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A simple ultrasonic energy assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) supported carbon nanofiber composite (CNF) and its potential application in electrochemical sensing of antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NFT) is reported. The elemental composition and surface morphology of the β-CD/CNF composite was validated through Field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The uniform enfolding of hydrophilic β-CD over CNF enhance the aqueous dispersion and offer abundant active surface to the β-CD/CNF composite. Further, the electrocatalytic efficacy of the β-CD/CNF composite is utilized to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for the high sensitive quantitative detection of NFT. Under optimized analytical conditions, the sensor displays a broad working range of 0.004-308 µM and calculated detection limit of 1.8 nM, respectively. In addition, the sensor showcased a good selectivity, storage, and working stability, with amiable reproducibility. The point-of-care applicability of the sensor was demonstrated with NFT spiked human blood serum and urine sample with reliable analytical performance. The simple, cost-effective NFT sensor based on β-CD/CNF offered outstanding analytical performance in real-world samples with higher reliability., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Novel molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the recognition of nitrofurantoin (NFT) were prepared by photoinitiated polymerisation in polar solvent using 2,6-bis(methacrylamido) pyridine (BMP) as the functional monomer and carboxyphenyl aminohydantoin (CPAH) as the analogue of the template. The binding constants of the complex between BMP and nitrofurantoin or CPAH in DMSO were determined with 1H NMR titration to be 630+/-104 and 830+/-146 M(-1), respectively. To study the influence of the functional monomer, two polymer compositions were prepared containing the template, the functional monomer and the crosslinker in the molar ratio 1:1:12 for MIP1 and 1:4:20 for MIP2, respectively. The imprinting factor at saturation concentration of nitrofurantoin, which is the ratio of the amount bound to the MIP and the non-imprinted control polymer (NIP), was determined to be 2.47 for MIP1 and 2.49 for MIP2. The cross reactivity of the imprinted polymers seems to be determined by the ability to form hydrogen bonds to the functional monomer while the shape of the molecule has no real influence.

1. After the intravenous administration of nitrofurantoin sodium to dogs at nitrofurantoin doses of 1.5-24.0 mg/kg, a substantial amount of nitrofurantoin is excreted in bile. The bile to blood drug ratios were about 200. A marked hydrocholeretic effect which correlated directly with the amount of nitrofurantoin administered was also observed.2. The excretion of nitrofurantoin in bile and the hydrocholeretic effect were linear with the dose of drug over the range 1.5-12.0 mg/kg. Maximum increases in hepatic bile flows were usually from 5-10 ml/0.5 h, while average control bile flow was 1.6 ml +/- S.D. 0.6/0.5 hours. The lowest dose at which the hydrocholeretic effect was still detectable was 0.09 mg/kg.3. Apparent saturation of the biliary excretion system for nitrofurantoin and the hydrocholeretic mechanism occurred after a dose of 24.0 mg/kg. Saturation of the urinary system for nitrofurantoin excretion was noted after a dose of 6.0 mg/kg.4. Biliary nitrofurantoin recoveries ranged from 16.5% +/- S.D. 4.2 to 22.6% +/- S.D. 4.7 for the 6 h period after doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg. Urinary nitrofurantoin recoveries for the same interval ranged from 24.1% +/- S.D. 6.6 to 36.2% +/- S.D. 8.3.5. In comparison to values obtained in normal dogs, only about one-tenth of the drug excretion in bile and about one-fifth of the hydrocholeretic effect were obtained after intravenous drug administration to dogs with hepatic impairment induced by CCl(4).