Search

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em discutir o conceito de temporalidade de exceção. A partir da leitura de Origens do Totalitarismo notamos o surgimento de uma temporalidade petrificada nos campos de concentração. Mesmo com o fim do regime nazista, os elementos totalitários não desapareceram de nossa sociedade democrática. Eles persistem também como temporalidade de exceção, a qual envolve algum processo de desumanização que desconecta passado, presente e futuro, impossibilitando a experiência da liberdade. Em nossos dias a exceção permanece para milhões de pessoas que vivem na extrema pobreza e encarceradas, numa temporalidade desértica ou embotada que afetam suas atividades da vida ativa e espirituais. Levando isso em consideração, com base no pensamento de Hannah Arendt e também com apoio de outros autores, refletiremos sobre a relação entre a temporalidade, condição e atividade humanas.Totalitarismo; Campos de concentração; Miséria; Prisões; Hannah Arendt.

Resumo Este ensaio visa compartilhar algumas reflexões sobre o binômio poesia e catástrofe, tecidas a partir da leitura de passagens das obras testemunhais de Primo Levi e Varlam Chalámov. Coloca-se em questão quais os (não) sentidos possíveis para a criação artística em contextos de violência extrema, como os Campos de Concentração nazistas e os Gulags soviéticos onde, respectivamente, estiveram presos os dois autores. Abstract The essay objectives to share some reflections about poetry and catastrophe, with focus on the reading of passages from the testimonial works of Primo Levi and Varlam Chalámov. We discuss the (non)possible meanings for artistic creation in contexts of extreme violence, such as the Nazi Concentration Camps and the Soviet Gulags where, respectively, the two authors were imprisoned.

Fil: Rodríguez Hernández, Juan Pedro. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia; España Resumen: El artículo se propone analizar la situación de los religiosos prisioneros en los campos de concentración nazis y en concreto de Dachau. También dar a conocer la figura de Ignacio Cruchaga, con toda probabilidad el único religioso español prisionero en los campos de concentración de la Alemania Nazi. Entre los estudios de la deportación en España se ha analizado sobre todo la deportación de hombres y mujeres vinculados al exilio posterior a la Guerra Civil, pasando desapercibido el análisis de la figura del religioso lasaliano. Summary: The article aims to analyze the situation of religious prisoners in the Nazism concentration camps and specifically in Dachau. Also to make known the figure of Ignacio Cruchaga, in all probability the only Spanish religious prisoner in the concentration camps of Nazi Germany. Among studies of deportation in Spain, the deportation of men and women linked to exile after the Civil War has been analyzed. The analysis of the figure of the "lasallian religious" has gone unnoticed. Resumo: O artigo tem por objetivo analisar a situação dos religiosos prisioneiros nos campos de concentração do Nazismo e especificamente do campo de Dachau. Também pretende dar a conhecer a figura de Ignacio Cruchaga, possivelmente o único prisioneiro religioso espanhol nos campos de concentração da Alemanha Nazi. Entre os estudos da deportação em Espanha analisou-se, sobretudo, a deportação de homens e mulheres vinculados ao exílio posterior à Guerra Civil, tendo passado despercebida a análise da figura do religioso lassaliano.

The Natzweiler-Struthof camp is the only concentration camp in France, in Alsace. In 1941, when the construction of this camp began, the Nazi regime had already set up several concentration camps in annexed territory. The purpose of this camp was mainly to intern the resistance considered dangerous for the regime. From a chronological point of view, the camp integrated in May 1941 its first prisoners. They were condemned to carry out inhumane work until the evacuation of the camp on September 2, 1944. The Natzweiler-Struthof camp was associated with a granite quarry where we can still find concrete foundations of old buildings as well as three galleries excavated with explosives. The digitization work aims to archive, analyze and understand the organization and operation to result in a 3D reconstruction of the site. In 2018, the Struthof site began a major restoration project. For the first time in this camp, an archaeological diagnosis was then made with the aim of understanding the still existing facilities and assuming the presence of other elements now destroyed. To deepen the knowledge on this camp, the Regional Administration of Cultural Affairs authorized in 2020 to carry out prospecting accompanied by a study of the built-up in an area still empty of research: the quarry. Currently, this part of the camp shows the remains of three buildings and three galleries. To know more about these elements and indirectly about the life of the camp and its prisoners, this study shows the approach adopted to prepare the 3D modeling of buildings and galleries.

During the Holocaust, the largest Sephardi community in the world located in Saloniki was almost completely destroyed. Despite their limited number in comparison with that of Ashkenazi Jews, the Salonikan Jews, initially deported to Auschwitz Birkenau and Bergen Belsen, went through all the hardest experiences and were sent to many camps in occupied Poland, and in Germany. This article explores, using archival documents and the testimonies, the geographical directions of their deportations. It also analyses historical coordinates and the Salonikan Jews’ characteristics which affected their destinations and the itinerary with which they were forced to cope.

Nadrzędnym celem artykułu jest analiza reportażowej książki Pawła Reszki Płuczki. Poszukiwacze żydowskiego złota opublikowanej w 2019 roku. Najważniejszym kontekstem badawczym są przemiany polskiej świadomości zbiorowej w XX wieku oraz antysemityzm jako jej istotna część składowa. W XXI wieku historia i pamięć o Zagładzie nadal pozostaje wyzwaniem zarówno dla badaczy, jak i zwykłych odbiorców.

Resumen Meditaciones sobre la metafísica en Dialéctica Negativa expone las categorías que Theodor W. Adorno propone para una nueva idea de filosofía, ética y educación, después de Auschwitz. Concretamente, presenta una nueva manera de estudiar y comprender las categorías de los diferentes sistemas de la razón que terminaron, según el frankfurtiano, con la experiencia de la barbarie en los campos de concentración nazi. Para Adorno, Auschwitz como evento histórico-social, marca el camino para revisar y proponer una nueva dirección hacia la comprensión de lo humano y cualquier proyecto racional. De este modo, lo humano, después de Auschwitz, imprime nuevas categorías, objetivos y metas a la filosofía, lo ético y educativo. En este sentido, educar para evitar la barbarie o contra Auschwitz, en la reflexión de Adorno, resignifica e integra nuevas categorías antes desechadas por el principio de identidad, según el modelo de racionalidad sustentada y fundamentada por la filosofía occidental. Por esta razón, esta reflexión identifica y nombra dichas categorías en la propuesta educativa de Adorno. Abstract Meditations on metaphysics in Negative Dialectics exposes the categories that Theodor W. Adorno proposes for a new idea of philosophy, ethics and education, after Auschwitz. Specifically, we present a new way of studying and understanding the categories of reason systems that ends, according to the Frankfurter, with the experience of barbarism in the Nazi concentration camps. For Adorno, Auschwitz as a historical-social event, marks the way to review and propose a new direction towards the understanding of the human and any rational project. In this way, the human, after Auschwitz, prints new categories, objectives and goals to philosophy, ethics and education. In this sense, educate to avoid barbarism or against Auschwitz, in Adorno's reflection, the resignification and integration of words in the principle of identity, according to the model of sustainable rationality and based on western philosophy. For this reason, this reflection identifies and names these categories in the educational proposal of Adorno.

The article offers a critical interpretation of the chosen online activity of right-wing journalists and Internet users that seem to sympathize with this political option. Selected Tweets and articles are understood as exemplifications of either intentional, unconscious or ignorance-caused manipulations of memory, its object being homosexual prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps. Placing selected Tweets in a broader social, political, as well as historical context, the author shows the discursive exclusion of this group of the Nazi’s “forgotten victims” in the Polish media sphere, (re)producing the negative only image of homosexual prisoners and the tendency to falsely identify camp homosexual violence with camp homosexuality as such.

This article is the story of Fella Feige Drut, who was born in Rovno, Ukraine in 1923 and who in 1939, at the age of 16, was arrested by the Gestapo in Würzburg, Germany because she was Jewish. She survived six years in various concentration camps and work camps, eventually ending up in the Theresienstadt ghetto. Here, she gave birth to a daughter. Her ordeal and that of her close family members are reconstructed using documents from the International Tracing Service’s (ITS) archive and from other sources. Unlike many of her co-religionists, whose family life ended during the Nazi years (1933-1945), Fella Feige Drut was able to live on. Her resolve manifested itself in her fight for compensation from the German government for herself and her daughter, despite the bureaucratic hurdles placed in her way, and her resolution to leave Germany and to build a new life in the USA.

This article deals with the Nazi concentration camps as a phenomenon of social life and social thought in Europe in the mid-second half of the twentieth century. Today, when the world is experiencing a crisis of political and social institutions, there is less and less hope that this realization will happen. It describes the prerequisites for the formation of the system of concentration camps in Nazi Germany, the forms of their functioning, and provides comparative data on the statistics of the number of camps. It is also pointed out the importance of understanding the processes of psychological destruction of a person in the camp.

The system of concentration camps of Nazism, despite the abundance of special literature on this topic, is a phenomenon that only today historical science begins to reveal to itself. The inner world of the prisoners in the camps, the mental, psychological and physical conditions in which the prisoners found themselves, was and remains a particularly difficult area for researchers. This is due to the fact that one of the most difficult problems faced by the researcher of the phenomenology of the Concentration world is directly the problem of understanding this phenomenon. Is it possible to understand this phenomenology, and if so, to what extent? The article attempts to answer this question based on the consideration of the various conditions of the prisoner in the camp.

A fé nua desponta como a forma do homo sacer no canteiro da fé. Apropriando-se dos delineamentos legados pela obra de Giorgio Agamben quanto à vida nua, este artigo procura discutir certos elementos que forjam os campos de concentração da religião na contemporaneidade, tomando-os a partir de uma nova e inusitada biopolítica disposta, sobretudo, no cenário evangélico brasileiro. Por meio de vivências, práticas e proferimentos de seus sujeitos de fé, busca-se refletir sobre alguns indícios e efeitos discursivos que sorrateiramente são operados pela fé nua. Conclui-se que os campos de extermínio estão se proliferando de modo ainda mais incisivo no evangelicalismo dos dias que correm, embora suas incursões sejam pouco perceptíveis. Eles não se processam mais por suas mais famigeradas formas de negatividade, moralidade, culpa, condenação, pecado etc, mas por desejo, prazer, positividade, individualidade, êxtase, sucesso e mercado. Palavras-chave: Fé nua. Homo sacer. Místico. Mercado.

The Ukrainian humanitarian intellectuals became the object of the totalitarian regime repressions at the end of 1920–1930s. Ordinary social conditions of cultural life centers changed drastically. Even harsher conditions waited for the repressed humanitarian intellectuals — the conditions of Stalin’s GULAG prisons, concentration camps, and an exile. The survival strategies at GULAG’s extreme conditions had many differences and yet had common features. The subject matter of this article is an daily routine of the Ukrainian humanitarian intellectuals in 1930s. The objective of this research is to reflect upon the everyday life of well-known Ukrainian scientists, professorshumanitarians Stephan Taranushenko, Vasyl Dubriovskyi, Dmytro Gordieiev, and Vsevolod Zummer, who at different times were connected to Kyiv and its scientific environment. They met at BAMLAG (Urulha, Svobodniy) — where they were constructing the Baukal-Amur highway and two ways of Transsyb. Social transformations in the concentration camp had a sweeping character. But the Ukrainian humanitarians worked hard, under the psychological and ideological pressure, to the extent possible were doing art as well. The humanitarians of those days were forced to show their loyalty to the totalitarian regime. The sources for this paper are not only Vasyl Dubrovskyi’s memorials of concentration camp but also the documents and memoirs of Ivan Chystyakov, who at that time was a commander of BAMLAG security division. It was reflected how the prisoners were forced to a more productive work. The camp administration used food and the early release conditions to achieve that. The conclusion was the next — the Ukrainian professors managed to survive and left BAMLAG before the date due.

O presente artigo objetiva analisar a recente acusação feita por ONGs e veículos midiáticos ocidentais de que há “campos de concentração” para muçulmanos da etnia uigur na região autônoma de Xinjiang fazendo uma revisão seletiva dos conteúdos dessa afirmação. Para realizar tal tarefa, será adotada a teoria das Guerras Híbridas, que compreende que agitações midiáticas desse tipo são provocadas por atores internacionais conectados com os Estados Unidos para desestabilizar rivais geopolíticos. Nesse sentido, a narrativa chinesa acerca da realidade da região autônoma também é trazida à tona, exposta por porta-vozes do governo da República Popular da China e por veículos midiáticos que apresentam um cenário diferente ao público. Desconstruindo as referidas acusações, as abordagens adotadas trazem na conclusão outra perspectiva acerca da região de Xinjiang.

In both Germany and Italy before WWI, populations labelled as Gypsies found themselves in a “state of exception” which aimed at their elimination from the nation-state by targeting them with policies emanating from the executive. Both states adhered to the liberal idea of equality before the law, but used the flexibility provided by executive authority to pressure Gypsies to leave the state. After WWI, both Germany and Italy were forced to retain “Gypsies” inside the state as a result of changing geopolitical circumstances. However, in fascist Italy before WWII, executive authorities continued to operate in a “state of exception” and ceased adhering to the rule of law, interning Gypsies in concentration camps and seeking to eliminate them through forced assimilation. In Weimar Germany, legislative policies sought to eliminate Gypsies through bringing them inside of the law. The contradiction between increasingly racialized notion of Gypsy inassimilability and forced assimilation’s inevitable failures certainly laid the groundwork for extreme measures in both places during WWII.

In this paper I will discuss how the colonialist strategies and the debates that followed were processed. Since the end of the 19th century, Africa has undergone a series of interventionist policies, resulting in an era of catastrophe. The reactions were framed between three solutions: submission, alliance and confrontation. We must note that resistance from the standpoint of politics, economics, and religion must be reconsidered. To this effect, I brought the examples of Kimpa Vita and Queen Jinga, in the pre-colonial period, to help us understand the phenomenon of long-term resistance. I will describe Menelik II's resistance against the Italian initiative in Ethiopia and occupation of Namibia by the German forces, characterized as the first great experience of concentration camps and extermination. I will conclude with the resistance in Mocâmedes, place of confrontation between the Portuguese and natives led by the sobas. Keywords: Africa. Colonization. Resistance.

Objective: Period of elderly age preordains the occurrence of many health issues. People deported during World War II to concentration camps suffered from malnutrition, lack of sleep, physical and mental exhaustion. Recently, the health condition of Holocaust survivors is often complicated as a result of physical punishments and different torture methods as well as mental hardships which they had suffered during deportation. The consequences often have psychosomatic nature thus the survivors are often receivers of health care. The topic of bibliography review is based on the need to objectivize and systematically evaluate subjective health issues of Holocaust survivors in connection with trauma related to the stay in a concentration camp. The aim is to offer a review of effects of the Holocaust on health of different body systems for survivors in concentration camps and Jewish ghettos in the course of World War II. Methods: To map the subjective problems of Holocaust survivors, evidence-based medicine (EBM) method has been used with the help of scientific database PubMed, CINAHL Plus with full text, ProQuest and other sources with specific key words and Boole operators. Prognostic type of clinical/review questions has been selected for the bibliography review, which is trying to predict the probability of relation or output of illness/ condition and based on diseases or symptoms seriousness to find out expectancy for treatment/improvement of care. Results: 175 studies have been found in basic search with the use of key words both in English and in Czech language. The search has not been time-limited. The advanced search has focused on different body systems and health damage due to Nazi experiments. Fourteen studies have been used to complete the study. The research results have confirmed the significant effect of Holocaust trauma on body condition of the survivors. The reasons of this condition were insufficient nutrition, unsuitable and harmful hygienic, living and working conditions and brutality of the guards. According to the research, these factors have impacted all organ systems, mainly locomotion and cardiovascular ones. The results have shown a more frequent occurrence of osteoporosis, fractures of long bones and corresponding chronical pain of people of Jewish origin who had gone through different forms of torture during World War II. Other present symptoms include gastrointestinal problems, tumors mainly in the area of colorectum and lungs. Moreover, the stay in concentration camps had influence on women’s menstrual cycle. Conclusion: The studies of Holocaust effects are an example of the influence of an extreme mental and physical burden on the body condition of the survivors’ health. The results of the studies have shown a wide range of the effects also in mental and social areas. Cíl: Stáří předurčuje výskyt mnoha zdravotních problémů. Lidé deportovaní během druhé světové války do koncentračních táborů trpěli podvýživou, nedostatkem spánku, fyzickým a psychickým vyčerpáním. Zdravotní stav lidí, kteří přežili holocaust, je v poslední době často komplikovaný v důsledku fyzických trestů a různých metod mučení i duševních potíží, které utrpěli během deportace. Důsledky mají často psychosomatickou povahu, takže přeživší jsou často příjemci zdravotní péče. Téma literární rešerše je založeno na potřebě objektivizovat a systematicky hodnotit subjektivní zdravotní problémy přeživších holocaustu v souvislosti s traumatem souvisejícím s pobytem v koncentračním táboře. Cílem je nabídnout přehled účinků holocaustu na zdraví různých tělesných systémů pro přeživší v koncentraci tábory a židovská ghetta v průběhu druhé světové války. Metody: K mapování subjektivních problémů obětí holocaustu byla použita metoda medicíny založené na důkazech (EBM) pomocí vědecká databáze PubMed, CINAHL Plus s plným textem, ProQuest a další zdroje se specifickými klíčovými slovy a Booleovskými operátory. Prognostický typ rešeršní otázky, která se snaží předpovědět pravděpodobnost vztahu nebo výskytu nemoci, bylo vybráno několik klinických / recenzních otázek / stavu a na základě nemocí nebo příznaků závažnosti zjistit očekávanou dobu léčby / zlepšení péče. Výsledky: Bylo nalezeno 175 studií v základním vyhledávání s použitím klíčových slov v angličtině i v českém jazyce. Hledání nebylo časově omezeno. Pokročilé vyhledávání se zaměřilo na různé systémy těla a poškození zdraví v důsledku nacistických experimentů. Čtrnáct studií bylo použito k dokončení studie. Výsledky výzkumu potvrdily významný vlivu traumatu holocaustu na fyzické zdraví přeživších. Důvodem tohoto stavu byla nedostatečná výživa, nevhodné a škodlivé hygienické, životní a pracovní podmínky a brutalita dozorců. Podle výzkumu tyto faktory ovlivnily všechny orgánové systémy, zejména pohybový a kardiovaskulární. Výsledky prokázaly častější výskyt osteoporózy, zlomenin dlouhých kostí a odpovídající chronické bolesti lidí židovského původu, kteří během druhé světové války prošel různými formami mučení. Mezi další obtíže patří gastrointestinální potíže, nádory hlavně v oblasti kolorekta a plic. Pobyt v koncentračních táborech měl navíc vliv na menstruační cyklus žen. Závěr: Studie účinků holocaustu jsou příkladem vlivu extrémní psychické a fyzické zátěže na stav tělesného zdraví pozůstalých. Výsledky studií ukázaly širokou škálu účinků i v mentální a sociální oblasti.

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as fotografias dos campos de concentração e sobre as possibilidades de re-utilização dessas imagens em novos contextos que possibilitem restituir seu valor histórico e informativo. A representação visual do que ocorria nos campos de concentração é majoritariamente composta de fotografias que foram tiradas quando os soldados aliados invadiram os campos e libertaram os poucos prisioneiros que sobreviveram às atrocidades que ali ocorreram. Passados mais de setenta anos, de tão divulgadas em sites de diversos assuntos e redes sociais e arquivadas sem critérios de descrição corretos, percebe-se o problema da descontextualização, dos equívocos e do apagamento de importantes informações de muitas dessas fotos.

This article builds bridges of reflection between the philosophy of Giorgio Agamben and the literature of Boris Pahor. The starting point is the change in the relationship between zoe and bios in modern times. The goal is to develop the metaphor of the city as a concentration camp and of life exposed to death. In this way, it will be possible to understand modern depoliticization and the loss of freedom. In the end, there are testimonies of hope against impotence and new forms of social control. As a methodological approach, a bibliographic review was chosen based on the classics of political philosophy. In this sense, the text has the following structure: in the first part, it exposes the perspective of the Greeks on the ontological categories of the public and the private. Then, in a second moment, it demonstrates the changes established in modernity between politics and nature. This line of argument brings together the reflections made by the Italian philosopher and the Slovenian writer, as both unveil the 20th century catastrophes in concentration camps. Boris Pahor is a survivor, but he is in agreement with the texts of Agamben, about difficulties to witness, to say or unspeakable. The extermination policy establishes the loss of human dignity, but also the weight of these memories. Keywords: Politics. Modernity. Agamben. Pahor.

Este artículo revisa el proceso histórico de la ‘Conquista del desierto’ y la existencia de campos de concentración para indígenas en Argentina a través de una lectura de hermenéutica filosófica. El objetivo del artículo es interpretar el periodo y el uso de campos como instancias que configuraron la diferenciación del pueblo mapuche como sujeto racializado en la sociedad argentina. Los resultados de la exposición muestran que la marginación del cuerpo mapuche ocurre por el registro de excepciones y que aquella es disputada por sujetos mapuche. This paper reviews the historical process of the ‘Conquest of the Desert’ and the existence of concentration camps for indigenous people in Argentina. The research is conducted through philosophical hermeneutics. The objective of the paper is to read the period and the use concentration camps as instances that shaped the differentiation of the Mapuche people as a racialized subject in Argentine society. The results of the argumentation show that marginalization of the Mapuche body occurs through the registration of exceptions, which is disputed by Mapuche subjects.

The article analyzes the sanitary and hygienic conditions of living and medical care at Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz — a branch of the Stutthof central camp. The sub-camp in Police was created with a view to supplying cheap labour to a synthetic gasoline fac-tory, which was a strategic plant of the German war economy. The health condition of prisoners in concentration camps always remained bad, but the health problems of the prisoners in Police resulted not only from terrible sanitary, hygienic, and living conditions, but also from the difficult working conditions in the factory. So far, the issues of interest to us have not found wider interest among researchers who focused on the so-called “Camps”, apart from the so-called small — affiliate camps. The following research questions were asked: How did medical care function in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz? What were the sanitary, living and hygienic conditions in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussen-lager Pölitz? In preparing this article the author used research methods characteristic for historical sciences, such as external and internal evaluation of sources; the dogmatic method, which seeks casual connections of a more complex nature than simple time-related connections, and comparative research. The analysis was based on archival materials of the Institute of National Remembrance, es-pecially the Archives of the Branch Office of the Commission For the Prosecution of Crimes Against The Polish Nation of the Institute of National Remembrance in Szczecin (primarily testimony re-ports and witness accounts, factual documentation), memories and literature of the subject (Polish, German, and English). Based on the source material and subject literature it was proved that: 1) The way the sub-camp in Pölitz operated depended on the requirements of the German arms industry. It was created to provide cheap labor for a synthetic fuel factory (Chemische Werke Hydropetroleum Industrie Gesellschaft), a strategic plant for the German war industry. 2) Prisoners of concentration camps were never in good health, but health problems of prisoners in Pölitz were caused not only by poor sanitation, hygiene, and living conditions, but also by harsh working conditions in the factory. 3) The health conditions developed by prisoners from the KL Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz could be divided into 4 groups: a) illnesses related to the living conditions in the camp, typical for most concentration camps, b) illnesses resulting from hunger and total exhaustion, c) injuries caused by beating, and d) illnesses resulting from workplace contamination. The operation of the Pölitz camp could be divided into two periods: one when the camp (at that time “the summer camp”) was still under construction, and the other — its actual operation — when the winter camp was established with extended camp infrastructure. However, regardless of the time, prisoners always suffered from hunger, exhausting work beyond their capabilities and various illnesses.

The article discusses Lucyna Sadzikowska’s book entitled Listy z lagrów i więzień 1939–1945. Wybrane zagadnienia (Letters from the Concentration Camps and Prisons 1939–1945. Selected Issues. Katowice 2019). According to the author of the article, the published letters of the inmates kept in concentration and labour camps remain inte­resting descriptions of the camp reality that redirect the reader towards literature of the personal document. The purpose of Sadzikowska’s book is to describe and codify the prison and camp letter with regard to its theoretical and practical aspects. She analyses and elaborates on official and unofficial camp and prison correspondence (e.g. secret messages, letters smuggled in or out of camps and prisons), and presents a peculiar supplement to this epistolography, that is, the literary letters of Gustaw Morcinek. The reviewed work not only presents the author’s commitment to elaborate on camp and prison epistolography written in the period between 1939 and 1945, but also points out the inspiring potential of personal documents.

The history of dentistry during the Third Reich is still a neglected chapter in medical history; especially with a view to the concentration camps. Beyond the theft of dental gold, we actually know very little about the number of camp dentists or even about their activities and how these changed in particular in the final phase of the war. By using as a case study the biography of Willi Schatz, 2nd SS dentist at Auschwitz from January 1944 till autumn 1944, this paper examines the tasks of SS camp dentists in Auschwitz. It points out to what extent the scope of action of the camp dentists changed under the impression of extraordinary events, and clarifies that using the example of the Ungarn Aktion, in which more than 300 000 deportees were immediately murdered. It illustrates that such situational dynamics were an essential driving force for the expansion of dentals tasks. Despite the fact that Schatz was acquitted during the Frankfurt Auschwitz trial (1963–5) for lack of evidence, we show that dentists were not only part of the selection personnel but also high profiteers of the accelerated extermination actions. It can be demonstrated that participation in the selection process – originally reserved for physicians – offered SS dentists access to further SS networks. The study is based on primary sources supplemented with relevant secondary literature, and combines a biographical with a praxeological approach.

After the October coup of 1917, under the slogan "from prison to educational institutions" appeared correctional labor colonies. The first agricultural correctional labour colonies were founded in Ukraine in 1920. In 1929, by decrees of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the concentration camps were renamed into correctional labour camps, which were widely used throughout the Soviet Union for the purpose of colonizing deserted areas, uninhabited or sparsely populated areas, remote and unfavourable land, i.e. these institutions actually took over the functions of the colonies. Since the mid-1930s, the official name of another institution for serving deprivation of liberty, prison, has been restored. Soviet correctional labour camps, correctional labour colonies and prisons until the mid-50s operated on the same principles, were part of the unified gulag system. In 1956, a political decision was made to reorganize the correctional labour camps into correctional labour colonies. Since 1961, Ukraine's correctional labour colonies have been general, reinforced, strict and special regimes and prisons, which did not differ fundamentally in their qualitative characteristics, spatial and organizational structure or in the attitude of the staff to the inmates from their predecessors in correctional labour camps. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, correctional labour colonies in Ukraine were renamed into the twenty-sixth and twentieth penal colonies, and former prisons were named penal institutions. Despite the change in the name, the correctional labour colonies in Ukraine are the rudiments of the Soviet correctional labour institutions, where there is still a priory of forced labour, where there is a division into residential and industrial zones, where inmates are accommodated collectively in dormitories, where, owing to the impossibility of privacy in individual living quarters, there is a real threat to security, where the regime is an embodiment of punishment rather than a presupposition of assistance, care and guardianship, as in the past. Since there is no need to colonize remote areas in Ukraine, the time has come to give up centuries of imprisonment in penal colonies and create modern European-style prisons to serve their sentences. У статті здійснено докорінний перегляд концепції функціонального призначення виправних колоній та аргументовано пропозиції запровадження замість покарання у виді позбавлення волі тюремного ув’язнення з відбуванням його у в’язницях.

How could the Holocaust happen – and why did the surrounding world not react? During the first decades after World War II, in Sweden as in many other countries, a common answer was “we did not know...

Summary. The purpose of the article is to reveal the biography of the repressed Ukrainian teacher Fedir Vyshyvany based on the materials of the archival-criminal case. The methodology of the research is based on biographical and prosopographic approaches, the principles of historicism, systematicity and scientific method. The authors used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic, documentary heuristics) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the biography of Fedir Homovych Vyshyvanyi (1890–1951) was systematically and comprehensively disclosed on the basis of unknown and little-known archival documents. Conclusions. The life path of Fedir Vyshyvanyi can be divided into several stages: 1) 1890–1914 – childhood and adolescence, education at Lviv Academic Gymnasium and Lviv University; 2) 1914–1920 – pedagogical and military activity in the years of the World War I and subsequent military conflicts, participation in the formations of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army; 3) 1920–1931 – scientific-pedagogical and organizational work in the system of pedagogical education of Soviet Ukraine; 4) 1931–1934 – stay in Soviet concentration camps on charges of counter-revolutionary activity; 5) 1934–1946 – the bifurcation period associated with the attempt to settle in the territory of the North Caucasus region of Russia, the collaborative work under Nazi occupation in the local government, the return to the small homeland in the village of Lishchyn in Drohobych district, an attempt to adapt to the conditions of the new Soviet reality through renewal in teaching; 6) 1946–1951 – repression by the MGB authorities and imprisonment in Stalin camps. Certainly, F. Vyshyvanyi was a talented teacher, professional teacher, promising scientist. Unfortunately, he fell victim to the Soviet repressive and punitive system, like many thousands of representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia.

Following the 1940 evacuation of the British Channel Island of Alderney, a network of Nazi labour and concentration camps was built on the island to house foreign labourers. Despite investigations led by the British Government immediately after the conclusion of the Second World War, knowledge of the history and architecture of these camps remained limited. This article reports on archaeological investigations, which, for the first time, have mapped the Sylt labour and concentration camp using non-invasive methods and 3D-reconstruction techniques. The results provide the opportunity, alongside historical research, to examine the relationships between architecture, the landscape setting and the experiences of those housed at Sylt camp.

Статья поступила в редакцию 16.05.2022 г. Данная статья является частью серии сопоставительных исследований путеводителей по мемориалам разных концлагерей Германии, изданных в ГДР и в современной Германии. В статье обоснована необходимость рассматривать путеводитель по мемориалу концлагеря как самостоятельную разновидность жанра, вводится новая группа путеводителей «путеводители по местам травматической памяти», путеводители по немецким концлагерям рассматриваются в ее рамках как одна из типологически однородных разновидностей этой большой группы, выделены три группы функций путеводителя по мемориалу концлагеря как травматического места (неуместные, необходимые и возможные). This article forms part of series of comparative studies dealing with tourist guidebooks to the memorials of various former concentration camps in Germany published years ago during the GDR era and today. The authors substantiate the need to consider the former concentration camp memorial guidebook as an independent kind of genre identifying both functions for the memorial guidebook and inappropriate functions and underlying the need to expand the usual genre functionality of the guidebook. A new group of tourist guidebooks has been introduced. These are guidebooks of so-called places of traumatic memory as the former Nazi concentration camps can be considered. These guidebooks form homogeneous group among a vast variety of tourist guidebooks.

The paper discusses the fate of the discipline of geography in Poland under Nazi occupation during World War II. The war interrupted the development of geographical research and education initiated in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s. Schools, universities, research centres and libraries were shut down by the new German ‘administrator’. The geographical community was one of the groups of intellectuals that the Nazis targeted with many destructive measures to prevent a possible revival of an independent Polish state and to prevent uprisings against the German occupiers. Despite the dangers, Polish geographers developed underground teaching programmes and continued to undertake research. This paper details the structure and functioning of the underground geography teaching and research programme in Nazi-occupied Poland, including a focus on the research and teaching carried out in POW camps and concentration camps.

This article approaches the translation of concentration camp testimony through the optic of secondary witnessing in order to consider how translation, as an act of listening, might impact the preservation and transmission of the survivors’ account. A case study on the initial translation and retranslation of David Rousset’s L’Univers concentrationnaire in English will serve as the basis for exploring how the translators have attended to the survivor’s representation of the camps. It will also scrutinize paratextual material and translation reviews as a means of retracing some of the socio-cultural conditions of production of the two target texts, paying particular attention to how Rousset has been understood and received. Cet article aborde la traduction des témoignages relatifs aux camps de concentration par l'intermédiaire du témoin secondaire afin d'observer comment la traduction, en tant qu'acte d'écoute, peut avoir un impact sur la préservation et la transmission du récit des survivants. Une étude de cas sur la traduction initiale et la retraduction en anglais de l'ouvrage de David Rousset, L’Univers concentrationnaire, servira de base pour observer comment les traducteurs ont appréhendé la représentation des camps du rescapé. Elle va également scruter les éléments de paratexte et les révisions de la traduction en vue de retracer certaines conditions de production socio-culturelles des deux textes cibles, en accordant une attention particulière à la façon dont David Rousset a été compris et reçu.

The existential psychiatrist Viktor Frankl (1905–1997) lived an extraordinary life. He witnessed and experienced acts of anti-Semitism, persecution, brutality, physical abuse, malnutrition, and emotional humiliation. Ironically, through these experiences, the loss of dignity and the loss of the lives of his wife, parents and brother, his philosophy of human nature, namely, that the search for meaning is the drive behind human behaviour, was moulded. Frankl formulated the basis of his existential approach to psychological practice before World War II (WWII). However, his experiences in the concentration camps confirmed his view that it is through a search for meaning and purpose in life that individuals can endure hardship and suffering. In a sense, Frank’s theory was tested in a dramatic way by the tragedies of his life. Following WWII, Frankl shaped modern psychological thinking by lecturing at more than 200 universities, authoring 40 books published in 50 languages and receiving 29 honorary doctorates. His ideas and experiences related to the search for meaning influenced theorists, practitioners, researchers, and lay people around the world. This study focuses specifically on the period between 1942 and 1945. The aim is to explore Frankl’s search for meaning within an unpredictable, life-threatening, and chaotic context through the lens of his concept of noö-dynamics.

Paul Zimmet has been one of the leading figures, globally, in transforming the understanding and threat of diabetes from a Cinderella disease to a major plank of most governments’ health policies. His science, particularly a series of epidemiological studies, has been at the forefront of the campaign, but it is fueled by his genuine passion to improve the life of people with diabetes. After more than 50 years of working in the diabetes field, he continues to actively push the boundaries of our understanding of the condition. Paul Zimmet The Zimmet family has medicine running through its veins, but it was not always the somewhat privileged life of the professional classes. Paul Zimmet’s father, Jacob, was born in Tarnopol, Poland, and graduated in medicine from the University of Vienna in 1935. However, with rising anti-Semitism, the only position available to him was an unpaid one at the Tarnopol Hospital. Jacob realized there was no future in Poland, and in 1938, he, along with his wife and first child, Rena, fled Poland and fortunately was able to obtain passage to Australia. Of all the family that remained behind, only one survived the Nazi concentration camps. Australia was far from the horrors of the Holocaust, but life was still not easy, as Jacob had to requalify in medicine, which he achieved at the University of Adelaide in 1942. Paul was born in 1941 and grew up in his father’s country medical practice in Whyalla, a small town nearly 400 km from the city of Adelaide. From such small beginnings, a dynasty of medicine began, as Paul, two of his siblings Rena and Leon, Paul’s two sons Hendrik and Marcel, and Paul’s nephew Adam entered the profession, and between them have specialized in diabetes, cardiology, pediatrics, and cardiac surgery. Paul graduated from the …

We have been interested in the figure of the Muselmann for a long time. While ubiquitous in survivor testimonies, these concentration camp prisoners – routinely described as being between life and ...

The studies of repressions of the Stalin’s regime gained attention of society for 60 years, starting from the proclamation of Khrushchev's secret report on Stalin's cult during XXth Congress of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The real scale of crimes committed by a totalitarian state under absolute secrecy has become definitive in the second campaign of de-Stalinization committed by Mr. Gorbachev during the years of perestroika. However, the real conditions for a comprehensive study of the repressions were created only in the independent Ukraine, which provide ability to reveal a complete picture of the physical and moral losses of the Ukrainian people, which was in the epicenter of the Stalin’s repressions. Intelligentsia, peasantry, workers and clergy were repressed in Mykolaiv region. Not only Ukrainians experienced repression, but also the Russians, Germans, Jews, Poles and all the others who lived in the region. The peasants were accused of membership in Kulak organizations, priests were blamed for propaganda, intelligentsia and the workers were incriminated in committing sabotage acts, and representatives of national minorities were indicted for participating in counter-revolutionary nationalist organizations. The pressure on the scientific intelligentsia has increased from the side of officials and state, taking on the form of mass arrests and murders. Severe sentences were applied. The regime's repressive-terrorist policy had a clear focus and plan. The hard legacy of this age is the mass repression of the Stalin’s regime and its leaders in the territory of Ukraine, in particular in the South. Investigation of repressions enriches the historical science with new original and factual material, reasonably expose the criminal activity of J. Stalin himself, of his environment and of the repressive and punitive machine, he created. In the years of the development of the Ukrainian state, the process of reconsideration of Ukrainian history is extremely important. Only in the light of the past, including those dramatic events that have brought repression, Ukrainian society can step further into the future. Therefore, the study of Stalin's repressions is one of the most relevant and mysterious topics of historical science. Key words: Stalin's repressions, Mykolaiv region, Odesa region, intelligentsia, concentration camps, totalitarian regime.

No século XX, com a Primeira e Segunda Guerras Mundiais, viu-se o surgimento de um novo homem. Trata-se de um homem não mais dotado de forças heroicas capazes de resistir à violência dos novos tempos, mas de um homem fragilizado, vulnerável e debilitado. Esse sentimento de impotência tomou conta principalmente daqueles que foram vítimas dos regimes autoritários e totalitários. No contexto internacional, particularmente, após a Segunda Guerra, muitos judeus, devido à dizimação por que passaram e à violência que sofreram, saíram da Europa em busca de uma vida menos indigna em outros países do mundo. O judeu brasileiro Joseph Nichthauser é um exemplo de sobrevivente da Shoah nazista. Vítima da fome, das perdas irreparáveis, das doenças e dos trabalhos forçados, viu na escrita um meio para encontrar e atribuir um sentido para sua vida. Em 1972, publica Quero viver... memórias de um ex-morto, e, em 2003, lança A morte de um carrasco. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a violência e a opressão exercidas sobre os corpos dos judeus nos campos de concentração, a animalização a que eram submetidos, a desautorização de suas crenças religiosas e o próprio processo de imigração por que passaram, tendo como base o segundo livro publicado pelo autor. A reflexão sobre esses itens é importante porque permite a construção de uma nova ética, um novo ponto de vista para se pensar a humanidade, as relações humanas e as minorias. Para o embasamento desta proposta, buscou-se respaldo em autores como Elaine Scarry e Walter Benjamin.

The publication describes the activity of Polish theater during the Second World War. It is an attempt to look at theater from the perspective of the tasks and values it presented in this particularly difficult period. The article describes the functioning of open and underground theaters and theaters operating in concentration camps. The above-mentioned activities cannot be reduced to one formula or a specific species. In these conditions, the artistic level and innovation of many performances amaze. Paradoxically, this most dramatic theater achieved its greatest autonomy during the occupation. It has become a useful tool for restoring human dignity and art.

During World War II Polish theatre people took an active part in the fight with both Germany and the Soviet Union. Several of them fought with a weapon inhand as officers and soldiers of Polish armies in the September 1939 campaign, later as combatants of the Home Army (AK), and also within Polish armed forces fighting abroad. Many more fought with a weapon of the word. While boycotting German sponsored stages in the General Government, they created the whole network of small underground theatre groups. Two major centers of this activity were Warsaw, where the Clandestine Theatre Council (Bohdan Korzeniewski, Leon Schiller, Edmund Wiercinski and others) organized and sponsored underground theatre productions and acting studios, and Krakow with The Rhapsodic Theatre (led by Mieczyslaw Kotlarczyk), The Independent Theatre (led by Tadeusz Kantor), and a circle of artists and apprentices gathered around Juliusz Osterwa, who frequently gave one-man shows. Productions were also prepared in German oflags and concentration camps. The great actor Stefan Jaracz performed for fellow inmates in Auschwitz, Zofia Rysiowna in Ravensbruck, and Roman Niewiarowicz in Dachau. Such productions were recorded also in Soviet camps (gulag system). Soldier theatres were organized at the Gen. Anders Second Corp, then also at the Polish forces underSoviet command. Losses of Polish theatre due to the war were staggering. In terms of material losses, The National Theatre in Warsaw was bombed by the Lufwaffe on September 19, 1939, and eventually Poland lost about 70% of theatre buildings standing in August 1939, plus their libraries, sets and costumes magazines, etc. In terms of human losses, about 300 theatre professionals died (out of about 2000 in 1939). Some were killed in military actions, some murdered in either German or Soviet camps. The losses in the spiritual domain were uncountable. Theatre artistswere deprived of the possibility to perform, thus executing their profession and vocation. Theatre spectators were left without their artistic nourishment. The struggles, sacrifices, and deeds of the war-time Polish theatre had a profound influence on the history of Polish theatre of the second half of the 20th century. They were not only an important element of the nation’s war-effort, but—indirectly— contributed to the restoration of Poland’s freedom at the end of the 20th century.

Numerous bloody wars and conflicts have been fought throughout world history, but World War II was the most devastating and generally produced the greatest losses in human, material, infrastructural, cultural and state resources. Undoubtedly the biggest culprit for this, almost catastrophic scenario, was Adolf Hitler. He, together with his associates, started a conflict that will pay millions, people with their lives, misery, misfortune and concentration camps. This semi-educated failed painter, non-worker, mediocrity and fanatical admirer of Germanic mythology and Wagner in the 1930s. century from idlers and bohemians turned into the most mentioned person in recent history. Because of his fantasies and illusions about racial superiority, he pushed Germany into a catastrophe from which it recovered decades after the end of the war, and turned the swastika - an old Hindu symbol that personifies the Sun and fertility, ie life - into the most hated thing in human history. In its systematic approach to killing millions of men, women and children, carried out by a civilized nation, that rule was one of the most horrific in history. How could an entire nation allow itself to be ruled in such a way? How could it happen that no one knows what is happening in front of their own door? Did Germany be inhabited by millions of little Hitler - men, women who each in their own way nurtured the same hatred as their Führer? A heated debate on this has been going on for a long time and will certainly continue in the future. Adolf Hitler tried to impose his vision of the world based on racial inequality. His reign is one of the darkest periods in world history.

How can researchers use available gazetteer data to determine and assess the locations of former Nazi concentration camps and their subcamps? Often these places are known only by the names of the towns, villages, or areas of cities where the subcamps were (possibly) located. In this paper, we consider the challenges of using digital gazetteer data to help identify the actual locations of the camps. We assess the accuracy of the locations we can establish, comparing these to the locations of the subcamps available from the Buchenwald Memorial Foundation. Researchers can exploit gazetteer location data using GIS or online mapping tools. Using publicly available GIS methods and various geo-statistical techniques, we compare place names associated with concentration camp subcamps with historical and contemporary digital gazetteer information. The results suggest that gazetteer data can help to map larger areas, but are often ill-suited for precise identification of sites of remembrance. This lack of certainty points to the need for further information and to the complexities of reliably establishing locations using geographic information from geomedia.

During the Second World War over two hundred and fifty German doctors conducted medical experiments on human beings. Jurists and scholars have pondered ever since how doctors educated to heal could harm and even kill. Robert Jay Lifton has argued that psychological “doubling” could explain their crimes: their Faustian bargain with Nazism outweighed their Hippocratic Oath. Here the author argues, however, that Lifton’s theory does not apply to these Nazi doctors because there is no indication that they recognized ethical constraints against human experimentation. To explain how “healers became killers,” the author focuses on the broader historical aspects of their behavior.