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Forced marriage by guardians is recorded as a form of sexual violence in Indonesia. Government regulation Article 10 of Law No. 12 of 2022 explains that forced marriage is divided into 3, namely child marriage, in the name of culture, and rape victims. The background of this research is due to the problem of the great authority held by the guardian of the mujbir as the guardian of the marriage of children or grandchildren. This great authority is in the form of forced marriage carried out by the guardian of the mujbir without the consent of the bride. The concept of the guardian of the mujbir is a concept contained in the views of the Imam Syafi’i school of thought, as one of the schools of thought widely used in Indonesia. The practice of the guardian of the mujbir in Indonesia certainly raises problems when associated with the provisions of Article 10 of Law Number 12 of 2022, which states that forced marriage is a criminal act of sexual violence. So there are two legal problems. First, is it possible for the view of the Imam Syafi’i school of thought on wali mujbir to be applied in Indonesia second, how is the legitimacy of the authority to force marriage held by the wali mujbir reviewed from the objectives of Islamic law maqashid sharia By using the normative legal research method with a conceptual approach and literature study method, the results obtained are that the concept of wali mujbir is contrary to Law Number 12 of 2022 because it causes forced marriage which is a criminal act of sexual violence so that the view on the concept of wali mujbir cannot be implemented in Indonesia. Viewed from the perspective of its benefits, the concept of wali mujbir is not more beneficial. It causes more forced marriage practices and does not protect women and their rights.

Sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) is a vital commodity for global sugar production and biomass generation, with sucrose being the primary sugar accumulated predominantly in the stem. The sucrose transporter protein is essential in facilitating sucrose transport across cells and over long distances within plants, from source to sink tissues. This study focused on the cloning and expression analysis of the SoSUT4 gene in the Bululawang sugarcane variety. A partial coding sequence of SoSUT4, comprising 802 nucleotides and encoding a 267-amino acid protein, was successfully cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that the SoSUT4 protein shares high similarity with other SUT4 proteins in monocotyledonous plants, particularly with Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum hybrid. Bioinformatics predictions indicated that the SoSUT4 protein is localized to the plasma membrane and contains six transmembrane helices. Gene expression analysis further demonstrated that SoSUT4 expression was significantly higher in the middle internodes of the stem compared to the youngest midsection of the leaves. This expression pattern correlates with higher sucrose accumulation in the stem, as reflected by elevated Brix levels in the stem (19.61%) compared to the leaves (19.48%). This finding suggests that SoSUT4 is essential for sucrose translocation to the stem, which serves as the primary storage site for sugar. The study provides valuable insights into the SoSUT gene family in sugarcane, particularly highlighting the role of SoSUT4 in sugar transport and accumulation. Future research should further investigate the underlying mechanisms of SoSUT4 and related genes to enhance our understanding of their impact on sugarcane yield, with potential applications for genetic engineering aimed at improving crop productivity.

Rice cv. Hawara Bunar is a local rice cultivar tolerant to aluminum (Al) and drought stress. However, the cultivar has inferior characteristics, such as a tall habitus and a small number of tillers, making the cultivar agronomically unattractive. Many genes control plant height and tiller number; one is the TAD1 gene. Analysis of gene expression in two contrasting rice cultivars for both characters is a prerequisite for selecting certain genes for gene editing targets. This study aimed to analyze the gene expression of the TAD1 in rice cv. IR64 and Hawara Bunar, and to construct a phylogenetic tree of genes that regulate rice plant height and tiller number. Gene expression analysis was conducted using the qRT-PCR technique, while the phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the Neighbor-Joining method using PAUP4 software. The results showed TAD1 gene expression in the tillering phase of rice cv. Hawara Bunar is higher than the cv. IR64. The gene expression level in both cultivars corresponds to the plant height and tiller number characters in both rice cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the TAD1 gene clustered with genes that cause the rice to have a tall habitus with few tillers. The results of a transcriptome meta-analysis reinforced the phylogenetic tree, which shows that the TAD1 gene was found in a group of downregulated genes based on the volcano plots. Therefore, the TAD1 gene can be selected as a target gene for editing in rice cv. Hawara Bunar to obtain superior characters.

Alternative splicing is a complex process that contributes to the generation of diverse mRNA and protein isoforms, including in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Despite their importance, many functions of alternative splicing genes remain poorly characterized. This study aims to investigate splicing variants of gene encoding Heading date 3a in E. guineensis (EgHd3a) using the GenBank database and ClustalW algorithm. To ensure the data accuracy and reliability of design isoform‐ specific primers, special emphasis is given to primer design techniques and validation using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real‐time (qRT)‐PCR analysis. The designed primers demonstrated high specificity and discrimination between mRNA specimens. Nucleotide variations at the 3’‐end influenced the specificity of primers with the addition of GC composition. Furthermore, qRT‐PCR analysis revealed a strong correlation between Ct values and gene concentration for the isoforms which indicates a reliable amplification of EgHd3a. Although two isoforms, Hd3a‐X2 and Hd3a‐X3, showed slightly higher than acceptable PCR efficiency values, caution is advised to prevent non‐specific amplification. Despite the challenge posed by the limitation of primer positioning due to alternative splicing, the chosen primer proved optimal for analysis. This study highlights the importance of considering alternative splicing in gene quantification experiments and provides insights into the critical steps, methods, and quality control measures necessary for accurately detecting alternative splicing events, contributing to understanding this complex biological process.

Wedding traditions in Indonesia are very diverse, one of which is the “Dau Balak” tradition in Lampung traditi onal marriage (pepadun). “Dau Balak” are wedding expenses that must be prepared by the prospective husband before carrying out the marriage contract, these costs must be met and are not part of the dowry. This tradition is interesting to study in more depth because it is not found in the literature on marriage jurisprudence (munakahat). This article was written based on field research using descriptive-qualitative methods using a phenomenological approach. The “Dau Balak” tradition will not be found in the study of marriage jurisprudence, but this tradition can be studied using the approach used by al-Syâthibî. Research data was obtained through observation, interviews and documentation. The research results show that the “Dau Balak” tradition has been carried out for generations by the people of Lampung. They still do it as an appreciation for the cultural heritage of their ancestors. Through al-Muwâfaqât fî Ushûl al-Ahkâm, al-Syâthibî divides tradition into two parts, namely: traditions established by the Shari’a (al-‘âdah al-syar'iyyah) and traditions not found in the Shari’a (al-‘âdah al-jâriyyah). The “Dau Balak” tradition is included in the al-‘âdah al-jâriyyah category, namely a tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation and Islam does not specifically discuss this tradition. This tradition can be accepted by Islamic law because it has a good purpose and brings benefit to humans. The “Dau Balak” tradition is part of the nation’s cultural treasures which can be preserved as a typical marriage identity of the Lampung people (pepadun). Abstrak: Tradisi perkawinan di Indonesia sangat beragam, salah satunya adalah tradisi “Dau Balak” pada perkawinan adat Lampung (pepadun). “Dau Balak” adalah biaya perkawinan yang harus disiapkan oleh calon suami sebelum melaksanakan akad nikah, biaya tersebut harus dipenuhi dan bukan bagian dari mahar. Tradisi ini menarik dikaji lebih mendalam karena tidak ditemukan dalam literatur fikih perkawinan (munakahat). Artikel ini ditulis berdasarkan penelitian lapangan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif melalui pendekatan fenomenologi. Tradisi “Dau Balak” tidak akan ditemukan pada kajian fikih perkawinan, namun tradisi ini dapat dikaji menggunakan pendekatan yang digunakan oleh al-Syâthibî. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tradisi “Dau Balak” sudah dilakukan secara turun-temurun oleh masyarakat Lampung. Mereka tetap melaksanakannya sebagai apresiasi atas warisan budaya para leluhur. Melalui al-Muwâfaqât fî Ushûl al-Ahkâm, ia membagi tradisi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu: tradisi yang ditetapkan oleh syariat (al-‘âdah al- syar’iyyah) dan tradisi yang tidak ditemukan dalam syariat (al-‘âdah al-jâriyyah). Tradisi “Dau Balak” termasuk kategori al-‘âdah al-jâriyyah, yaitu tradisi yang berlangsung turun-temurun dan Islam tidak membicarakan secara spesifik tradisi tersebut. Tradisi ini dapat diterima oleh syariat Islam karena mempunyai tujuan yang baik dan membawa kemaslahatan bagi manusia. Tradisi “Dau Balak” merupakan bagian dari khazanah budaya bangsa yang bisa dilestarikan sebagai identitas perkawinan khas masyarakat Lampung (pepadun).

More than 50 species of bamboo were known from the Lesser Sunda Islands (LSI), including several endemic species. Endemic species are often highly specialized, found in limited geographical areas, and vulnerable to extinction if their habitat is destroyed. This study aimed to provide an account of endemic bamboo species on the LSI. Fieldwork involved collecting samples of bamboo in the LSI. Herbarium specimens of bamboo deposited in the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), collected from the LSI were examined, and endemic LSI species were recorded. The conservation status followed the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list categories and criteria. The conservation status of unassessed species was evaluated using IUCN red list categories and criteria. A spatial analysis was also conducted. Data were analyzed and presented descriptively. There are 10 endemic bamboo species in the LSI, namely Bambusa ooh Widjaja & Astuti from Bali (conservation status: endangered), Chloothamnus reholttumianus (Soenarko) Widjaja from Sumba (vulnerable), C. schmutzii (S.Dransf.) Widjaja from Sumbawa and Flores (near threatened), Dinochloa kostermansiana S.Dransf. from Sumba and Flores (near threatened), D. sepang Widjaja & Astuti from Bali (vulnerable), Fimbribambusa rifaiana Widjaja from Alor (near threatened), Gigantochloa aya Widjaja & Astuti from Bali (vulnerable), G. baliana Widjaja & Astuti from Bali (vulnerable), G. taluh Widjaja & Astuti from Bali (vulnerable), and Schizostachyum purpureum Damayanto & Widjaja from Sumba (data deficient). They can be found at an altitude of 20–1700 m in various habitats, including forests, bamboo forests, villages, botanical gardens, along a road, slopes, valleys, riverbanks, and around a lake.

Divorce in the Indramayu Regency is an intriguing phenomenon to investigate because the bulk of divorce cases are carried out by young couples (under 25 years old). Arahan District is one of the areas in Indramayu with a relatively high divorce rate. In 2021, the divorce rate in Arahan District was 52% of the total number of marriages, implying that more than half of marriages ended in divorce. The goal of this research is to examine the causes of early divorce as well as the measures to overcome them. This article falls under the empirical category and takes a qualitative approach. The key references are obtained through interviews and assessed using a positive legal perspective. The findings revealed that a lack of public interpretation of the purpose of marriage, a lack of knowledge of the sakinah family, emotional attitudes in problem-solving, excessive jealousy, a lack of responsibility, domestic violence, a lack of parental control, and economic factors all contributed to the high number of divorces among young couples. Among the several measures to combat child marriage and divorce are raising the marriage age for women, establishing sakinah families for prospective brides, and offering premarital education assistance. Keywords: Prevention; Divorce of young age; Islamic Law; Positive Law Abstrak Fenomena perceraian di Kabupaten Indramayu menjadi kajian diskusi yang cukup menarik, sebab kasus perceraian itu mayoritas dilakukan oleh pasangan muda (dibawah 25 tahun). Salah satu daerah di Indramayu yang menyumbang angka perceraian cukup tinggi adalah Kecamatan Arahan. Angka perceraian di Kecamatan Arahan pada tahun 2021 berjumlah 52% dari angka perkawinan pada tahun tersebut, artinya lebih dari separuh perkawinan berujung pada perceraian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa penyebab terjadinya perceraian dini dan upaya menanggulanginya. Artikel ini termasuk kategori empiris dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Adapun rujukan primer bersumber dari wawancara dan dianalisa dengan pendekatan hukum positif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa banyaknya perceraian pasangan usia muda disebabkan minimnya interpretasi masyarakat tentang makna perkawinan, rendahnya pemahaman terkait keluarga sakinah, sikap emosi dalam menyelesaikan masalah, kecemburuan yang berlebihan, minimnya tanggung jawab, hingga Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT), minimnya kontrol dari orang tua, serta aspek ekonomi. Berbagai upaya menanggulangi pernikahan dan perceraian anak antara lain ialah menaikkan batas usia perkawinan bagi perempuan, pembekalan keluarga sakinah bagi calon pengantin dan bimbingan edukasi pra nikah. Kata kunci: Pencegahan; Perceraian dini; Hukum Islam; Hukum Positif

Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar IPB CP1 is suitable as a raw material for the potato chip industry. Potato plants are sensitive to various abiotic stresses such as drought, aluminium and salinity, which induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS is very toxic to plant cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the enzymes that catalyse ROS to H2O2 and O2. This study aimed to establish transgenic potato cv. IPB CP1 plants containing the MmCuZn‐SOD gene that are tolerant to various abiotic stresses. Genetic transformation using internodes without buds as explants produced putative transgenic potato with a transformation efficiency of 51.25% and a regeneration efficiency of 38.87%. Integration analysis of the MmCuZn‐SOD transgene in putative transgenic plants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a set of specific primers showed that eight plants contained the MmCuZn‐SOD gene under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter. In vitro salinity stress, aluminium stress, and drought stress assays showed that transgenic plants had a higher number of roots and total root length than non‐transgenic ones. These results indicate that transgenic potato cv. IPB CP1 plants are more tolerant to abiotic stresses than non‐transgenic ones.

Sexual violence can happen anywhere, and some perpetrators are usually related to the victim. A case of sexual violence occurred at Selamat Pagi Indonesia School in Batu city. The schoolmaster threatened the victim to comply with his wishes. A school environment, which should be a place to learn about science and ethics, has become a scene for sexual assault. This article aims to provide prevention and settlement alternatives for sexual violence through maqâsid al-sharî’ah methods. The data show that sexual violence at the school has occurred since 2009. This article includes empirical research using qualitative methods by describing and analyzing the data which is presented in descriptive text. The result of the research shows that the victims are incapable of fighting back due to manipulation in order to always be obedient and repay the perpetrators. The intimidation practice is in contrast to human rights and religious purposes, while the perpetrators exploit the power relation and manipulate religious narratives to commit the crime. Understanding religious purposes (maqasid alsharî’ah) provides essential tools to minimize human rights violations in the form of sexual violence. One is allowed to make prejudices and refuse to engage in an activity that may lead to sexual violence. The resistance corresponds with maqâsid al-sharî’ah which consists of safeguarding the soul, progeny, mind, religion, and wealth.

Liquid waste could not treated by primary treatment only, secondary or tertiary treatment is needed. However, this process has a high cost, so alternative processes are required. Black soldier fly (BSF) is an alternative treatment for a low-cost. In addition, waste treatment with BSF also produce animal food from the larvae produced and compost from processing residue. This processing product has a good economical value. However, a business project should be conducted a feasibility analysis to find out if the business is possible. Feasibility analysis is based on financial analysis of investment criteria: Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost per ratio (Net B/C), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PP). The result is NPV Rp141,626142; Net B/C 1.15; IRR 17.6 % and PP 3.95 years. Based on that financial criteria, the organic waste processing into animal feed and fertilizers using BSF is possible. Sensitivity analysis shows that decreasing revenue over 8.04% could make this business unfeasible. The increasing of main material cost for almost 59% could keep this business feasible.

This study described the implementation of the morality of santri in pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Serang City to prevent radicalism-terrorism under the guise of religion. This study used qualitative research because it concentrated on curiosity about implementing santri's morality in preventing radicalism-terrorism. In collecting research data, researchers used the method of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicated that students' morality could be improved through the implementation of habituation (habit) of students such as Qiyamul Lail Prayer, Reading, Memorizing and Practicing the Quran, Morning and Evening Remembrance, Learning Faith, Sharia, and Morals. Religious education in Islamic boarding schools has a role in filtering and countering the notion of radicalism-terrorism. Religious education applied in the form of habituation to students in learning according to the curriculum of religious education, especially the education of aqidah firqah (group) Ahlussunnah waljama'ah, Islamic sharia manhaj (method) four schools of thought, and morals tariqah (way) sufism. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi akhlakul karimah santri di pondok pesantren se kota serang dalam upaya mencegah paham-paham radikalisme-terorisme yang berkedok agama. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif, hal ini dikarenakan akan lebih konsentrasi pada keingintahuan tentang implementasi akhlakul karimah santri dalam mencegah radikalisme-terorisme. Dalam pengumpulan data penelitian di lapangan, peneliti menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah akhlakul karimah santri dapat ditingkatkan melalui implementasi pembiasaan (habit) santri seperti Shalat Qiyamul Lail, Membaca, Menghafal dan Mengamalkan Alquran, Zikir Pagi dan Petang, Belajar Ilmu Akidah, Syariah, dan Akhlak. Pendidikan keagamaan di pondok pesantren memiliki peran filterisasi dan menangkal paham radikalisme-terorisme. Pendidikan keagamaan diterapkan dalam bentuk pembiasaan pada santri dalam belajar sesuai dengan kurikulum pendidikan agama terutama pendidikan akidah firqah (golongan) ahlussunnah waljama’ah, syariah Islam manhaj (metode) empat madzhab, dan akhlak thariqah (jalan) tasawuf.

The article aimed to record community knowledge regarding cultivating, utilizing, and conserving tarasi fruit (Cassia javanica) in Cianjur and Sukabumi Districts, West Java. The ethnobotanical interview method was used for 22 respondents from Cilaku village, Cianjur district, and Tegal Buleud village, Sukabumi district. Respondent criteria have or have owned a tarasi tree and used it. The interview consisted of 20 questions. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the Index of Cultural Significance (ICS). The results found that ecologically, tarasi fruit was grown by the community from seed (82%), in cultivation (68%), and planted in the yard (86%). Tarasi fruit is used, among others, for cooking seasoning (38%), firewood (42%), tools (8%), and digestive medicine (12%), but the highest ICS score is for cooking seasoning (10.89). The utilization of tarasi fruit in the form of dried pods is processed into a paste. The presence of live trees in only 36.4% still used for seasoning in only 9.1%, and there has yet to be an attempt to share knowledge. The conclusion is that tarasi fruit for vegetable shrimp paste must be developed so that it has an impact on conservation.

The objectives of this study are: (1) To find out the relationship between principal's leadership and teacher's performance ; (2) relationship between organizational culture and teacher's performance ; (3)and the relationship between principals' leadership and organizational culture simultaneously to the performance of teachers at the Madinatul Hadid Islamic Middle School in Cilegon. This research is quantitative research, collecting data conducted by using questionnaire and documentation. This research was held at Madinatul Hadid Islamic Middle School in Cilegon, with the population of 60 people with a total sample of 40 respondents. The result of this study are: (1) principal's leadership can affect teacher performance with a correlation coefficient of 0.935; (2) Organizational culture can affect teacher's performance with a correlation coefficient of 0.749; (3) The results of the multiple correlation test shows that the principal's leadership and teacher's organizational culture simultaneously influence the performance of Madinatul Hadid Islamic Middle School teachers in Cilegon at 34.45%, while the remaining 65.55% is influenced by other factors that need further investigation by anyone who is interested. This study shows that a strong principal’s leadership style and an inherent organizational culture will improve teacher performance in teaching.

Lipids are an important biomolecule in plants because of their structural and func-tional roles in plant cells. Moreover, they could act as signal molecules in the defense system of plants suffering from biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, plants de-velop various tolerance strategies to cope with iron (Fe) toxicity, for example, by in-volving genes in the detoxification process and other mechanisms. Therefore, the ob-jective of this research was to investigate the expression of OsPLA2-IIIand OsPPOgenes during Fe stress conditions. It was carried out using two-week-old seedlings of two rice varieties, namely, IR64 (Fe-sensitive variety) and Pokkali (Fe-tolerant vari-ety). The seedlings were treated with 400 ppm FeSO4.7H2O in the nutrient culture solutionand compared with control that received 1 ppm FeSO4.7H2O. Furthermore, leaf bronzing, chlorophyll content and relative expression of OsPLA2-IIIand OsPPOgenes were observed. An in-silico study was also performed to predict the interaction between OsPLA2-III and OsPPO proteins. The results showed that the Fe toxicity induced leaf bronzing,decreased leaf chlorophyll content, and increased the expres-sion levels of OsPLA2-IIIand OsPPOgenes. Therefore, both genes were suggested to have a role in plant tolerance mechanism during Fe toxicity stress through the lipid signaling pathway.

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis is an udder infection devoid of clinical symptoms, and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria causing this disease. This study aimed to identify and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: S. aureus was isolated from subclinical mastitis milk specimens. All strains were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-based detection of staphylococcal nuc, and MRSA was confirmed by the presence of mecA. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method. Results: From 86 milk samples, 49 isolates (57%) were confirmed as S. aureus. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Nine isolates were identified as MRSA (10.5%). Conclusion: In this study, we reported MRSA-associated subclinical mastitis in Bogor, Indonesia.

The aim of this study is to investigate how an augmented reality mobile math trails program can provide opportunities for students to engage in meaningful mathematical modelling activities. An explorative research design was conducted involving two mathematics teachers and 30 eight grades in Semarang, Indonesia. An Augmented Reality Mobile Math Trails App was created, and several math trail tasks were designed, then students run the activity. Data were gathered by means of participatory observation, interviews, questionnaires, tests, and worksheets. Data analysis began with the organisation, annotation, description of the data and statistic tests. The findings indicate that an educational program was successfully designed, which offered students a meaningful mathematical experience. A mobile app was also developed to support this program. The mobile app with augmented reality features is helpful for students as a tool that bridges the gap between real-world situations and mathematical concepts in problem-solving following the mathematical modelling cycle. The program thus contributes to a higher ability in mathematical modelling. The study identified a link between instrumented techniques in programs and mathematical modelling, as built during the instrumentation process. Further studies are essential for project development and implementation in other cities with different situations and aspects of study.

Sorghum has great potential to be developed in marginal lands of Indonesia including East Nusa Tenggara. However, the information about sorghum diversity in this area was very limited. This research aimed to describe morphological variation, and assessing the value of genetic diversity based on morphological characters of local sorghum cultivar of East Nusa Tenggara. The exploration and sample collection were conducted in 3 islands, i.e.: Timor, Sumba, and Flores. The observation of morphological characters was based on sorghum descriptor. Morphological character similarities were analyzed using Simple Matching (SM) coefficient, and a dendrogram was constructed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) method. The results showed that 36 accessions of sorghum in East Nusa Tenggara varied in 17 morphological characters. At the similarity coefficients of 48%, all sorghum accessions were separated into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of aleurone layer. Group I consisted of 12 accessions with no aleurone layer, while group II consisted of 24 accessions has aleurone layer. The genetic diversity of sorghum of East Nusa Tenggara is low (I=0.62–0.71 and h=0.37-0.42). The genetic diversity between populations (HT=0.4203) is higher than within populations (HS=0.3961). This study provides the first complete information about sorghum diversity in East Nusa Tenggara that will be useful as basic information for sorghum development in this area in the future.

This study discusses how the perspective of Islamic law and cultural philosophy and Barodak Rapancar for the Samawa Studi community in Bale Brang Village, Sumbawa Regency. Barodak Rapancar is carried out when someone is going to have a wedding in Bale Brang Village, the couple is scrubbed using a potion commonly referred to by the community as odak, the odak is processed with a mixture of bark from various types of multipurpose trees. The people of Bale Brang believe that if this tradition is not carried out, the family of the bride and groom will experience a form of rabuyak disease. Rabuyak disease namely lumps on the head accompanied by itching, bleeding from the eyes when crying, trance, ribs appearing a few centimeters, and several other strange diseases caused by violating the life cycle ceremony.

The aim of the study reported upon in this paper is to explore the potential of the use of mobile technology for supporting math trail program. An explorative study was conducted in the city of Semarang in Indonesia involving 30 students of SMPN 10 Semarang. The study consisted of an introduction session, a math trail activity supported by the use of mobile phone app, and a debriefing session. Data were gathered by means of participatory observation, students' work, and interviews. Findings indicate that math trail programs supported by the use of mobile phones have promoted the engagement of students in mathematical activities. The use of mobile technology has the potential to support the program. Mobile app has been able to play a role in guiding students in math trail activities with features offered, such as: navigation features, help buttons, and direct feedback.

Rice cultivation on acid soils is mainly constrained by aluminum (Al) toxicity. However, rice has tolerance mechanism to Al stress, which is controlled by many genes. B11 gene is one of the Al- tolerance gene candidate isolated from rice var. Hawara Bunar. It has not been known whether overexpression of the gene in Al-sensitive rice is able to increase Al tolerance. The research objective was to analyze root morphological and physiological responses of transgenic rice overexpressing B11 gene to Al stress. The experiment was carried out using five rice genotypes including two varieties (Hawara Bunar and IR64) and three T4 generation of transgenic lines, that are T8-2-4, T8-12-5, and T8-15-41. All rice genotypes were grown in nutrient solution for 24 h (adaptation period), and then were exposed to 15 ppm Al for 72 h (treatment period) and recovered in normal nutrient solution for 48 h (recovery period). The result showed that the overexpression of the B11 gene in T8-2-4, T8-12-5, and T8-15-41 transgenic lines improved tolerance to Al stress based on root growth characters, accumulation of Al, root cell membrane lipid peroxidation, and root tip cell structure.

The implementation of Jet Tempur Method can improve Al Qur'an reading guidance at Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School. These preliminary data form the basis of this research in First Middle School Of Islamic State 1 Kediri City. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach by exploring data in depth according to the focus of the study. Data collection by observation, interview and documentation. After the data is collected and analyzed qualitatively, the data is processed by data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results showed that (1) ustadaz at First Middle School Of Islamic State 1 Kediri had implemented Al Qur'an reading and writing guidance, with the jet fighter method well starting the planning, implementation and follow-up stages of the implementation of the fighter jet method which had given a good impact on students, (2) the results of the learning of reading and reading guidance of the Qur'an can be known through daily demonstrations by asking students to face their teacher and then evaluating and formative exams, final semester exams.

One of the aluminum (Al) tolerance gene candidates, namely B11 gene, has been successfully isolated from Al-tolerant rice cv Hawara Bunar. However, the role of the gene in Al tolerance in rice has not been known. RNA interference (RNAi) technique is an effective tool to examine the biological function of the target gene in plant. The objective of the research was to construct RNAi recombinant vector carrying untranslated region of the B11 gene. RNAi recombinant vector carrying 195 bp sized 3′UTR_B11 fragment as a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) trigger has been successfully constructed using GATEWAY™ cloning technology, pENTR™/D-TOPO® as a shuttle vector, and pANDA vector as a destination vector. RNAi construct was successfully introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens AgL0, and has been infected to rice cv Hawara Bunar. Analysis of putative transgenic rice showed eight of 20 plants were transgenic carrying the B11-RNAi construct.

Cottonii seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty) is one of the most important commercial sources of carrageenans which are widely used in the pharmaceuticals and food industries. A problem in the cultivation of this seaweed is the ice-ice disease, which is caused by extreme changes in environmental conditions such as temperature and seawater salinity. Gene transformation to produce Cottonii seaweed transgenics that are tolerant to environmental stress is a potential solution to this problem. Gα gene encodes for the heterotrimeric G protein α subunit is a gene that plays a role in tolerance to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. This study aimed to: (a) introduce the Gα gene into the callus cells of K. alvarezii and regenerate transformed callus cells to transgenic plantlets; (b) determine the appropriate concentration of acetosyringone and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain for gene transfer into the callus of K. alvarezii. The callus cells of K. alvarezii were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 and EHA105 carrying the expression vector pGWB502-Gα with a CaMV-35S promoter. The calli and A. tumefaciens were co-cultivated in several concentrations of acetosyringone (20, 40, 60 mg/L). The regeneration of transformed callus cells into transgenic plantlets was successfully performed using the somatic embryogenesis technique. The results showed that the highest percentage of putative transgenic micropropagule formation occurred at the 20-40 mg/L concentration of acetosyringone. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis on the twenty transgenic plantlets indicated that the Gα gene was successfully introduced into the genomic DNA of all of them. The highest transformation efficiency was in the co-cultivation treatment of 20-40 mg/L acetosyringone (22-28%). The transformation efficiency produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 (23%) was not significantly different from that produced by the LBA4404 (15%).

Transformation of tropical rainforest into oil palm plantation not only has impacts on biodiversity but also affects ecosystem functions such as production and decomposition of fine roots as a nutrient source for plant. The objective of the research was to evaluate the production and decomposition rate of fine roots in natural forest (NF) at Bukit 12 National Park and oil palm plantation (OP) in Jambi, Sumatra. The soil core and litter bag methods were used to obtain fine root production and decomposition data. The results showed that generally, there was the same pattern in fine root production between NF and OP. The annual fine root productivity was found to be higher in NF than that of OP. Rainfall in NF and air temperature in NF and OP were the most significant climate factors affecting fine root production. The remaining fine root biomass decreased as the incubation time increased. The decomposition rate constant (k value) was significantly higher in NF than in OP. Our data showed that the nutrient turn-over of NF fine roots was faster than of OP fine roots. Nitrogen, carbon content, and C/N ratio were the main factors that influenced fine root decomposition.

Iron (Fe) toxicity is one of the limiting factors for rice growth and production in paddy fields. The use of iron tolerant varieties is one of the most efficient ways to solve this problem. Identification of molecular markers associated with the trait is very important to develop marker-assisted selection (MAS) to obtain tolerant lines. The objective of this study was to identify sequence tagged sites (STS) markers associated with iron tolerance trait in double haploid rice population. Forty-five double haploid lines derived from reciprocal double crossing, i.e. IR54/Parekaligolara//Bio110/Markuti, were phenotypically screened in high Fe wetland rice field at Taman Bogo Experimental Station, Lampung. Molecular analysis performed using STS markers. The results of the association between the genetic and phenotypic analysis showed that there were three markers, i.e. OsIRT1, OsIRT2, and OsFRO2, associated with iron tolerance trait in rice. The markers have potential as selection markers for iron tolerant lines.

The Durian Tengkurak (Durio tanjungpurensis Navia) is one of the endangered exotic species in the Malvaceae family. The species is important for conservation of the germplasm and is considered a potential genetic resource for the development of durian in the future. The objective of this research project was to assess the molecular diversity of D. tanjungpurensis in West Kalimantan, based on Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. We applied ten ISSR primers to reveal the genetic diversity of 60 individuals from six natural endemic D. tanjungpurensis populations. The genetic diversity parameters were estimated based on binary data about PCR products (present or absent bands). The results showed that the mean number of observed alleles, the mean number of effective alleles, the genetic diversity, the Shannon’s Information Index score, the number of polymorphic loci, and the percentage of polymorphic loci were 1.53, 1.29, 0.17, 0.26, 77.83, and 52.59, respectively. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the genetic diversity within a population (65%) was higher than that found between the populations (35%). UPGMA clustering and principal coordinate analysis, based on the DICE similarity matrix, were used to classify the populations into three groups: 1) Hutan Rejunak and Tembaga, 2) Bukit Merindang, and 3) Hutan Rawak, Bukit Sagu 1, and Bukit Sagu 2. Further analysis of the population structure using STRUCTURE software was used to classify all the individuals into two major categories, thus uniting Groups 2 and 3 as one major category. In conclusion, a high level of genetic diversity in the Durian Tengkurak was revealed utilizing the ISSR markers employed in the study.

Jatropha curcas (JC) is a crop with potential for use in biodiesel. Production of biodiesel requires plant seed as raw material, so the viability of JC for use in biodiesel will dependent greatly on the plant's production of flowers. Generally, this plant is monoecious, meaning it has both male and female flowers. However, very rarely JC plants may be andromonoecious. Andromonoecious specimens of JC produce hermaphrodite and male flowers in the same plant. The number of hermaphrodite flowers per inflorescence is generally low compared to the number of male flowers. The aim of this study was to increase the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers by using plant growth regulators (PGRs) in andromonoecious JC. Our experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 9 treatments, namely kinetin, GA3, and IAA with concentrations of 0 ppm as a control, 50 and 100 ppm of each PGRs. The treatments were applied to stem cuttings from each plant and repeated 4 times. PGRs were applied by spraying the leaves within the buds of each plant. Applications took place weekly beginning when the plants entered flower initiating phase, until inflorescence produced. Observations were conducted during the treatment period (10 weeks). Results showed that plants treated with IAA, GA3, and kinetin at 50 and 100 ppm produced increased inflorescence per plant. The increases measured were 155.4 and 92.9% of (IAA), 120.4 and 151% (GA3), 96.6 and 51.7% (kinetin) respectively. In addition, we found that application and GA3 at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm, and kinetin at 50 ppm, increased the number of hermaphrodite flowers per inflorescence by 50%, and increased the number of hermaphrodite flowers per plant by 275.6 and 183.1% (IAA), 219.5 and 254.1% (GA3), 162.9 and 103.1% (kinetin) respectively. As would be expected, the number of fruit per plant increased in those specimens treated with IAA, GA3, and kinetin at 50 and 100 ppm. The increases measured were 301.7 and 167.4% (IAA), 211.7 and 257.0% (GA3), 162.5 and 101.4% (kinetin) respectively.

Heat stress is a major environmental factor limiting wheat productivity in tropical regions such as Indonesia. The objective of this study was to investigate the adaptability of introduced wheat genotypes in tropical agro-ecosystems. Sixteen spring wheat genotypes were grown at two different altitudes i.e. low altitude (176 m asl) with an average temperature of 29.8 °C located at Leuwikopo Field Experimental Station, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Bogor and high altitude (1100 m asl) with an average temperature of 20.6 °C at Cipanas Field Experimental Station (Ornamental Crop Research Station), Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia from July to November 2012. Plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, leaf angle, days to flowering, spike number per plant, empty spikelet number, grain weight per plant and 100 grain weight were observed following the standard methods. Heat susceptibility index was calculated based on grain weight per plant. The results showed that cultivation at a low altitude, hotter environment remarkably affected wheat growth and yield, as reflected in overall reduction of plant height, reduced number of tillers and leaf area, and ultimately reduced yield and yield components for most genotypes compared to the same measures taken at high altitude in lower temperatures. Plant growth before heading was similar in both locations, but the days to flowering was longer in high altitude than that in low altitude. High temperature stress in low altitude reduced the spike number/plant, grain weight/plant, 100 grain weight and increase number of empty spikelet/spike. Based on our results for heat susceptibility index, six genotypes, namely Sbr, Ymh, Astreb/Cbrd, Astreb/Ningma, H-20 and Nias, were characterized as heat tolerant genotypes.

Transferability of 25 rye and 20 wheat simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were examined across Secale spp. to elucidate their genetic relationships. One hundred percent of rye and 75% of wheat SSR markers could be amplified in weedy and wild forms of Secale. However, only 84% of rye SSR markers were amplified in S. sylvestre indicating that this species had the furthest relation to the cultivated rye. The PCR products resulting from rye SSR tended to have similar size as the original size, while wheat SSRs tended to have a shorter size than that of the original size. Polymorphism in the allelic number and size was found in 68% of the rye and 40% of the wheat SSR markers. Several alleles were unique for the annual and perennial rye taxa, which were counted for 22 and 15%, respectively. Some SSR markers also produced specific alleles that could be used to identify certain taxa. The genetic relationships within the genus Secale based on SSR markers were discussed.

For a long time, people in West Java, Indonesia have used Selaginella as a traditional cure for several ailments including fever, minor wounds, broken bones, women’s health disorders or postnatal bleeding. However, information on the active compounds of the plant from Java Island has not been fully expounded. The objective of the research was to reveal the diversity of bioactive compounds and amentoflavone content of Selaginella from Java Island in order to optimize the use of this plant as a medicinal plant. Selaginella plants collected from 29 locations in Java were extracted and subjected to colorimetric and thin layer chromatography test to qualitatively analyze the bioactive compounds of alkaloid, phenol, and steroid. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography was performed to analyze the amentofalvone content of Selaginella extract. The research result showed that all the examined Selaginella species contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and steroid, but they did not contain hydroquinone. Seven of them contained the biflavonoid type of amentoflavone. The highest amentoflavone concentration, 6.87 ppm, was found in S. subalpina that originated from Gedung Songo, Central Java. Those results indicated that more than one Selaginella species originating from Java Island had marked potential for use as medicinal plants.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the major limiting factor of plant growth and production in acid soils. The target of Al toxicity is the root tip, which affects mainly on root growth inhibition. The aim of this research was to study the uptake and distribution of Al in root apices of two rice varieties IR64 (Al-sensitive) and Krowal (Al-tolerant), which were grown on nutrient solution containing 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 ppm of Al. The root growth was significantly inhibited in both rice varieties at as low as 15 ppm Al concentration. The adventive roots of both varieties showed stunted growth in respons to Al stress. There was no difference in root growth inhibition between both rice varieties as well as among Al concentrations. Al uptake on root apices was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Histochemical staining of roots using hematoxylin showed dark purple color on 1 mm region of Al-treated root apices. Rice var. IR 64 tended to take up more Al in root tip than Krowal did. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.176) in root Al content of both varieties in response to different concentration and period of Al treatments. Al distribution in root apices was found in the epidermal and subepidermal region in both rice varieties. Based on those results, rice var. Krowal that was previously grouped as Al-tolerant variety has similar root growth and physiological response to Al stress as compared to Al-sensitive variety IR64.

The aim of this study is to investigate how an augmented reality mobile math trails program can provide opportunities for students to engage in meaningful mathematical modelling activities. An explorative research design was conducted involving two mathematics teachers and 30 eight grades in Semarang, Indonesia. An Augmented Reality Mobile Math Trails App was created, and several math trail tasks were designed, then students run the activity. Data were gathered by means of participatory observation, interviews, questionnaires, tests, and worksheets. Data analysis began with the organisation, annotation, description of the data and statistic tests. The findings indicate that an educational program was successfully designed, which offered students a meaningful mathematical experience. A mobile app was also developed to support this program. The mobile app with augmented reality features is helpful for students as a tool that bridges the gap between realworld situations and mathematical concepts in problem-solving following the mathematical modelling cycle. The program thus contributes to a higher ability in mathematical modelling. The study identified a link between instrumented techniques in programs and mathematical modelling, as built during the instrumentation process. Further studies are essential for project development and implementation in other cities with different situations and aspects of study.

The quality of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) seeds should be maintained during storage, either as seeds for seedlings or oil production to be used for biodiesel. The effects of water activity and duration of storage on the quality, i.e. fungal population, lipid, fatty acid and free fatty acid contents, and viability of physic nut seeds were investigated. The results showed that the moisture content of seeds and total fungal population decreased at low water activities, and increased at high water activities (aw). At aw 0.64, at the beginning of storage and after 20 weeks of storage, total fungal populations were 5.4 x 103 and 1.8 x 102 cfu g-1 dry basis (db), respectively. At aw 0.93, at the beginning of storage and after 20 weeks of storage, total fungal populations were 5.0 x 103 and 3.3 x 106 cfu g-1 db, respectively. At the beginning of storage fungi infecting seeds were field fungi, i.e. Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium semitectum, and F. verticillioides. The population of field fungi decreased with the increase of storage duration. They were replaced by postharvest fungi, i.e. Aspergillus restrictus, A. penicillioides, Eurotium chevalieri, E. rubrum, Penicillium citrinum, P. implicatum and P. oxalicum. Lipid content and viability of seeds decreased with the increase of water activities and seed moisture contents, while free fatty acid contents increased with the increase of water activities and seed moisture contents during storage. Fatty acids of lipid were dominated by unsaturated fatty acids, i.e. oleic and linoleic acids. Physic nut seeds could be stored at aw 0.64-0.75 up to eight weeks when the seeds will be used for seedling, or up to 16 weeks when they will be used for producing oil.

Hydroponic systems offer a promising solution for urban farming and the utilization of unproductive land. Successful implementation, however, requires careful optimization to select the most effective hydroponic system tailored to specific plants and environmental conditions. This study aims to compare the growth and physiological responses of Madesta melons (Cucumis melo L. cv. Madesta) cultivated using the nutrient film technique (NFT) and drip irrigation system (DIS) with variations in growth media. The Madesta melon seeds underwent a two-week germination phase in coco peat media, followed by transplanting into NFT and DIS setups utilizing diverse growth media, including rice husk, rice husk mixed with compost, and compost only. Over four weeks post-cultivation, assessments were conducted on key growth metrics such as leaf count, leaf diameter, plant height, and stem diameter. Plant physiological responses were also analyzed, encompassing chlorophyll and nitrogen levels, along with the mineral composition within leaves and fruits. Results revealed that the DIS cultivation outperformed the NFT in terms of growth outcomes. Among the varied media combinations, the rice husk and compost blend supported growth most effectively. Notably, no significant differences were observed in leaf and fruit nitrogen content between the DIS and NFT systems, and the overall mineral content of the media remained relatively stable before and after the cultivation period. Mineral content analysis revealed calcium as the predominant element in the leaves, while potassium emerged as the most abundant mineral in the fruits. This research sheds light on the potential of hydroponic systems, specifically the DIS method, for enhancing melon cultivation, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate growth media to maximize plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional knowledge of sunggau rafters for Apis dorsata nesting is essential for livelihood and forest conservation. We determine the plant species needed to support the conservation of A. dorsata in Belitung Islands, Indonesia, by investigating the distribution of the sunggau in the three types of forests, the traditional knowledge regarding the plant species used for sunggau, and the vegetation structure of forests in which the sunggau is installed. Distribution of sunggau were explored on heath, swamp heath, and mangrove forests. We conducted a vegetation survey in those forests and an ethnobotanical survey by interviewing bee farmers regarding the plants used for sunggau and other uses. We found 95 sunggau distributed in the heath, swamp heath, and mangrove forest. Based on interviews, we recorded 65 plant species for sunggau and six other uses, including bee forages. Calophyllum sp., Cryptocarya sp., Melaleuca cajuputi, and Syzygium urceolatum are the most important plants according to bee farmers. The last two species dominate all forests, except mangroves, which are dominated by Lumnitzera littorea, according to vegetation surveys. However, the availability of several plants for sunggau is declining. Therefore, the conservation of A. dorsata needs the sustainability of sunggau and bee forage plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this study was to analyze the content, distribution, and comparative genome relationships of 996 chromosome bin-mapped expressed sequence tags (ESTs) accounting for 2266 restriction fragments (loci) on the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Of these loci, 634, 884, and 748 were mapped on chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D, respectively. The individual chromosome bin maps revealed bins with a high density of mapped ESTs in the distal region and bins of low density in the proximal region of the chromosome arms, with the exception of 3DS and 3DL. These distributions were more localized on the higher-resolution group 3 consensus map with intermediate regions of high-mapped-EST density on both chromosome arms. Gene ontology (GO) classification of mapped ESTs was not significantly different for homoeologous group 3 chromosomes compared to the other groups. A combined analysis of the individual bin maps using 537 of the mapped ESTs revealed rearrangements between the group 3 chromosomes. Approximately 232 (44%) of the consensus mapped ESTs matched sequences on rice chromosome 1 and revealed large- and small-scale differences in gene order. Of the group 3 mapped EST unigenes approximately 21 and 32% matched the Arabidopsis coding regions and proteins, respectively, but no chromosome-level gene order conservation was detected.

Because of the huge size of the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) genome of 17,300 Mb, sequencing and mapping of the expressed portion is a logical first step for gene discovery. Here we report mapping of 7104 expressed sequence tag (EST) unigenes by Southern hybridization into a chromosome bin map using a set of wheat aneuploids and deletion stocks. Each EST detected a mean of 4.8 restriction fragments and 2.8 loci. More loci were mapped in the B genome (5774) than in the A (5173) or D (5146) genomes. The EST density was significantly higher for the D genome than for the A or B. In general, EST density increased relative to the physical distance from the centromere. The majority of EST-dense regions are in the distal parts of chromosomes. Most of the agronomically important genes are located in EST-dense regions. The chromosome bin map of ESTs is a unique resource for SNP analysis, comparative mapping, structural and functional analysis, and polyploid evolution, as well as providing a framework for constructing a sequence-ready, BAC-contig map of the wheat genome.

A total of 1918 loci, detected by the hybridization of 938 expressed sequence tag unigenes (ESTs) from 26 Triticeae cDNA libraries, were mapped to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) homoeologous group 4 chromosomes using a set of deletion, ditelosomic, and nulli-tetrasomic lines. The 1918 EST loci were not distributed uniformly among the three group 4 chromosomes; 41, 28, and 31% mapped to chromosomes 4A, 4B, and 4D, respectively. This pattern is in contrast to the cumulative results of EST mapping in all homoeologous groups, as reported elsewhere, that found the highest proportion of loci mapped to the B genome. Sixty-five percent of these 1918 loci mapped to the long arms of homoeologous group 4 chromosomes, while 35% mapped to the short arms. The distal regions of chromosome arms showed higher numbers of loci than the proximal regions, with the exception of 4DL. This study confirmed the complex structure of chromosome 4A that contains two reciprocal translocations and two inversions, previously identified. An additional inversion in the centromeric region of 4A was revealed. A consensus map for homoeologous group 4 was developed from 119 ESTs unique to group 4. Forty-nine percent of these ESTs were found to be homoeologous to sequences on rice chromosome 3, 12% had matches with sequences on other rice chromosomes, and 39% had no matches with rice sequences at all. Limited homology (only 26 of the 119 consensus ESTs) was found between wheat ESTs on homoeologous group 4 and the Arabidopsis genome. Forty-two percent of the homoeologous group 4 ESTs could be classified into functional categories on the basis of blastX searches against all protein databases.

This report describes the rationale, approaches, organization, and resource development leading to a large-scale deletion bin map of the hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) wheat genome (Triticum aestivum L.). Accompanying reports in this issue detail results from chromosome bin-mapping of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) representing genes onto the seven homoeologous chromosome groups and a global analysis of the entire mapped wheat EST data set. Among the resources developed were the first extensive public wheat EST collection (113,220 ESTs). Described are protocols for sequencing, sequence processing, EST nomenclature, and the assembly of ESTs into contigs. These contigs plus singletons (unassembled ESTs) were used for selection of distinct sequence motif unigenes. Selected ESTs were rearrayed, validated by 5' and 3' sequencing, and amplified for probing a series of wheat aneuploid and deletion stocks. Images and data for all Southern hybridizations were deposited in databases and were used by the coordinators for each of the seven homoeologous chromosome groups to validate the mapping results. Results from this project have established the foundation for future developments in wheat genomics.

To localize wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ESTs on chromosomes, 882 homoeologous group 6-specific ESTs were identified by physically mapping 7965 singletons from 37 cDNA libraries on 146 chromosome, arm, and sub-arm aneuploid and deletion stocks. The 882 ESTs were physically mapped to 25 regions (bins) flanked by 23 deletion breakpoints. Of the 5154 restriction fragments detected by 882 ESTs, 2043 (loci) were localized to group 6 chromosomes and 806 were mapped on other chromosome groups. The number of loci mapped was greatest on chromosome 6B and least on 6D. The 264 ESTs that detected orthologous loci on all three homoeologs using one restriction enzyme were used to construct a consensus physical map. The physical distribution of ESTs was uneven on chromosomes with a tendency toward higher densities in the distal halves of chromosome arms. About 43% of the wheat group 6 ESTs identified rice homologs upon comparisons of genome sequences. Fifty-eight percent of these ESTs were present on rice chromosome 2 and the remaining were on other rice chromosomes. Even within the group 6 bins, rice chromosomal blocks identified by 1-6 wheat ESTs were homologous to up to 11 rice chromosomes. These rice-block contigs were used to resolve the order of wheat ESTs within each bin.