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Many factors contribute to the accuracy of delivered dose to patients in external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Although some of these factors can be checked by implementing suitable quality control procedures, the main aim was to assess the radiotherapy treatment filed on portal film using image processing technique in order to increase the accuracy of treatment delivery to the tumor by measuring the actual F/S, dose uniformity and penumbra size using portal film. This research is conducted at radiation therapy department, Khartoum Oncology Center (RICK), Khartoum state, Sudan, from July-2014 up to December-2014. The field size of each type of radiotherapy Co60 is measured as (9.4 × 9.4) cm and (9.1 × 9.1) cm, for linear accelerator machines it was 10 × 10 cm exactly as the reference field size, and there is no area reduced in linacs. The penumbra size for the two types of Co60 machine was measured also and it was 1.2 cm and 1.0 cm, and penumbra size of the linear accelerator machines was found to be 4 mm. The area of the field that received radiation by 100% was measured and it was 94.1% and 91.1% in Co60 and 100% for linear accelerator machine and that means linacs deliver the 100% of the dose to the useful field size. The dose percentage in the field for Co60 was 98.0% and 94.1% and thus the dose in the border of field 83.1% and 89.0% and it’s different in linacs because the dose percentage in the field was 78.4% and 78.4% and there is no measurable dose outside its field. Penumbra Co60 machines are relatively large which increase radiation dose to normal tissue and reduce the TCP, so calculation and accuracy of such calculation are necessary to the patient in term of NTCP.

Computed tomography (CT) is a key imaging technique in diagnostic radiology, providing highly sensitive and specific information. While its use has increased dramatically in recent years, the quantity and associated risks of radiation from CT scans present major challenges, particularly in paediatrics. The fundamental principles of radiation protection require that radiation quantities be as low as reasonably achievable and CT use must be justified, particularly for paediatric patients. CT radiation knowledge is a key factor in optimising and minimising radiation risk. The objective of this study was to analyse knowledge level, expertise, and competency regarding CT radiation dose and its hazards in paediatrics among radiologists in Saudi Arabian hospitals. A self-reported, multiple-choice questionnaire assessed the attitudes and opinions of radiologists involved in imaging studies using ionising radiation. Among the total respondents, 65% &plusmn, 13.5% had a good comprehension of the dangers of carcinogenicity to the patient resulting from CT scans, with 80% presuming that cancer risks were elevated. However, only 48.5%, 56.5%, and 65% of the respondents were aware of specific radiation risks in head, chest, and abdominal paediatric examinations, respectively. Regular, frequent, and specific training courses are suggested to improve the fundamental knowledge of CT radiation among radiologists and other physicians.

Introduction: Radiographic examinations has necessary role in the identification of spine injuries and pathologies. There are many hazards associated with the radiation exposure which included the acute (radiation injury) and chronic exposure effects (cancer). Aim: To measure the entrance skin dose of spine vertebra (cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral) in AP and Lateral Views. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted with a sample of 250 adults and 100 paediatrics patients. The imaging apparatus, which was used in this study was Siemens with pipe Filtration 2.0-3.0 mm of AL/70 KVp. The parameters of patients collected were patients’ characteristics and exposure factors. The dose was measured using Entrance Skin Dose (ESD) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) formula and compared nationally and internationally. Results: The measured exposure parameters were 78.1±5.7 and 19.9±7.8 for the machine kVp and mAs, respectively. The measured ESD dose for cervical, thoracic, Lumbosacral (AP and LAT.) and sacral (AP) for adult population were 0.11±0.06 mGy and 0.15±0.07 mGy, (0.86±0.06 and 0.91±0.09 mGy, 0.88±0.07 and 0.92±0.09 mGy and 0.25±0.04 mGy, respectively. Similarly, measured ESD dose for cervical, thoracic, Lumbosacral (AP and LAT.) and sacral (AP) for paediatrics population were 0.09±0.01 mGy and 0.12±0.07 mGy, 0.32±0.03 mGy and 0.42±0.06 mGy, 0.38±0.06 and 0.74±0.08 mGy and 0.09±0.01, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the study were within the range of permissible dose of the spine vertebrae dose (4.0-30.0 mGy). More studies are recommended to study radiation dose of the spine vertebrae with large patients’ data and more than one modalities to compare.

Introduction: Characterisation of mammographs deliberates as influential approaches in cataloguing of breast tissues and tumour. In breast, unravelling of nearby tissues in the mammographs is one of the tough processing procedures. The existence of speckle noise in these mammographs boundaries makes the pathology analysis more difficult. Aim: To characterise breast cancer lesions using different image processing algorithms in order to improve the mammographs and increase their diagnostic value. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study aims to locate structures and lesions in breast images. The algorithms use the noise speckles deletion, augmentation and subdivision of the breast tissue and the background in mammographs. More precisely, it aims to ascribe a label to pixels within the mammographs that have the same graphic characteristics. The segmented images were associated with the binary image mask to the original mammograph. The Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) were studied in images database. Both percentage match between ground truth and segmentation results were calculated. Results: Percentage match measure of watershed algorithm was 96.60 (p