Search

The status of the pre-nasalized consonants of basilectal Kriyol (Guinea-Bissau Creole) is a matter of some dispute in the literature, between proponents of bisegmental analyses and of a monosegmental one. After first critically reviewing bisegmental analyses, this paper examines synchronic and diachronic data in favour of an interpretation of pre-nasalized consonants as single phonemes. This analysis is further supported by comparative evidence from other creoles, with various lexifiers (Portuguese, Spanish and English).

The status of pre-nasalized consonants of basilectal Cape Verdean Creole (the Santiago variety) is a matter of some debate in the literature, between proponents of bisegmental analyses and of a monosegmental one. This paper critically reviews bisegmental analyses and adduces synchronic and diachronic data in favour of an interpretation of pre-nasalized consonants as single phonological units. This analysis is further supported by comparative evidence from other creoles.

Background: Paediatric liver transplantation (pLT) is the treatment of choice for many liver conditions. However, it still poses relevant challenges, mainly related to the size of the recipients. Unlike in adults, excessive graft volume might represent an issue when the estimated graft-recipient-weight-ratio (GRWR) is significantly disproportionate. In this situation, the traditional left lateral sector (LLS) grafts are too big and other alternatives are required, such as monosegmental or reduced (including hyper-reduced) grafts (RLLS/HRLLS). Results with conventional LLS-pLT are excellent and replicating them with monosegmental or RLLS is challenging given (I) the technical complexity and (II) the need to overcome the large-for-size scenario. This article is to review the existing experience with monosegmental, RLLS/HRLLS grafts and appraise its results., Methods: Systematic search of the electronic databases, conducted from their inception until May 2020., Results: After scrutiny of the available literature, 16 studies were included reporting 330 patients transplanted with monosegmental and RLLS/HRLLS grafts. There were 10 re-grafts (6 of them <90 days); 90% of grafts were LDLT. Overall, median recipient's age and weight were 7 months (range, 5 days-22 months) and 5.8 kg (range, 2.6-8 kg) respectively. Median graft weight was 209 grams (range, 124-264 grams) and median GRWR was 3.5% (range, 2.7-5.6%). Hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis overall incidence were 1.5% and 4.2%; 120 out of the 330 pLT were monosegmental (37%) producing a smaller graft (median of 164 grams) and accordingly a lower GRWR (median 3.2%) compared to reduced LLS. With a median follow-up of 39 months (range, 6-87 months), the overall graft and patient survival were 84% (285/340) and 89% (295/330)., Discussion: Monosegmental and RLLS/HRLLS grafts provide access to liver transplantation for very small recipients with excellent results comparable to the standard LLS., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: Both authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://hbsn.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/hbsn-20-792/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2022 Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition. All rights reserved.)

This study retrospectively reviews 20 sequential patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic deficit. All patients were treated by indirect reduction, bisegmental posterior transpedicular instrumentation and monosegmental fusion. Clinical and radiological outcome was analyzed after an average follow-up of 6.4 years. Re-kyphosis of the entire segment including the cephaled disc was significant with loss of the entire postoperative correction over time. This did not influence the generally benign clinical outcome. Compared to its normal height the fused cephalad disc was reduced by 70% and the temporarily spanned caudal disc by 40%. Motion at the temporarily spanned segment could be detected in 11 patients at follow-up, with no relation to the clinical result. Posterior instrumentation of thoracolumbar burst fractures can initially reduce the segmental kyphosis completely. The loss of correction within the fractured vertebral body is small. However, disc space collapse leads to eventual complete loss of segmental reduction. Therefore, posterolateral fusion alone does not prevent disc space collapse. Nevertheless, clinical long-term results are favorable. However, if disc space collapse has to prevented, an interbody disc clearance and fusion is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]