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Dynamic kinetic data collected over commercial V2O5-WO3/TiO2 and Fe-zeolite catalysts analyzing the standard NH3-SCR of NO for the abatement of NOx from vehicle exhausts showed transient effects at low temperatures related to the inhibiting action of excess ammonia. In order to describe such transient effects, a specific rate expression accounting for NH3 inhibition of the standard SCR reaction is needed in mathematical models of real SCR converters. We present herein a dual-site Mars-Ven Krevelen-type rate equation suitable to describe dynamic features associated with ammonia injection and shut-off over both V-based and Fe-zeolite catalysts. Les données cinétiques dynamiques recueillies sur des catalyseurs V2O5-WO3/TiO2 et Fe-zéolite commerciaux en analysant le RCS-NH3 standard du NO pour la réduction des NOx des gaz d’échappement de véhicules ont montré des effets transitoires à basse température, liés à l’action inhibitrice d’ammoniac en excès. Afin de décrire de tels effets transitoires, une expression de la vitesse spécifique prenant en compte l’inhibition par NH3 de la réaction de RCS standard est nécessaire pour des modèles mathématiques de convertisseurs par RCS réels. Nous présentons ici une équation de vitesse de type Mars-Van Krevelen à double site pour décrire les caractéristiques dynamiques associées à l’injection et à l’arrêt de l’ammoniac sur des catalyseurs à la fois à base de V et Fe-zéolite.

The agricultural industry is critical in supplying food and fiber demands, but there is a demand-supply imbalance due to decreased land availability. Hydroponic techniques can be utilized to alleviate agricultural land loss by using water as a growing medium. Farmers must constantly examine plant condition and harvesting schedules. The pH of the water and nutrients are important indications for hydroponic farmers to monitor. Therefore, the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) allows farmers to conduct real-time monitoring more easily and regularly. IoT is defined as a system that allows integrated hardware to communicate with the internet network. The IoT device is built by attaching a NodeMCU 8266 microcontroller to an adapter, which provides electrical voltage while also regulating a water pump that delivers nutrients and water to plants. The acquired data is then transmitted to the blynk program, allowing real-time monitoring of the results via a smartphone. The present research system's usefulness and performance are improved by including pH and TDS sensors. The average accuracy of pH monitoring utilizing a pH sensor and a manual pH meter was 92.09%. Meanwhile, the average accuracy of nutrient monitoring utilizing TDS sensors and a TDS meter was 73.19%.

The COVID-19 pandemic that is currently happening in Indonesia has had a major impact in all fields, one of which is education. In this pandemic period, education in Indonesia must be carried out online, which results in the inhibition of direct interaction between teachers and students. Therefore, the Ministry of Education and Culture organizes a Teaching Campus program, which is part of the Independent Learning Campus (MBKM) policy. This Teaching Campus Program aims to provide solutions for elementary schools affected by the pandemic by empowering students who live around the school area to assist teachers in carrying out learning activities in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the study show that the implementation of the Class 2 Teaching Campus at Public Elementatry School 04 of Purwosari includes the following: First, teaching is carried out by home visits, through online media, and face-to-face (after limited PTM verification). Second, technology adaptation by helping teachers prepare materials sent via WhatsApp media, and third, assisting administration in the form of allocating textbooks in libraries and collecting student data.

This paper discusses trends, challenges, and perspectives in logistics system of Indonesia during and post (new normal) of Covid-19 pandemic. PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restriction) caused a number of supply chains to be cut and made railroad transportation activities decreased. On the other hand, WFH (Work From Home) caused sector of e-Commerce to grow during the pandemic. Challenges in logistics system of Indonesia during the pandemic are changes in distribution patterns, changes in handling processes, changes in facilities and equipment, changes in business processes, and changes in networks. Adaptations in logistics system during the pandemic are using ICT (information and communication technology) such as TMS (Transportation Management System) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and considering health. WMS (Warehouse Management System) still has a great opportunity to be utilized. The adaptations raise a new discipline in Industrial Engineering, namely logistics hygienic. The use of various ICTs in logistics system together with implementation of health protocols are expected to be a solution for logistics system in Indonesia, especially for the new normal of Covid-19 pandemic.

Pantai Trisik merupakan area lahan basah yang terletak di bagian selatan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Kawasan Pantai Trisik berperan penting bagi kehidupan burung pantai. Tujuan penelitian yaitu menganalisis komunitas dan guild pakan komunitas burung di kawasan Pantai Trisik. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Oktober 2018 – Januari 2019 dengan teknik point count. Komunitas burung pantai di kawasan Pantai Trisik terdiri dari 22 jenis yang terbagi menjadi burung pantai migran dan residen. Tipe guild komunitas burung pantai di kawasan ini terbagi menjadi tiga kelompok guild pakan yaitu mollucivore, insectivore dan omnivore. Berdasarkan cara mendapatkan makanan, tipe guild mollucivore dikembangkan menjadi tiga tipe subguild. Tipe guild insectivore terdiri dari satu tipe guild. Tipe guild omnivore dikembangkan menjadi sepuluh tipe. Tipe guild yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah tipe guild omnivore sebanyak 17 jenis (77%). Kata kunci: komunitas burung, guild, burung pantai, kekayaan jenis

Introduction. This research aims to determine the utilization of social media, especially Facebook in academic libraries. It explores the impact of Facebook content to user activity with the level of user engagement. This research is considered signifincat due to the fact that social media has not been used optimally by the libraries. Data collection methods. This research used a qualitative approach method with interviews by considering user engagement parameters in 4 categories: (1) Literature Exhibits (2) Engaging topic (3) Community Building (4) Library showcasing. This study also used data histories and Facebook content. Using 5 state academic libraries, the data was gatheres by grouping the data of the user engagement with the followers’ response including activities of like, comment, shares from each account. Analysis Data. This research was analysed by using a content analysis. Results and discusions. Most libarires post the category of Library Showcasing, while most users respond to the category Enganging Topics. Facebook has effects of increasing user engagement . It is found that there is a mismatch between postings from admin staff and the follower responses. Conclusions. Social media function in library is considered as an effective channel of communication, promotion, marketing as well as to improve user engagement. The decicion making related to library services by utilizing social media has not been conducted.

The optimal use of libraries is through user education, because through this program users get a series of knowledge about information sources. One way to find out the success of a program is to do an assessment. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of user education that has been implemented in the Library of the Faculty of Engineering UGM. CIPP Model (Context, Input, Process & Product) used for evalution with a qualitative approach. Research subjects were members of the UGM Faculty of Engineering who had attended user education programs and library management team. Data collection is done with documentation, interviews, and observations. The results showed (1) the Context evaluation was good, there was a match between the program with the vision and mission of the institution, (2) Evaluation of inputs was good, supporting facilities and facilities were adequate, (3) Process evaluation was sufficient, the implementation schedule needed to be improved, ( 4) Evaluation of the product is good, there is a certificate as a sign of following the activity by achieving the competency that has been set. The factors that support the implementation of the program are competency of human resources, communication, adequate facilities and infrastructure, and good cooperation with stakeholders. The factors that hinder the program are the schedule of activities that are not yet routine, those responsible for the program cannot be delegated to other people, there is no analysis of student needs, and there is no written policy on this program. The recommendation of this research is that it is necessary to improve several inhibiting factors so that the implementation of user education activities can run smoothly in accordance with the stated goals.

This study aims to identify the existence of fraud that appears in the practice of budget preparation. It is a case study conducted in Blue Zone Regional Device by using participant observation method. The informants were the financial managers. The results showed that fraud on budgeting involves all parties ranging from planners, PPTKs, executive staff, and exchequer. Besides that, fraud on budgeting occurs in the form of commitments (fees), separation of funds for non-budgetary activities (pressure), the use of legal gaps that are less effective supervision system (opportunity) and assume reasonable what is done and all the Regional Tools do their jobs (rationalization)

Abstract: In this paper the reactivity of NO x stored at 350°C onto Pt–Ba/Al2O3 LNT catalyst in the reduction by H2, CO and CO/H2O mixture is investigated by means of transient experiments and complementary FT-IR analyses. Hydrogen is found to be the best reductant, being characterized by the highest NO x removal efficiency in the range 150–350°C. It is proposed that the reduction by hydrogen proceeds according to a dual-steps mechanism in which NO x are first reduced to ammonia, which in turn further reacts with other nitrate species leading selectively to N2. Conversely, when CO is used as reducing agent under dry conditions only a part of the initially stored NO x is removed as N2, the other fraction being reduced to adsorbed cyanates/isocyanates species. It is proposed that the cyanate/isocyanate ad-species lead to the formation of nitrogen by oxidation involving other nitrate species; this reaction is self-poisoned by CO. In the presence of water, CO reduced nitrates into cyanates/isocyanates ad-species that were readily hydrolyzed to ammonia; this species is hence precursor in N2 formation upon reaction with residual nitrate species. Alternatively, stored nitrates are reduced by H2 formed via the water gas shift (WGS) reaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A series of Pt–Ba/Al2O3 NOx storage-reduction (NSR) catalysts having different Ba loadings (in the range 0–30%, w/w) have been prepared, characterized and tested in the NOx adsorption-reduction under realistic operating conditions. Accordingly, the role of the Ba loading on the storage of NOx and on their subsequent reduction has been addressed.The results indicated that the presence of Ba negatively affects both the catalyst morphological properties and the Pt dispersion in the samples with Ba loading higher than 10%, while a strong increase of the NOx adsorption capacity is observed. This effect has been associated to the involvement in the NOx storage process of Pt–Ba neighboring species. The analysis of the storage phase also showed that the highest the Ba content, the lowest the NO2 concentration at catalyst saturation: this effect has been related to the decrease in the Pt content of the catalyst following Ba addition to the samples and/or to a possible masking of Pt sites when the Ba coverage approaches and exceeds the monolayer capacity of the support.Concerning the reduction phase, the data pointed out that for all the investigated catalysts the stored NOx species are readily reduced upon H2 admission: nevertheless, the reduction process resulted very complex and it can lead to nitrogen and/or ammonia depending on the formulation and properties of the catalysts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work aims to investigate the possibility to apply open-cell foams as catalytic substrates in SCR systems for Diesel engines, as a replacement of traditional honeycombs. In the literature, many studies compare the performance of foams and honeycombs as catalytic substrates, showing, in general, a better mass transfer behavior in foams, compensated on the other hand by a higher pressure drop. In this work, we consider the low-pressure injection of Ad-Blue and we evaluate the performance of the open-cell foam in enhancing the mixing and the evaporation of the spray. A Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD model has been adopted to simulate the spray evolution and its interaction with the microstructure of the open-cell foam. The model has been applied to evaluate the spray evaporation and the uniformity of the ammonia distribution in different sections of the substrate. Different operating conditions were tested comparing substrates with different geometrical properties. The results of this preliminary analysis can be regarded as promising, showing the capability of the foam to enhance the mixing of the spray and to achieve a uniform distribution of the ammonia over all the catalyst substrate.

Abstract: The storage-reduction of NO x over Pt–Ba/Al2O3 samples is analyzed in this work. It is pointed out that the storage of NO in the presence of excess oxygen proceeds through two parallel routes: (i) the “nitrate route” where NO is oxidized to NO2 on Pt sites followed by NO2 disproportionation on Ba sites to form nitrates with evolution of gaseous NO; (ii) the “nitrite route”, where NO is oxidized on Pt sites and directly stored on Ba neighbouring sites in the form of nitrites that are then oxidized to nitrates. The latter route possibly dominates at high Ba loadings. Concerning the reduction of the stored NO x , the bulk of data indicates that the process under isothermal conditions is not initiated by the release of NO x in the gas phase but occurs through a Pt-catalysed reduction of adsorbed NO x species. This route requires the co-presence of Pt and Ba on the same support. It is speculated that H2 is activated on Pt sites and spills on the alumina support towards nitrate ad-species where it operates the reduction, although alternative explanations are possible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The storage of NO2 and NO/O2 in the presence and in the absence of CO2 was investigated at 350°C on Pt-Ba/Al2O3 LNT catalysts and on the reference Ba/Al2O3 system, by coupling in situ FT-IR spectroscopy and transient response method (TRM). Experiments were performed by admitting NO2/CO2 or NO/O2/CO2 mixture (CO2/NO x ratios in the range 1–7) or, in alternative, by admitting NO2 or NO/O2 on catalysts previously saturated by flowing CO2. In the case of NO2/CO2 adsorption, it was found that NO2 was efficiently stored as nitrate species according to a disproportion reaction, which occurs with evolution of NO, as in the absence of CO2. In the case of NO/O2/CO2 adsorption it was confirmed that two pathways operated simultaneously as in the absence of CO2: the “nitrite route”, involving the initial formation of surface nitrite and their subsequent evolution to nitrates, and the “nitrate route”, involving NO oxidation to NO2 over Pt and its subsequent adsorption on Ba in the form of nitrates. The presence of CO2 inhibits to some extent the “nitrite route”, whereas the “nitrate route” proceeds as in the absence of CO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Radiofrequency energy is a common treatment modality for chronic pain. While there are different forms of radiofrequency-based therapeutics, the common concept is the generation of an electromagnetic field in the applied area, that can result in neuromodulation (pulsed radiofrequency-PRF) or ablation. Our specific focus relates to PRF due to the possibility of modulation that is in accordance with the mechanisms of action of orthobiologics. The proposed mechanism of action of PRF pertaining to pain relief relies on a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration, a general effect on the immune system, and a reduction in the formation of free radical molecules. The primary known properties of orthobiologics constitute the release of growth factors, a stimulus for endogenous repair, analgesia, and improvement of the function of the injured area. In this review, we described the mechanism of action of both treatments and pertinent scientific references to the use of the combination of PRF and orthobiologics. Our hypothesis is a synergic effect with the combination of both techniques which could benefit patients and improve the life quality.

Cu 2+ ions (ZCu 2+ (OH) - , Z 2 Cu 2+ ) are regarded as the NH 3 -SCR (SCR=selective catalytic reduction) active site precursors of Cu-exchanged chabazite (CHA) which is among the best available catalysts for the abatement of NO x from Diesel engines. During SCR operation, copper sites undergo reduction (Reduction half-cycle, RHC: Cu 2+ →Cu + ) and oxidation (Oxidaton half-cycle, OHC: Cu + →Cu 2+ ) semi cycles, whose associated mechanisms are still debated. We recently proposed CO oxidation to CO 2 as an effective method to probe the formation of multinuclear Cu 2+ species as the initial low-T RHC step. NH 3 pre-adsorption determined a net positive effect on the CO 2 production: by solvating ZCu 2+ (OH) - ions, ammonia enhances their mobility, favoring their coupling to form binuclear complexes which can catalyze the reaction. In this work, dry CO oxidation experiments, preceded by modulated NH 3 feed phases, clearly showed that CO 2 production enhancements are correlated with the extent of Cu 2+ ion solvation by NH 3 . Analogies with the SCR-RHC phase are evidenced: the NH 3 -Cu 2+ presence ensures the characteristic dynamics associated with a second order kinetic dependence on the oxidized Cu 2+ fraction. These findings provide novel information on the NH 3 role in the low-T SCR redox mechanism and on the nature of the related active catalyst sites., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The knowledge of the essential role of platelets in tissue healing is gradually increasing and as regenerative medicine prompts new solutions, platelet-derived bioproducts have been proposed as a potential tool in this field. In orthopaedics and sports medicine, the use of PRP has been rapidly increasing in popularity as patients seek novel non-surgical approaches to acute and chronic musculoskeletal conditions. The concept of having platelets as a secretory organ other than a mere sponge-like coagulation component opens up new frontiers for the use of the platelet secretome. Platelet lysate is a solution saturated by growth factors, proteins, cytokines, and chemokines involved in crucial healing processes and is administered to treat different diseases such as alopecia, oral mucositis, radicular pain, osteoarthritis, and cartilage and tendon disorders. For this purpose, the abundant presence of growth factors and chemokines stored in platelet granules can be naturally released by different strategies, mostly through lyophilization, thrombin activation or ultrasound baths (ultrasonication). As a result, human platelet lysate can be produced and applied as a pure orthobiologic. This review outlines the current knowledge about human platelet lysate as a powerful adjuvant in the orthobiological use for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, without however failing to raise some of its most applicable basic science., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2021 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights reserved.)

Metabolic syndrome (MS) has become one of the top major health burdens for over three decades not only due to its effects on cardiovascular health but also its implications in orthopedics. Extensive research has shown that MS is tightly linked to osteoarthritis and inflammation, a process which appears to primarily occur in the subchondral bone via the incidence of bone-marrow lesions (BMLs). Numerous studies identify obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension as the top metabolic risk factors, the so-called "deadly quartet". These factors are responsible for the disruptive physiological processes that culminate in detrimental alterations within the subchondral bone, cartilage damage and, overall, the predominant pro-inflammatory joint microenvironment. Although it has long been thought that osteoarthritis was limited to the cartilage component of the joint, other studies indicate that the disease may originate from the harmful alterations that occur primarily in the subchondral bone, especially via means of vascular pathology. Since metabolic risk factors are manageable to a certain extent, it is therefore possible to decelerate the progression of OA and mitigate its devastating effects on the subchondral bone and subsequent articular cartilage damage., Methods: Literature was reviewed using PubMed and Google Scholar in order to find a correlation between metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritic progression. The investigation included a combination of nomenclature such as: "metabolic syndrome", "obesity", "insulin resistance", "hypertension", "dyslipidemia", "low-grade systemic inflammation", "osteoarthritis", "subchondral bone", "cartilage" and "inflammatory biomarkers"., Conclusion: Based on several studies, there seems to be a significant association between The Deadly Quartet (metabolic syndrome), dysregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers, and osteoarthritic progression arising from unbridled systemic inflammation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2020 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights reserved.)

Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the major health burdens and a leading source of disability worldwide, affecting both juvenile and elderly populations either as a consequence of ageing or extrinsic factors such as physical injuries. This condition often involves a group of locomotor structures such as the bones, joints and muscles and may therefore cause significant economic and emotional impact. Some pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been considered as potential solutions, however, these alternatives have provided quite limited efficacy due to the short-term effect on pain management and inability to restore damaged tissue. The emergence of novel therapeutic alternatives such as the application of orthobiologics, particularly bone marrow aspirate (BMA) clot, have bestowed medical experts with considerable optimism as evidenced by the significant results found in numerous studies addressed in this manuscript. Although other products have been proposed for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, the peculiar interest in BMA, fibrin clot and associated fibrinolytic mechanisms continues to expand. BMA is a rich source of various cellular and molecular components which have demonstrated positive effects on tissue regeneration in many in vitro and in vivo models of musculoskeletal injuries. In addition to being able to undergo self-renewal and differentiation, the hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells present in this orthobiologic elicit key immunomodulatory and paracrine roles in inflammatory responses in tissue injury and drive the coagulation cascade towards tissue repair via different mechanisms. Although promising, these complex regenerative mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2020 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights reserved.)

It is currently understood that osteoarthritis (OA) is a major chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disease. While this disease has long been attributed to biomechanical trauma, recent evidence establishes a significant correlation between osteoarthritic progression and unbridled oxidative stress, responsible for prolonged inflammation. Research describes this as a disturbance in the balanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses, generating macromolecular damage and disrupted redox signaling and control. Since ROS pathways are being considered new targets for OA treatment, the development of antioxidant therapy to counteract exacerbated oxidative stress is being continuously researched and enhanced in order to fortify the cellular defenses. Experiments with glutathione and its precursor molecule, N -acetylcysteine (NAC), have shown interesting results in the literature for the management of OA, where they have demonstrated efficacy in reducing cartilage degradation and inflammation markers as well as significant improvements in pain and functional outcomes. Glutathione remains a safe, effective and overall cheap treatment alternative in comparison to other current therapeutic solutions and, for these reasons, it may prove to be comparably superior under particular circumstances., Methods: Literature was reviewed using PubMed and Google Scholar in order to bring up significant evidence and illustrate the defensive mechanisms of antioxidant compounds against oxidative damage in the onset of musculoskeletal diseases. The investigation included a combination of keywords such as: oxidative stress, oxidative damage, inflammation, osteoarthritis, antioxidant, glutathione, n-acetylcysteine, redox, and cell signaling., Conclusion: Based on the numerous studies included in this literature review, glutathione and its precursor N -acetylcysteine have demonstrated significant protective effects in events of prolonged, exacerbated oxidative stress as seen in chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoarthritis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2020 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights reserved.)

Cancer cell lines allow the identification of clinically relevant alterations and the prediction of drug response. However, sequencing data for hepatobiliary cancer cell lines in general, and particularly gallbladder cancer (GBC), are sparse. Here, we apply RNA sequencing to characterize 10 GBC, eight hepatocellular carcinoma, and five cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines. RNA extraction, quality control, library preparation, sequencing, and pre-processing of sequencing data were implemented using state-of-the-art techniques. Public data from the MSK-IMPACT database and a large cohort of Japanese biliary tract cancer patients were used to illustrate the usage of the released data. The total number of exonic mutations varied from 7207 for the cell line NOZ to 9760 for HuCCT1. Researchers planning experiments that require TP53 mutations could use the cell lines NOZ, OCUG-1, SNU308, or YoMi. Mz-Cha-1 showed mutations in ATM, SNU308 presented SMAD4 mutations, and the only investigated cell line that showed ARID1A mutations was GB-d1. SNU478 was the cell line with the global gene expression pattern most similar to GBC, intrahepatic CCA, and extrahepatic CCA. EGFR, KMT2D, and KMT2C generally presented a higher expression in the investigated cell lines than in Japanese primary GBC tumors. We provide the scientific community with detailed mutation and gene expression data, together with three showcase applications, with the aim of facilitating the design of future in vitro cell culture assays for research on hepatobiliary cancer.

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a popular non-invasive therapeutic modality in the medical field for the treatment of numerous musculoskeletal disorders. This technique first emerged around the 1980s as extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy and has been studied since then for its application towards orthopedics and traumatology. ESWT works by the emission of acoustic waves (shockwaves) that carry energy and can propagate through tissues. Shockwaves can generate interstitial and extracellular responses, producing many beneficial effects such as: pain relief, vascularization, protein biosynthesis, cell proliferation, neuro and chondroprotection, and destruction of calcium deposits in musculoskeletal structures. The combination of these effects can lead to tissue regeneration and significant alleviation of pain, improving functional outcomes in injured tissue. Considering these facts, ESWT shows great potential as a useful regenerative medicine technique for the treatment of numerous musculoskeletal injuries., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2020 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights reserved.)

The mechanism of action of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) is thought to be related to the biomolecules present in α-granules. However, for the healing process to occur, an inflammatory phase is also deemed necessary. Leukocytes present in the inflammatory phase release both pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules. The latter may play an important role in the process of "inflammatory regeneration". Thus, we propose that in the context of healing, both platelets and leukocytes play an important role, specifically due to the macrophage's plasticity to switch from the M1 to M2 fraction. Therefore, we propose that PRP products derived from the buffy coat may be more beneficial than detrimental from a standpoint of the regenerative potential of PRP., (© 2019 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights reserved.)

Knee osteoarthritis is a major painful and debilitating orthopaedic disease affecting a large number of adult individuals on a global scale. Over the years, this severe condition has been widely studied and while many alternatives have been utilized, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) remains one of the most popular solutions among researchers and clinicians alike. While there are different formulations and techniques involved in the preparation of PRP, produced either manually or via the use of commercial kits, the presence of leukocytes in a PRP mixture is a factor that raises concern due to their well-known pro-inflammatory activity. Although it is reasonable to worry about this, it should be taken into consideration that in order for the healing process to occur, the inflammatory phase is necessary. Leukocytes present in the inflammatory phase release both pro and anti-inflammatory molecules and, when combined with activated platelets, their potential increases. Additionally, due to the macrophage's plasticity to switch from the subtype 1 to subtype 2, it is suggested that the inclusion of the components from the buffy coat layer in a PRP mixture, classifying it as leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma or L-PRP, may provide benefits instead of detriments, from a standpoint of the regenerative potential of PRP., (© 2019 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights reserved.)