts detector performance in various ways, its origins have only been partially studied. In this paper we report a systematic investigation of the electron pathologies observed in the LUX dark matter experiment. We characterize different electron populations based on their emission intensities and their correlations with preceding energy depositions in the detector. By studying the background under different experimental conditions, we identified the leading emission mechanisms, including photoionization and the photoelectric effect induced by the xenon luminescence, delayed emission of electrons trapped under the liquid surface, capture and release of drifting electrons by impurities, and grid electron emission. We discuss how these backgrounds can be mitigated in LUX and future xenon-based dark matter experiments.
Published: 2020

38. Search for two neutrino double electron capture of 124Xe and 126Xe in the full exposure of the LUX detector

Author: Akerib, DS, Alsum, S, Araújo, HM, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boulton, EM, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Byram, D, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cutter, JE, de Viveiros, L, Druszkiewicz, E, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Gaitskell, RJ, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gwilliam, C, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hogan, DP, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jacobsen, RG, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Korolkova, EV, Kravitz, S, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, E, Lenardo, BG, Lesko, KT, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Lopes, MI, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, Marzioni, MF, McKinsey, DN, Mei, D-M, Moongweluwan, M, Morad, JA, Murphy, A StJ, Naylor, A, Nehrkorn, C, Nelson, HN, Neves, F, Nilima, A, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Palladino, KJ, Pease, EK, Riffard, Q, Rischbieter, GRC, Rhyne, C, Rossiter, P, Shaw, S, Shutt, TA, Silva, C, Solmaz, M, Solovov, VN, Sorensen, P, Sumner, TJ, Szydagis, M, Taylor, DJ, Taylor, R, Taylor, WC, Tennyson, BP, Terman, PA, Tiedt, DR, To, WH, Tripathi, M, Tvrznikova, L, Utku, U, Uvarov, S, Vacheret, A, Velan, V, Webb, RC, White, JT, Whitis, TJ, Witherell, MS, Wolfs, FLH, Woodward, D, Xu, J, and Zhang, C
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, rare decays, double electron capture, dark matter detectors, xenon detectors, nucl-ex, physics.ins-det, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Nuclear and plasma physics, Particle and high energy physics
Abstract: Two-neutrino double electron capture is a process allowed in the standard model of particle physics. This rare decay has been observed in 78Kr, 130Ba and more recently in 124Xe. In this publication we report on the search for this process in 124Xe and 126Xe using the full exposure of the large underground xenon (LUX) experiment, in a total of 27769.5 kg-days. No evidence of a signal was observed, allowing us to set 90% C.L. lower limits for the half-lives of these decays of 2.0 × 1021 years for 124Xe and 1.9 × 1021 years for 126Xe.
Published: 2020

39. Shielding AZ91D-1%Ca from corrosion through ultrasound melt treatment: A study for stent design

Author: Gomes, I.V., Pacheco, M., Nienaber, M., Neves, S.C., Mei, D., Barros, A., Reis, R.L., Alves, J.L., and Puga, H.
Published: 2023
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40. Cellular Uptake and Transport Mechanism of 6-Mercaptopurine Nanomedicines for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability

Author: Zou Y, Gao W, Jin H, Mao C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Mei D, and Zhao L
Subjects: nanomedicines, oral bioavailability, cellular uptake, transport mechanism, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Yaru Zou,1,2 Wei Gao,3 Huizhen Jin,2 Chenmei Mao,2 Yi Zhang,1 Xiaoling Wang,1 Dong Mei,1 Libo Zhao1,4 1Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, 100045, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215025, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; 4Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Dong Mei; Libo Zhao, Email meidong11290926@126.com; libozhao2011@163.comBackground: Nanomedicines have significant advantages in enhancing the oral bioavailability of drugs, but a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains to be interpreted. Hence, the present study aims to explain the uptake and trafficking mechanism for 6-MP nanomedicines we previously constructed.Methods: 6-MP loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanomedicines (6-MPNs) were prepared by the multiple emulsion method. The transcytosis mechanism of 6-MPNs was investigated in Caco-2 cells, Caco-2 monolayers, follicle associated epithelium (FAE) monolayers and rats, including transmembrane pathway, intracellular trafficking, paracellular transport and the involvement of transporter.Results: Pharmacokinetics in rats showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of 6-MP in the 6-MPNs group (147.3 ± 42.89 μg/L·h) was significantly higher than that in the 6-MP suspensions (6-MPCs) group (70.31 ± 18.24 μg/L·h). The uptake of 6-MPNs in Caco-2 cells was time-, concentration- and energy-dependent. The endocytosis of intact 6-MPNs was mediated mainly through caveolae/lipid raft, caveolin and micropinocytosis. The intracellular trafficking of 6-MPNs was affected by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi complexes, late endosome-lysosome and microtubules. The multidrug resistance associated protein 4 (MRP4) transporter-mediated transport of free 6-MP played a vital role on the transmembrane of 6-MPNs. The trafficking of 6-MPNs from the apical (AP) side to the basolateral (BL) side in Caco-2 monolayers was obviously improved. Besides, 6-MPNs affected the distribution and expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). The transport of 6-MPNs in FAE monolayers was concentration- and energy-dependent, while reaching saturation over time. 6-MPNs improved the absorption of the intestinal Peyer’s patches (PPs) in rats.Conclusion: 6-MPNs improve the oral bioavailability through multiple pathways, including active transport, paracellular transport, lymphatic delivery and MRP4 transporter. The findings of current study may shed light on the cellular uptake and transcellular trafficking mechanism of oral nanomedicines.Keywords: nanomedicines, oral bioavailability, cellular uptake, transport mechanism
Published: 2023

41. Improved Measurements of the \b{eta}-Decay Response of Liquid Xenon with the LUX Detector

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Baxter, A., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., de Viveiros, L., Druszkiewicz, E., Fallon, S. R., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nilima, A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Vacheret, A., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We report results from an extensive set of measurements of the \b{eta}-decay response in liquid xenon.These measurements are derived from high-statistics calibration data from injected sources of both $^{3}$H and $^{14}$C in the LUX detector. The mean light-to-charge ratio is reported for 13 electric field values ranging from 43 to 491 V/cm, and for energies ranging from 1.5 to 145 keV.
Published: 2019
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42. Myxoid glioneuronal tumor: Histopathologic, neuroradiologic, and molecular features in a single center series

Author: Caporalini, C., Scagnet, M., Giunti, L., Cetica, V., Mei, D., Conti, V., Moscardi, S., Macconi, L., Giordano, F., D'Incerti, L., Genitori, L., Guerrini, R., and Buccoliero, A.M.
Published: 2023
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43. Results of a Search for Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using 2013 LUX Data

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., Davison, T. J. R., Druszkiewicz, E., Fallon, S. R., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Knoche, R., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Velan, V., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., Yazdani, K., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The scattering of dark matter (DM) particles with sub-GeV masses off nuclei is difficult to detect using liquid xenon-based DM search instruments because the energy transfer during nuclear recoils is smaller than the typical detector threshold. However, the tree-level DM-nucleus scattering diagram can be accompanied by simultaneous emission of a Bremsstrahlung photon or a so-called "Migdal" electron. These provide an electron recoil component to the experimental signature at higher energies than the corresponding nuclear recoil. The presence of this signature allows liquid xenon detectors to use both the scintillation and the ionization signals in the analysis where the nuclear recoil signal would not be otherwise visible. We report constraints on spin-independent DM-nucleon scattering for DM particles with masses of 0.4-5 GeV/c$^2$ using 1.4$\times10^4$ kg$\cdot$day of search exposure from the 2013 data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment for four different classes of mediators. This analysis extends the reach of liquid xenon-based DM search instruments to lower DM masses than has been achieved previously.
Published: 2018
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44. Fabrication and Characterization of High-Purity Germanium Detectors with Amorphous Germanium Contacts

Author: Meng, X. -H., Wang, G. -J., Wagner, M. -D., Mei, H., Wei, W. -Z., Liu, J., Yang, G., and Mei, D. -M.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Large, high-purity, germanium (HPGe) detectors are needed for neutrinoless double-beta decay and dark matter experiments. Currently, large (> 4 inches in diameter) HPGe crystals can be grown at the University of South Dakota (USD). We verify that the quality of the grown crystals is sufficient for use in large detectors by fabricating and characterizing smaller HPGe detectors made from those crystals. We report the results from eight detectors fabricated over six months using crystals grown at USD. Amorphous germanium (a-Ge) contacts are used for blocking both electrons and holes. Two types of geometry were used to fabricate HPGe detectors. As a result, the fabrication process of small planar detectors at USD is discussed in great detail. The impact of the procedure and geometry on the detector performance was analyzed for eight detectors. We characterized the detectors by measuring the leakage current, capacitance, and energy resolution at 662 keV with a Cs-137 source. Four detectors show good performance, which indicates that crystals grown at USD are suitable for making HPGe detectors., Comment: 18 pages and 13 figures
Published: 2018
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45. Investigation of Amorphous Germanium Contact Properties with Planar Detectors Made from Home-Grown Germanium Crystals

Author: Wei, W. -Z., Meng, X. -H., Yang, Y. -Y., Liu, J., Wang, G. -J., Mei, H., Gang, G., Mei, D. -M., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The characterization of detectors fabricated from home-grown crystals is the most direct way to study crystal properties. We fabricated planar detectors from high-purity germanium (HPGe) crystals grown at the University of South Dakota (USD). In the fabrication process, a HPGe crystal slice cut from a USD-grown crystal was coated with a high resistivity thin film of amorphous Ge (a-Ge) followed by depositing a thin layer of aluminum on top of the a-Ge film to define the physical area of the contacts. We investigated the detector performance including the $I$-$V$ characteristics, $C$-$V$ characteristics and spectroscopy measurements for a few detectors. The results document the good quality of the USD-grown crystals and electrical contacts., Comment: 16 pages and 11 figures
Published: 2018

46. The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 3: Dual-Phase Module

Author: DUNE Collaboration, Abi, B., Acciarri, R., Acero, M. A., Adamowski, M., Adams, C., Adams, D., Adamson, P., Adinolfi, M., Ahmad, Z., Albright, C. H., Soplin, L. Aliaga, Alion, T., Monsalve, S. Alonso, Alrashed, M., Alt, C., Anderson, J., Anderson, K., Andreopoulos, C., Andrews, M. P., Andrews, R. A., Ankowski, A., Anthony, J., Antonello, M., Antonova, M., Antusch, S., Fernandez, A. Aranda, Ariga, A., Ariga, T., Sierra, D. Aristizabal, Diaz, E. Arrieta, Asaadi, J., Ascencio, M., Asner, D., Athar, M. S., Auger, M., Aurisano, A., Aushev, V., Autiero, D., Azfar, F., Back, A., Back, H., Back, J., Backhouse, C., Baesso, P., Bagby, L., Bai, X., Baird, M., Balantekin, B., Balasubramanian, S., Baller, B., Ballett, P., Balleyguier, L., Bambah, B., Band, H., Bansal, M., Bansal, S., Barenboim, G., Barker, G. J., Barnes, C., Barr, G., Monarca, J. Barranco, Barros, N., Barrow, J., Bashyal, A., Basque, V., Bass, M., Bay, F., Bays, K., Bazo, J. L., Beacom, J. F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B. R., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Belver, D., Benekos, N., Benetti, P. A., Bercellie, A., Berman, E., Bernardini, P., Berner, R., Berns, H. G., Bernstein, R. H., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Bhatnagar, V., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blackburn, T., Blake, A., Siffert, B. Blanco, Blaszczyk, F., Blaufuss, E., Blazey, G. C., Blennow, M., Blucher, E., Bocean, V., Boffelli, F., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bonesini, M., Boone, T., Booth, A., Booth, C., Bordoni, S., Borkum, A., Boschi, T., Bour, P., Bourguille, B., Boyd, S. B., Boyden, D., Bracinik, J., Brailsford, D., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brice, S. J., Bromberg, C., Brooijmans, G., Brooke, J., Brown, G., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., de Holanda, P. C., Cai, T., Caiulo, D., Calafiura, P., Calatayud, A., Calcutt, J., Callahan, C., Calligarich, E., Calvo, E., Camilleri, L., Caminata, A., Campanelli, M., Cancelo, G., Cankocak, K., Cantini, C., Caratelli, D., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M., Terrazas, I. Caro, Carroll, T. J., Carvallo, M. P., Cascella, M., Castromonte, C., Catano-Mur, E., Cavalli-Sforza, M., Cavanna, F., Cazzato, E., Centro, S., Cerati, G., Cervelli, A., Villanueva, A. Cervera, Cervi, T., Chalifour, M., Chappuis, A., Chatterjee, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Chaves, J., Chen, H., Chen, M. -C., Chen, S., Cherdack, D., Chi, C. -Y., Childress, S., Cho, K., Choubey, S., Choudhary, B. C., Christensen, A., Christian, D., Christodoulou, G., Christofferson, C. -A., Church, E., Clarke, P., Coan, T. E., Cocco, A., Collin, G. H., Conley, E., Conrad, J. M., Convery, M., Corey, R., Corwin, L., Cotte, P., Cremonesi, L., Crespo-Anadón, J. I., Prats, J. Creus, Cristaldo, E., Crivelli, P., Cronin-Hennessy, D., Crowley, C., Cuesta, C., Curioni, A., Cussans, D., Dabrowski, M., Dale, D., Da Motta, H., Davenne, T., Davenport, E., Davies, G. S., Davies, J., Davini, S., Dawson, J., De, K., Decowski, M. P., Neto, P. Dedin, Astiz, I. de Icaza, Delbart, A., Delepine, D., Delgado, M., Dell, A., Neto, J. de Mello, DeMuth, D., Deng, Z., Dennis, S., Densham, C., De Bonis, I., De Gouvêa, A., De Jong, P., De Lurgio, P., De Rijck, S., De Roeck, A., de Vries, J. J., Dharmapalan, R., Dhingra, N., Diamantopoulou, M., Diaz, F., Díaz, J. S., Bautista, G. Diaz, Ding, P., Distefano, C., Diwan, M., Di Domizio, S., Di Giulio, L., Di Luise, S., Djurcic, Z., Doizon, F., Dokania, N., Dolinski, M. J., Dong, R., Anjos, J. dos, Douglas, D., Drake, G., Duchesneau, D., Duffy, K., Dung, B., Dutta, D., Duvernois, M., Duyang, H., Dvornikov, O., Dwyer, D. A., Dye, S., Dyshkant, A. S., Dytman, S., Eads, M., Eberly, B., Edmunds, D., Eisch, J., Elagin, A., Elliott, S., Ellsworth, W., Elnimr, M., Emery, S., Eno, S., Ereditato, A., Escobar, C. O., Sanchez, L. Escudero, Evans, J. J., Ezeribe, A., Fahey, K., Falcone, A., Falk, L., Farbin, A., Farnese, C., Farzan, Y., Fasoli, M., Fava, A., Felix, J., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Menendez, P. Fernandez, Ferraro, F., Feyzi, F., Fields, L., Filkins, A., Filthaut, F., Finch, A., Fischer, O., Fitton, M., Fitzpatrick, R., Flanagan, W., Fleming, B. T., Flight, R., Forest, T., Fowler, J., Fox, W., Franc, J., Francis, K., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Freeman, J., Freestone, J., Fried, J., Friedland, A., Fuess, S., Furic, I., Furmanski, A., Gago, A. M., Gallagher, H., Gallego-Ros, A., Galymov, V., Gamberini, E., Gambetta, S., Gamble, T., Gandhi, R., Gandrajula, R., Gao, S., Garcia-Gamez, D., Gardiner, S., Gastler, D., Gehrlein, J., Gelli, B., Gendotti, A., Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z., Ghosh, A., Gibin, D., Gil-Botella, I., Girerd, C., Giri, A. K., Glavin, S., Goeldi, D., Gogota, O., Gold, M., Gollapinni, S., Gollwitzer, K., Gomes, R. A., Gomez, L., Bermeo, L. V. Gomez, Cadenas, J. J. Gomez, Gong, H., Gonnella, F., Gonzalez-Cuevas, J. A., Goodman, M., Goodwin, O., Gorbunov, D., Goswami, S., Goudzovski, E., Grace, C., Graf, N., Graham, M., Gramellini, E., Gran, R., Grant, A., Grant, C., Grant, N., Greco, V., Green, S., Greenlee, H., Greenler, L., Greenwood, M., Greer, J., Griffith, W. C., Groh, M., Grudzinski, J., Grzelak, K., Guanghua, G., Guardincerri, E., Guarino, V., Guedes, G. P., Guenette, R., Guglielmi, A., Guo, B., Gupta, S., Gupta, V., Guthikonda, K. K., Gutierrez, R., Guzowski, P., Guzzo, M. M., Habig, A., Hackenburg, R. W., Hackenburg, A., Hackett, B., Hadavand, H., Haenni, R., Hahn, A., Haigh, J., Haines, T., Haiston, J., Hamernik, T., Hamilton, P., Han, J., Handler, T., Hans, S., Harris, D. A., Hartnell, J., Hasegawa, T., Hatcher, R., Hatzikoutelis, A., Hays, S., Hazen, E., Headley, M., Heavey, A., Heegerv, K., Heise, J., Hennessy, K., Henry, S., Hernandez, A., Hernandez-Garcia, J., Herner, K., Hewes, V, Hignight, J., Higuera, A., Hill, T., Hillier, S., Himmel, A., Hohl, C., Holin, A., Hoppe, E., Horikawa, S., Horton-Smith, G., Hostert, M., Hourlier, A., Howard, B., Howell, R., Huang, J., Hugon, J., Hurh, P., Hylen, J., Illingworth, R., Insler, J., Introzzi, G., Ioannisian, A., Izmaylov, A., Jaffe, D. E., James, C., James, E., Jang, C. -H., Jediny, F., Jeong, Y. S., Jhingan, A., Ji, W., Jipa, A., Jiménez, S., Johnson, C., Johnson, M., Johnson, R., Johnstone, J., Jones, B., Jones, S., Joshi, J., Jostlein, H., Jung, C. K., Junk, T., Kaboth, A., Kadenko, I., Kamiya, F., Kamyshkov, Y., Karagiorgi, G., Karasavvas, D., Karyotakis, Y., Kasai, S., Kasetti, S., Kaur, K., Kayser, B., Kazaryan, N., Kearns, E., Keener, P., Kemp, E., Kendziora, C., Ketchum, W., Kettell, S. H., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Kim, D., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, J., Ko, Y. -J., Kobilarcik, T., Kocaman, B., Koerner, L. W., Kohn, S., Koizumi, G., Koller, P., Kopylov, A., Kordosky, M., Kormos, L., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecký, V. A., Kothekar, K., Kramer, M., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kriesel, K., Kropp, W., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kulagin, S., Kumar, J., Kumar, L., Kumar, A., Kumbhare, S., Kuruppu, C., Kus, V., Kutter, T., LaZur, R., Lande, K., Lane, C., Lang, K., Langford, T., Lanni, F., Lasorak, P., Last, D., Lastoria, C., Laundrie, A., Lazanu, I., Le, T., Learned, J., Lebrun, P., Lee, D., Miotto, G. Lehmann, de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Li, Q., Li, S., Li, S. 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P., Zennamo, J., Zhang, C., Zhao, M., Zhou, Y. -L., Zhu, G., Zimmerman, E. D., Zito, M., Zucchelli, S., Zuklin, J., Zutshi, V., and Zwaska, R.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 3 describes the dual-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure., Comment: 280 pages, 109 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1807.10327
Published: 2018

47. The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies

Author: DUNE Collaboration, Abi, B., Acciarri, R., Acero, M. A., Adamowski, M., Adams, C., Adams, D., Adamson, P., Adinolfi, M., Ahmad, Z., Albright, C. H., Soplin, L. Aliaga, Alion, T., Monsalve, S. Alonso, Alrashed, M., Alt, C., Anderson, J., Anderson, K., Andreopoulos, C., Andrews, M. P., Andrews, R. A., Ankowski, A., Anthony, J., Antonello, M., Antonova, M., Antusch, S., Fernandez, A. Aranda, Ariga, A., Ariga, T., Sierra, D. Aristizabal, Diaz, E. Arrieta, Asaadi, J., Ascencio, M., Asner, D., Athar, M. S., Auger, M., Aurisano, A., Aushev, V., Autiero, D., Azfar, F., Back, A., Back, H., Back, J., Backhouse, C., Baesso, P., Bagby, L., Bai, X., Baird, M., Balantekin, B., Balasubramanian, S., Baller, B., Ballett, P., Balleyguier, L., Bambah, B., Band, H., Bansal, M., Bansal, S., Barenboim, G., Barker, G. J., Barnes, C., Barr, G., Monarca, J. Barranco, Barros, N., Barrow, J., Bashyal, A., Basque, V., Bass, M., Bay, F., Bays, K., Bazo, J. L., Beacom, J. F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B. R., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Belver, D., Benekos, N., Benetti, P. A., Bercellie, A., Berman, E., Bernardini, P., Berner, R., Berns, H. G., Bernstein, R. H., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Bhatnagar, V., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blackburn, T., Blake, A., Siffert, B. Blanco, Blaszczyk, F., Blaufuss, E., Blazey, G. C., Blennow, M., Blucher, E., Bocean, V., Boffelli, F., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bonesini, M., Boone, T., Booth, A., Booth, C., Bordoni, S., Borkum, A., Boschi, T., Bour, P., Bourguille, B., Boyd, S. B., Boyden, D., Bracinik, J., Brailsford, D., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brice, S. J., Bromberg, C., Brooijmans, G., Brooke, J., Brown, G., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., de Holanda, P. C., Cai, T., Caiulo, D., Calafiura, P., Calatayud, A., Calcutt, J., Callahan, C., Calligarich, E., Calvo, E., Camilleri, L., Caminata, A., Campanelli, M., Cancelo, G., Cankocak, K., Cantini, C., Caratelli, D., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M., Terrazas, I. Caro, Carroll, T. J., Carvallo, M. P., Cascella, M., Castromonte, C., Catano-Mur, E., Cavalli-Sforza, M., Cavanna, F., Cazzato, E., Centro, S., Cerati, G., Cervelli, A., Villanueva, A. Cervera, Cervi, T., Chalifour, M., Chappuis, A., Chatterjee, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Chaves, J., Chen, H., Chen, M. -C., Chen, S., Cherdack, D., Chi, C. -Y., Childress, S., Cho, K., Choubey, S., Choudhary, B. C., Christensen, A., Christian, D., Christodoulou, G., Christofferson, C. -A., Church, E., Clarke, P., Coan, T. E., Cocco, A., Collin, G. H., Conley, E., Conrad, J. M., Convery, M., Corey, R., Corwin, L., Cotte, P., Cremonesi, L., Crespo-Anadón, J. I., Prats, J. 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W., Hackenburg, A., Hackett, B., Hadavand, H., Haenni, R., Hahn, A., Haigh, J., Haines, T., Haiston, J., Hamernik, T., Hamilton, P., Han, J., Handler, T., Hans, S., Harris, D. A., Hartnell, J., Hasegawa, T., Hatcher, R., Hatzikoutelis, A., Hays, S., Hazen, E., Headley, M., Heavey, A., Heegerv, K., Heise, J., Hennessy, K., Henry, S., Hernandez, A., Hernandez-Garcia, J., Herner, K., Hewes, V, Hignight, J., Higuera, A., Hill, T., Hillier, S., Himmel, A., Hohl, C., Holin, A., Hoppe, E., Horikawa, S., Horton-Smith, G., Hostert, M., Hourlier, A., Howard, B., Howell, R., Huang, J., Hugon, J., Hurh, P., Hylen, J., Illingworth, R., Insler, J., Introzzi, G., Ioannisian, A., Izmaylov, A., Jaffe, D. E., James, C., James, E., Jang, C. -H., Jediny, F., Jeong, Y. S., Jhingan, A., Ji, W., Jipa, A., Jiménez, S., Johnson, C., Johnson, M., Johnson, R., Johnstone, J., Jones, B., Jones, S., Joshi, J., Jostlein, H., Jung, C. K., Junk, T., Kaboth, A., Kadenko, I., Kamiya, F., Kamyshkov, Y., Karagiorgi, G., Karasavvas, D., Karyotakis, Y., Kasai, S., Kasetti, S., Kaur, K., Kayser, B., Kazaryan, N., Kearns, E., Keener, P., Kemp, E., Kendziora, C., Ketchum, W., Kettell, S. H., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Kim, D., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, J., Ko, Y. -J., Kobilarcik, T., Kocaman, B., Koerner, L. W., Kohn, S., Koizumi, G., Koller, P., Kopylov, A., Kordosky, M., Kormos, L., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecký, V. A., Kothekar, K., Kramer, M., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kriesel, K., Kropp, W., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kulagin, S., Kumar, J., Kumar, L., Kumar, A., Kumbhare, S., Kuruppu, C., Kus, V., Kutter, T., LaZur, R., Lande, K., Lane, C., Lang, K., Langford, T., Lanni, F., Lasorak, P., Last, D., Lastoria, C., Laundrie, A., Lazanu, I., Le, T., Learned, J., Lebrun, P., Lee, D., Miotto, G. Lehmann, de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Li, Q., Li, S., Li, S. W., Li, X., Li, Y., Li, Z., Liao, H. -Y., Lin, S. -K., Lin, C-J. S., Linehan, R., Linhart, V., Link, J., Liptak, Z., Lissauer, D., Littenberg, L., Littlejohn, B., Liu, J., Liu, T., LoMonaco, L., LoSecco, J. M., Lockwitz, S., Lockyer, N., Loew, T., Lokajicek, M., Long, K., Loo, K., Lopez, J. P., Lorca, D., Lord, T., Losada, M., Louis, W. C., Luethi, M., Luk, K. -B., Lundin, T., Luo, X., Lurkin, N., Lux, T., Luzio, V. P., Lykken, J., Maalampi, J., MacLellan, R., Machado, A. A., Machado, P., Macias, C. T., Macier, J., Madigan, P., Magill, S., Mahler, G., Mahn, K., Malek, M., Maloney, J. A., Mammoliti, F., Mandal, S. K., Mandrioli, G., Manenti, L., Manly, S., Mann, A., Marchionni, A., Marciano, W., Marcocci, S., Marfatia, D., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marinho, F., Marino, A. 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Montano, Moon, J., Mooney, M., Moore, C., Moreno, D., Morgan, B., Moroni, G. F., Morris, C., Morse, W., Mossey, C., Moura, C. A., Mousseau, J., Mualem, L., Muether, M., Mufson, S., Muheim, F., Muramatsu, H., Murphy, S., Musser, J., Nachtman, J., Nalbandyan, M., Nandakumar, R., Naples, D., Narita, S., Navarro, G., Navarro, J., Navas-Nicolás, D., Nayak, N., Nebot-Guinot, M., Needham, M., Negishi, K., Nelson, J., Nessi, M., Newbold, D., Newcomer, M., Nichol, R., Nicholls, T. C., Niner, E., Norman, A., Norris, B., Norris, J., Novella, P., Nowak, E., Nowak, J., Nunes, M. S., O'Keeffe, H., Oberling, M., Del Campo, A. Olivares, Olivier, A., Onel, Y., Onishchuk, Y., Ovsjannikova, T., Ozturk, S., Pagani, L., Pakvasa, S., Palamara, O., Paley, J., Pallavicini, M., Palomares, C., Palomino, J., Pantic, E., Paolo, A., Paolone, V., Papadimitriou, V., Papaleo, R., Paramesvaran, S., Park, J., Parke, S., Parsa, Z., Pascoli, S., Pasternak, J., Pater, J., Patrizii, L., Patterson, R. B., Patton, S. 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P., Zennamo, J., Zhang, C., Zhao, M., Zhou, Y. -L., Zhu, G., Zimmerman, E. D., Zito, M., Zucchelli, S., Zuklin, J., Zutshi, V., and Zwaska, R.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure., Comment: 83 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2018

48. The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 2: Single-Phase Module

Author: DUNE Collaboration, Abi, B., Acciarri, R., Acero, M. A., Adamowski, M., Adams, C., Adams, D., Adamson, P., Adinolfi, M., Ahmad, Z., Albright, C. H., Soplin, L. Aliaga, Alion, T., Monsalve, S. Alonso, Alrashed, M., Alt, C., Anderson, J., Anderson, K., Andreopoulos, C., Andrews, M. P., Andrews, R. A., Ankowski, A., Anthony, J., Antonello, M., Antonova, M., Antusch, S., Fernandez, A. Aranda, Ariga, A., Ariga, T., Sierra, D. Aristizabal, Diaz, E. Arrieta, Asaadi, J., Ascencio, M., Asner, D., Athar, M. S., Auger, M., Aurisano, A., Aushev, V., Autiero, D., Azfar, F., Back, A., Back, H., Back, J., Backhouse, C., Baesso, P., Bagby, L., Bai, X., Baird, M., Balantekin, B., Balasubramanian, S., Baller, B., Ballett, P., Balleyguier, L., Bambah, B., Band, H., Bansal, M., Bansal, S., Barenboim, G., Barker, G. J., Barnes, C., Barr, G., Monarca, J. Barranco, Barros, N., Barrow, J., Bashyal, A., Basque, V., Bass, M., Bay, F., Bays, K., Bazo, J. L., Beacom, J. F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B. R., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Belver, D., Benekos, N., Benetti, P. A., Bercellie, A., Berman, E., Bernardini, P., Berner, R., Berns, H. G., Bernstein, R. H., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Bhatnagar, V., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blackburn, T., Blake, A., Siffert, B. Blanco, Blaszczyk, F., Blaufuss, E., Blazey, G. C., Blennow, M., Blucher, E., Bocean, V., Boffelli, F., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bonesini, M., Boone, T., Booth, A., Booth, C., Bordoni, S., Borkum, A., Boschi, T., Bour, P., Bourguille, B., Boyd, S. B., Boyden, D., Bracinik, J., Brailsford, D., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brice, S. J., Bromberg, C., Brooijmans, G., Brooke, J., Brown, G., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., de Holanda, P. C., Cai, T., Caiulo, D., Calafiura, P., Calatayud, A., Calcutt, J., Callahan, C., Calligarich, E., Calvo, E., Camilleri, L., Caminata, A., Campanelli, M., Cancelo, G., Cankocak, K., Cantini, C., Caratelli, D., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M., Terrazas, I. Caro, Carroll, T. J., Carvallo, M. P., Cascella, M., Castromonte, C., Catano-Mur, E., Cavalli-Sforza, M., Cavanna, F., Cazzato, E., Centro, S., Cerati, G., Cervelli, A., Villanueva, A. Cervera, Cervi, T., Chalifour, M., Chappuis, A., Chatterjee, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Chaves, J., Chen, H., Chen, M. -C., Chen, S., Cherdack, D., Chi, C. -Y., Childress, S., Cho, K., Choubey, S., Choudhary, B. C., Christensen, A., Christian, D., Christodoulou, G., Christofferson, C. -A., Church, E., Clarke, P., Coan, T. E., Cocco, A., Collin, G. H., Conley, E., Conrad, J. M., Convery, M., Corey, R., Corwin, L., Cotte, P., Cremonesi, L., Crespo-Anadón, J. I., Prats, J. 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W., Li, X., Li, Y., Li, Z., Liao, H. -Y., Lin, S. -K., Lin, C-J. S., Linehan, R., Linhart, V., Link, J., Liptak, Z., Lissauer, D., Littenberg, L., Littlejohn, B., Liu, J., Liu, T., LoMonaco, L., LoSecco, J. M., Lockwitz, S., Lockyer, N., Loew, T., Lokajicek, M., Long, K., Loo, K., Lopez, J. P., Lorca, D., Lord, T., Losada, M., Louis, W. C., Luethi, M., Luk, K. -B., Lundin, T., Luo, X., Lurkin, N., Lux, T., Luzio, V. P., Lykken, J., Maalampi, J., MacLellan, R., Machado, A. A., Machado, P., Macias, C. T., Macier, J., Madigan, P., Magill, S., Mahler, G., Mahn, K., Malek, M., Maloney, J. A., Mammoliti, F., Mandal, S. K., Mandrioli, G., Manenti, L., Manly, S., Mann, A., Marchionni, A., Marciano, W., Marcocci, S., Marfatia, D., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marinho, F., Marino, A. 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Montano, Moon, J., Mooney, M., Moore, C., Moreno, D., Morgan, B., Moroni, G. F., Morris, C., Morse, W., Mossey, C., Moura, C. A., Mousseau, J., Mualem, L., Muether, M., Mufson, S., Muheim, F., Muramatsu, H., Murphy, S., Musser, J., Nachtman, J., Nalbandyan, M., Nandakumar, R., Naples, D., Narita, S., Navarro, G., Navarro, J., Navas-Nicolás, D., Nayak, N., Nebot-Guinot, M., Needham, M., Negishi, K., Nelson, J., Nessi, M., Newbold, D., Newcomer, M., Nichol, R., Nicholls, T. C., Niner, E., Norman, A., Norris, B., Norris, J., Novella, P., Nowak, E., Nowak, J., Nunes, M. S., O'Keeffe, H., Oberling, M., Del Campo, A. Olivares, Olivier, A., Onel, Y., Onishchuk, Y., Ovsjannikova, T., Ozturk, S., Pagani, L., Pakvasa, S., Palamara, O., Paley, J., Pallavicini, M., Palomares, C., Palomino, J., Pantic, E., Paolo, A., Paolone, V., Papadimitriou, V., Papaleo, R., Paramesvaran, S., Park, J., Parke, S., Parsa, Z., Pascoli, S., Pasternak, J., Pater, J., Patrizii, L., Patterson, R. B., Patton, S. 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F., Van Berg, R., Van de Water, R., Varanini, F., Varner, G., Vasel, J., Vasseur, G., Vaziri, K., Velev, G., Ventura, S., Verdugo, A., Vermeulen, M., Vernon, E., Verzocchi, M., Viant, T., Vignoli, C., Vihonen, S., Vilela, C., Viren, B., Vokac, P., Vrba, T., Wachala, T., Wahl, D., Wallbank, M., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, T. -C., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Warburton, K., Warner, D., Wascko, M. O., Waters, D., Watson, A., Weber, A., Weber, M., Wei, H., Wei, W., Weinstein, A., Wenman, D., Wetstein, M., While, M., White, A., Whitehead, L. H., Whittington, D., Wierman, K., Wilking, M., Wilkinson, C., Willhite, J., Williams, Z., Wilson, R. J., Wilson, P., Wittich, P., Wolcott, J., Wongjirad, T., Wood, K., Wood, L., Worcester, E., Worcester, M., Wu, S., Wu, W., Xu, W., Yanagisawa, C., Yang, S., Yang, T., Yang, G., Ye, J., Yeh, M., Yershov, N., Yonehara, K., Yoshimura, L., Yu, B., Yu, J., Zalesak, J., Zambelli, L., Zamorano, B., Zani, A., Zaremba, K., Zazueta, L., Zeller, G. P., Zennamo, J., Zhang, C., Zhao, M., Zhou, Y. -L., Zhu, G., Zimmerman, E. D., Zito, M., Zucchelli, S., Zuklin, J., Zutshi, V., and Zwaska, R.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 2 describes the single-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure., Comment: 324 pages, 130 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1807.10340
Published: 2018

49. Search for annual and diurnal rate modulations in the LUX experiment

Author: Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Balajthy, J., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bernstein, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Boulton, E. M., Boxer, B., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Byram, D., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Cutter, J. E., Davison, T. J. R., Druszkiewicz, E., Fallon, S. R., Fan, A., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C., Hall, C. R., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Hogan, D. P., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Ji, W., Kamdin, K., Kazkaz, K., Khaitan, D., Knoche, R., Korolkova, E. V., Kravitz, S., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lenardo, B. G., Lesko, K. T., Liao, J., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lopes, M. I., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., Marzioni, M. F., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D. -M., Moongweluwan, M., Morad, J. A., Murphy, A. St. J., Nehrkorn, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Palladino, K. J., Pease, E. K., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Rhyne, C., Rossiter, P., Shaw, S., Shutt, T. A., Silva, C., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Tennyson, B. P., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., To, W. H., Tripathi, M., Tvrznikova, L., Utku, U., Uvarov, S., Velan, V., Verbus, J. R., Webb, R. C., White, J. T., Whitis, T. J., Witherell, M. S., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodward, D., Xu, J., Yazdani, K., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Various dark matter models predict annual and diurnal modulations of dark matter interaction rates in Earth-based experiments as a result of the Earth's motion in the halo. Observation of such features can provide generic evidence for detection of dark matter interactions. This paper reports a search for both annual and diurnal rate modulations in the LUX dark matter experiment using over 20 calendar months of data acquired between 2013 and 2016. This search focuses on electron recoil events at low energies, where leptophilic dark matter interactions are expected to occur and where the DAMA experiment has observed a strong rate modulation for over two decades. By using the innermost volume of the LUX detector and developing robust cuts and corrections, we obtained a stable event rate of 2.3$\pm$0.2~cpd/keV$_{\text{ee}}$/tonne, which is among the lowest in all dark matter experiments. No statistically significant annual modulation was observed in energy windows up to 26~keV$_{\text{ee}}$. Between 2 and 6~keV$_{\text{ee}}$, this analysis demonstrates the most sensitive annual modulation search up to date, with 9.2$\sigma$ tension with the DAMA/LIBRA result. We also report no observation of diurnal modulations above 0.2~cpd/keV$_{\text{ee}}$/tonne amplitude between 2 and 6~keV$_{\text{ee}}$., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2018
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50. Lattices With Internal Resonator Defects

Author: Hauver, S., He, X., Mei, D., Charalampidis, E. G., Kevrekidis, P. G., Kim, E., Yang, J., and Vainchtein, A.
Subjects: Nonlinear Sciences - Pattern Formation and Solitons
Abstract: We consider a variety of settings involving chains with one or more defects stemming from the introduction of nodes bearing internal resonators. Motivated by experimental results in woodpile elastic lattices with one or two defects, we consider a variety of different theoretical scenarios. These include multi-defect chains and their ability to transmit, reflect, and especially trap energy; they also include settings with linear vs. nonlinear defects of variable interaction exponent. Moreover, they involve defects which are spatially separated and either statically, or more effectively dynamically, enable the confinement of energy between the separated defects. Wherever possible, comparisons of the experiments with numerical simulations, as well as with theoretical intuition are also offered, to provide a justification for the observed findings., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2018
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