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Abstract Groundwater chemistry is mainly governed by lithological variations, space and resident time. In addition, hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the lithological contact zones are too complex. Hence, Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) boundary from Ariyalur district, Tamilnadu, India, was selected for this study to identify the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. This study includes 284 groundwater samples from four different seasons (pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon). Groundwater samples were collected and analysed for major cations and anions, including physical parameters using standard procedures. High electrical conductivity (EC) showed the longer residence time of groundwater in hard rock region at the central and southern part of the study area. Ca2+, Na+, Cl− and HCO3 − are the dominant ions in all the four seasons. The seasonal composition migration was observed from Na–Ca–Cl–HCO3 type to Na–Mg–Cl–HCO3 type, and Ca-HCO3 is the predominant water type in piper plot. Interpretation of data reveals that the groundwater quality was unsuitable for domestic and irrigation purposes during pre- and southwest monsoon seasons. Rock–water interaction and dissolution of minerals are the main sources of groundwater chemistry. Agriculture activities during monsoonal seasons also play a role in controlling the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in this region.

Human muscles can be read by using electromyography (EMG) sensors, which are electrical signals generated by the muscles of human and animal bodies. This means it is possible to use electricity generated by muscles to control actuators/servo motors for any specific tasks. This could support a wide range of applications, especially for people with disabilities. One such application would be making bionic limbs based on servo motors. According to a study held by the K4D helpdesk report based on estimations that 15.3% of the world’s population has a moderate or severe disability, this proportion is likely to increase to 18-20% in conflict- affected areas (Thompson, 2017). The goal of this study is to make bionic limbs affordable by minimizing the cost while maintaining accuracy at an acceptable rate. To achieve this goal, the study proposes a new idea for using electromyography (EMG) sensors in bionic limbs, which suggests a decrease in the number of EMG sensors to decrease the cost and power consumption. Decreasing the number of EMG sensors will result in a loss of accuracy in controlling actuators (servo motors) because usually, each sensor is responsible for activating one servo motor. In normal projects, one will need at least six EMG sensors to control six servo motors. The study will use only three EMG sensors to control/activate six servo motors depending on the binary trick idea suggested by this study, which is manipulating all three input signals from EMG sensors at once and then deciding which servo motor to activate by using a supervised machine learning technique such as K-nearest neighbors (kNN).

Objective: To attempt discovering new bioactive metabolites from fungal sources., Methods: The exploratory study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University for Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi from January 2016 to November 2017and comprised of soil samples collected from rhizosphere region of different garden plants from the city. Fungi were screened for production of antibiotics by testing cell-free culture filtrates obtained by Shake-flask fermentation technique. Agar-Well diffusion assay method was used to evaluate antagonistic activity against pathogenic microorganisms., Results: Bioactive compounds extracted by ethyl acetate and thin layer chromatography revealed mixture of compounds in the crude extract. AspergillusterreusMK-1 showed significant inhibition of medically important test pathogens namely Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichiacoli, Salmonella typhi, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillusniger. The best biological activity of crude ethyl acetate extract was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (63mm)., Conclusions: Newly isolated AspergillusterreusMK-1 emerged as a potent candidate for the production of antimicrobial compounds.