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Abstract Human ocular toxocariasis (OT), caused by pet roundworm Toxocara canis (Nematoda Ascaridoidea), is a worldwide ocular parasitic infection that poses a severe threat to eyesight, especially in school-aged children. However, the infection process and pathological mechanism of Toxocara are difficult to study in the human body. This study was designed to explore long-term ocular manifestations in different rodents infected with Toxocara canis, uncovering the specific pathological mechanism and migration pathway of larvae after infection. The three types of experimental animals we selected were C57BL/6 mice, Mongolian gerbils and Brown Norway rats. Mice were randomly divided into five groups and infected orally with 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs; gerbils were randomly divided into four groups and infected orally with 1000, 2000, 4000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs; rats were randomly divided into three groups and infected orally with 2000, 6000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs. Their ocular changes were closely observed and recorded for at least 2 months. We also enucleated the eyeballs of some animals to perform pathological sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining. After 3 dpi (days post-infection), hemorrhagic lesions, mechanical injury of the retina and larval migration could be observed in some infected animals. The ocular infection and mortality rates tended to be stable at 7 dpi. Larval tissue, structure disorder and inflammation could be observed in the pathological sections. In conclusion, the mice infected with 2000 T. canis eggs and gerbils infected with 1000, 2000 and 4000 T. canis eggs showing obvious ocular lesions and lower mortality rates could provide a basis for long-term observation. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background To present the clinical characteristics of neuroretinitis in Korea. Methods Twelve patients with neuroretinitis between January 2009 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Neuroretinitis was diagnosed based on fundus findings, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. The serological findings of each patient were reviewed. Results Fifteen eyes of 12 patients (9 male and 3 female), with a mean age of 46.0 ± 10.7 years were included. Of the nine patients who underwent serological testing for Toxocara antibodies, six (66.6%) were positive. One patient had high titers of Toxoplasma immunoglobulins M and G. One patient diagnosed with dengue fever was suspected to have neuroretinitis in both eyes. There were no related abnormalities in the serological findings in four patients (33.3%) out of 12 patients. There were no suspected cases of cat-scratch disease. The six patients who were positive for Toxocara antibodies were older (mean age: 54.5 ± 9.1 years) than the others (mean age: 37.5 ± 4.4 years, p = 0.004). The four patients without any abnormal serological findings were relatively younger (mean age: 35.7 ± 3.0 years) than the other 8 patients (mean age: 51.1 ± 10.1 years, p = 0.008). Conclusions Two-thirds of neuroretinitis patients were seropositive for Toxocara in the current cohort from Koreans. Causative factors in cases of neuroretinitis may vary according to age and region.

Human ocular toxocariasis (OT), caused by pet roundworm Toxocara canis (Nematoda Ascaridoidea), is a worldwide ocular parasitic infection that poses a severe threat to eyesight, especially in school-aged children. However, the infection process and pathological mechanism of Toxocara are difficult to study in the human body. This study was designed to explore long-term ocular manifestations in different rodents infected with Toxocara canis, uncovering the specific pathological mechanism and migration pathway of larvae after infection. The three types of experimental animals we selected were C57BL/6 mice, Mongolian gerbils and Brown Norway rats. Mice were randomly divided into five groups and infected orally with 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs; gerbils were randomly divided into four groups and infected orally with 1000, 2000, 4000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs; rats were randomly divided into three groups and infected orally with 2000, 6000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs. Their ocular changes were closely observed and recorded for at least 2 months. We also enucleated the eyeballs of some animals to perform pathological sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining. After 3 dpi (days post-infection), hemorrhagic lesions, mechanical injury of the retina and larval migration could be observed in some infected animals. The ocular infection and mortality rates tended to be stable at 7 dpi. Larval tissue, structure disorder and inflammation could be observed in the pathological sections. In conclusion, the mice infected with 2000 T. canis eggs and gerbils infected with 1000, 2000 and 4000 T. canis eggs showing obvious ocular lesions and lower mortality rates could provide a basis for long-term observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To present the clinical characteristics of neuroretinitis in Korea. Methods: Twelve patients with neuroretinitis between January 2009 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Neuroretinitis was diagnosed based on fundus findings, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. The serological findings of each patient were reviewed. Results: Fifteen eyes of 12 patients (9 male and 3 female), with a mean age of 46.0 ± 10.7 years were included. Of the nine patients who underwent serological testing for Toxocara antibodies, six (66.6%) were positive. One patient had high titers of Toxoplasma immunoglobulins M and G. One patient diagnosed with dengue fever was suspected to have neuroretinitis in both eyes. There were no related abnormalities in the serological findings in four patients (33.3%) out of 12 patients. There were no suspected cases of cat-scratch disease. The six patients who were positive for Toxocara antibodies were older (mean age: 54.5 ± 9.1 years) than the others (mean age: 37.5 ± 4.4 years, p = 0.004). The four patients without any abnormal serological findings were relatively younger (mean age: 35.7 ± 3.0 years) than the other 8 patients (mean age: 51.1 ± 10.1 years, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Two-thirds of neuroretinitis patients were seropositive for Toxocara in the current cohort from Koreans. Causative factors in cases of neuroretinitis may vary according to age and region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Typical clinical manifestations of ocular toxocariasis are central posterior granuloma, peripheral granuloma and chronic endophthalmitis. Herein we report the presence of peripheral subretinal cysts in two cases with a presumed ocular toxocariasis (OT).

Abstract Background Toxocara larva entity has seldom been reported on the surface of the retina. We report on an unusual case of recurrent vitreous opacity caused by intraocular Toxocara larva after vitrectomy. Case presentation A 34-year-old male was referred to our clinic with a 6-month history of decreased visual acuity in the right eye characterized as red, painless, and progressive. Optos fundus photograph showed optic disc elevation with granuloma, and proliferative membrane starting from the optic disc and running towards the superior temporal retina due to the movement of a Toxocara larva, which was covered by the proliferative membrane in the superior temporal retina. Since it adhered closely to the retina, the lesion in the superior temporal retina was not removed to avoid induction of an iatrogenic retinal break and the larva was not found during the first diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy. Intraocular Anti-Toxocara IgG was 45.53U (

Background: Toxocara larva entity has seldom been reported on the surface of the retina. We report on an unusual case of recurrent vitreous opacity caused by intraocular Toxocara larva after vitrectomy. Case presentation: A 34-year-old male was referred to our clinic with a 6-month history of decreased visual acuity in the right eye characterized as red, painless, and progressive. Optos fundus photograph showed optic disc elevation with granuloma, and proliferative membrane starting from the optic disc and running towards the superior temporal retina due to the movement of a Toxocara larva, which was covered by the proliferative membrane in the superior temporal retina. Since it adhered closely to the retina, the lesion in the superior temporal retina was not removed to avoid induction of an iatrogenic retinal break and the larva was not found during the first diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy. Intraocular Anti-Toxocara IgG was 45.53U (< 3, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)), and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient was 8.55, confirming the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis. After this operation, visual acuity improved to 20/200. However, vitreous opacity worsened again, and the proliferative membrane expanded around the Toxocara larva three weeks after the operation. Toxocara larva was found and removed in the superior temporal region during the second operation. His visual acuity improved to 20/100, vitreous opacity disappeared, and the retina was stable two months after the second operation. Conclusion: It is advisable to remove suspected Toxocara larva to prevent the reoccurrence of ocular toxocariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular toxocariasis(OT)is an ocular parasitic disease involving ocular tissue infection by the ascarid-omatidae nematode. OT is usually caused by toxocara canis or toxocara cati. Susceptible population are more likely to be affected by their own hygiene, the frequency of exposure to dogs and cats, and the consumption of food or water contaminated with toxocariasis larvae. Most cases have been reported worldwide in children, but cases in adults have also been reported in recent years, which may be due to the lack of systematic induction and summary of its diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In this paper, the four clinical manifestations of OT, advanced noninvasive diagnostic techniques, and laboratory immunological tests were sorted out and supplemented by reviewing domestic and international literature. Meanwhile, this paper introduced the treatment progress of OT in recent years, such as the combination of anthelmintic and hormone, and the application of intravitreal injection and vitreous surgery. It is expected that clinicians should pay more attention to this disease, improve the accuracy of early diagnosis of toxocariasis and protect patients' vision.

AIM: To investigate the clinical features of adult patients with ocular toxocariasis (OT) in north China and to diagnose adults OT patients in early stage. METHODS: Clinical data of 24 adults with OT were retrospectively analyzed. Slit lamp photographs and fundus photographs and other imaging examinations of all the patients were reviewed. A questionnaire concerning the pet ownership and place of residence was completed to investigate the possible infection origin. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed on the demographic data, clinical features, funduscopic findings and ELISA results. RESULTS: Among the 24 patients diagnosed with OT by Toxocara IgG antibody in intraocular fluid, 16 (66.7%) eyes were right eye. The onset age of 12 eyes (50.0%) was between 30 and 40 years old, and 21 (87.5%) eyes were of peripheral granuloma type. The most common sign was vitreous opacity. Granulomas were detected in all the eyes, and 20 (83.3%) patients resided in rural area. In 4 patients, the concentration of anti-Toxocara antibody both in anterior humor and in vitreous humor were detected, and the results showed the concentration in vitreous humor was much higher than aqueous humor. CONCLUSION: Our study analyzes the clinical manifestation of OT in adults, which may have been under-recognized before. Eye side, residence, and detection of granuloma may help us in diagnosis of OT in patients with monocular vitreous opacity. For adult patients with presumed OT, negative results of anti-Toxocara antibody in anterior humor cannot rule out the possibility of OT, further detection of vitreous humor is suggested for final diagnosis.

A healthy 57-year-old man present to outpatient ophthalmological services in southwestern Connecticut with a 16-month history of unilateral periorbital pain, photophobia, and progressively decreasing visual acuity in his left eye. Prior extensive work-up for uveitis in his home state of Mississippi had yielded no etiology for his symptoms, and empiric therapy with glucocorticoid eye drops had not halted their decline. Fundoscopic examination demonstrated total combined retinal detachment of the left eye. Extensive repeat serological and immunological screening was positive for Toxocara immunoglobulin-G, consistent with a diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis, and the patient completed a course of albendazole with stabilization of symptoms. Despite toxocara being endemic to the United States, diagnoses of ocular toxocariasis are extremely uncommon, with the majority of cases occurring in young children. This unusual case of ocular toxocariasis in a healthy adult serves to illustrate that significant, irreversible morbidity can result from lack of both clinician and public awareness of this parasitic infection.

Typical clinical manifestations of ocular toxocariasis are central posterior granuloma, peripheral granuloma and chronic endophthalmitis. Herein we report the presence of peripheral subretinal cysts in two cases with a presumed ocular toxocariasis (OT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis is one of the most common geohelminth infections in several parts of the world. We describe a rare case of ocular toxocariasis with secondary exudative retinal detachment treated with albendazole and an intravitreal dexamethasone implant. A 13-year-old boy with counting finger vision was diagnosed with retinal vasculitis and exudative retinal detachment in his right eye. Fundoscopic examination revealed retinal hemorrhage, retinal vasculitis, and exudative retinal detachment. Serological test using serum and intraocular aqueous humor were positive for anti-Toxocara specific IgG antibodies. He received repeated doses of intravitreal dexamethasone implants combined with oral albendazole. A sequential follow-up optical coherence tomography revealed that the retina was successfully reattached. His visual acuity subsequently improved to 20/400. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeOcular toxocariasis (OT) is a vision-threatening disease with a largely unknown intraocular pathogenesis. Herein, we determined the cytokine expression profile in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with OT.MethodsThis is a retrospective case-control study of cytokine levels in AH of patients with OT and uveitis and control subjects. Thirty samples from eyes with OT, 23 from eyes with non-OT uveitis, and 25 from eyes with age-related cataract were analyzed using a multiplexed magnetic bead immunoassay. Thirty-one cytokines were detected and classified into 5 categories: T-helper type 1 (Th1) -associated cytokines, Th2-associated cytokines, Th17 cytokine, proinflammatory mediators, and growth factors.ResultsIn the 31 cytokines, 9 cytokines were undetectable, including IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-3, IL-12p70, IL-17A, TGF-a, TNF-β, and IFN-g. From the 22 cytokines, 13 exhibited significantly increased expression in the OT group than in the control group, including TNF-a, IFN-a2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, sCD40L, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, FLT3l, and EGF. There were 5 cytokines exhibited significantly increased expression in the OT group than in non-OT group, including IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, and PDGF-AA. There was no significantly decreased expression in any cytokines in the OT group when compared with control or non-OT groups. To the 5 cytokines that showed significant difference in OT group alone, IL-10 and IL-13 exhibited more than 13-fold increase, and IL-5 showed the most obvious as 27-fold increase in OT patients, when compared with that in control group.ConclusionThe cytokine profile expression in aqueous humor from patients with ocular toxocariasis was investigated, and our findings suggest that Th1 and Th17 cytokine responses are not enhanced, whereas the cytokine status was polarized toward a Th2 response. Our findings also suggest the involvement of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 in the immunopathogenesis of ocular toxocariasis.

Ocular toxocariasis in humans is caused by infection with larvae of Toxocara species, which are common ascarid roundworms of mammals, kept in close proximity to human. Four cases with a history of contact with dogs and cats and blurred vision and visual impairment over periods of variable duration were examined. We screened patients diagnosed with ocular larva migrans syndrome between March and June 2021 at the Ophthalmology clinics affiliated with Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Detailed demographics, clinical characteristics, and fundus photography were recorded. Anti-Toxocara antibodies in the sera and vitreous fluid detected by ELIZA. Complete recovery in all four patients was achieved following treatment with oral albendazole. The diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis can be challenging, because both the condition is relatively uncommon and its presentation varies from patient to patient. There are lots of differential diagnoses like retinoblastoma, therefore correct, quick diagnosis, and treatment is very important.

IntroductionTo evaluate and compare the specificity of Toxocara canis-specific antibody detection in the serum and aqueous samples for the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis (OT) and explore the cytokine profiles associated with the condition in children.Materials and MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study. The inclusion criteria were the clinical presentations of OT, which included unilateral vision reduction, typical peripheral or posterior pole granuloma with variable degrees of vitritis, and exclusion of other diagnoses. The titer of antibody against the excretory-secretory antigen of Toxocara canis [T-immunoglobulin G (IgG)] was measured in serum and aqueous samples that were taken from the affected eyes. The diagnosis of OT was made upon positive detection of T-IgG either in the serum or aqueous. The rest with typical clinical presentations as described above but a positive serum or aqueous T-IgG could not be confirmed were diagnosed as suspected OT. Cytokines were measured using multiplexed cytometric bead array system.ResultsTwo hundred and eleven eyes of 211 patients had participated in the study. One hundred and twenty-eight eyes were diagnosed as OT. The median age of the cohort was 7.7 years with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. Major initial symptoms were decreased vision (74%) and strabismus (22%). The percentages of eyes with peripheral granuloma, posterior granuloma, and endophthalmitis were 40, 18, and 41%, respectively. Vitritis (100%), vitreous strands (64%), retinal fibrotic bands (57%), and retinal detachment (42%) were the most common signs. T-IgG was positive in 66.7% of the aqueous and 57.2% of the serum samples. Forty-four patients were diagnosed T-IgG negative in both serum and aqueous of the affected eyes. Interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-8, eosinophil chemotactic protein (Eotaxin), MCP-1β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were higher in T-IgG negative eyes when compared to controls and further increased in T-IgG positive eyes. However, only T-IgG positive eyes showed increased IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10. IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-12, IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-4 were undetectable in all eyes.ConclusionsPediatric OT is often present with severe retinal complications. Polarized intraocular Th2 response was only found in aqueous T-IgG positive eyes. Our results supported an aqueous sample-based antibody test for the more specific diagnosis of OT.

Ocular toxocariasis in humans is caused by infection with larvae of Toxocara species, which are common ascarid roundworms of mammals, kept in close proximity to human. Four cases with a history of contact with dogs and cats and blurred vision and visual impairment over periods of variable duration were examined. We screened patients diagnosed with ocular larva migrans syndrome between March and June 2021 at the Ophthalmology clinics affiliated with Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Detailed demographics, clinical characteristics, and fundus photography were recorded. Anti- Toxocara antibodies in the sera and vitreous fluid detected by ELIZA. Complete recovery in all four patients was achieved following treatment with oral albendazole. The diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis can be challenging, because both the condition is relatively uncommon and its presentation varies from patient to patient. There are lots of differential diagnoses like retinoblastoma, therefore correct, quick diagnosis, and treatment is very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report a case of acute endophthalmitis and hyphema mimicking pink hypopyon associated with ocular toxocariasis. Observations: An immunocompetent 56-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a sudden onset and a three-day history of decreased visual acuity in her left eye. There were no known inciting factors for her symptoms; however, she had a history of eating undercooked beef five days prior. On examination, the best-corrected visual acuity of her left eye was light perception and the intraocular pressure was 24 mmHg. Hyphema mimicking pink hypopyon and vitreous opacity suggestive of acute endophthalmitis were observed in her left eye. The patient underwent an emergency pars plana vitrectomy. The intraoperative findings included iridodialysis, severe vitritis, multiple whitish spots on the retina, white sheathed retinal vessels, and whitish peripheral granuloma. The aqueous humor tap and vitreous tap cultures were negative. Blood tests showed elevated eosinophil and total immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of her intraocular fluid showed positive anti-Toxocara canis IgG reactions; the patient was therefore diagnosed with ocular toxocariasis. Subsequent treatment with oral albendazole and prednisone resulted in significant improvement and recovery of visual acuity to 20/12.5. Conclusions and Importance: Acute endophthalmitis with hyphema mimicking pink hypopyon is a rare clinical presentation of ocular toxocariasis. The findings from this case highlight the importance of suspecting ocular toxocariasis if a patient presents with acute endophthalmitis and hyphema accompanied with peripheral granuloma. Early vitrectomy and subsequent treatment with oral albendazole and prednisone can be effective in visual recovery.

We aimed to present a unique case of a child with an optic disc granuloma with exudative retinal detachment as a manifestation of ocular toxocariasis. The response to systemic therapy was assessed using deep range imaging optical coherence tomography. This imaging technique was the most accurate for identification of retinal, macular and vitreous changes associated with this intraocular pathology.

Abstract Background Ocular toxocariasis is considered a parasitic disease of major socioeconomic importance. In spite of the high prevalence of human toxocariasis (up to 84%) among Egyptian patients, the incidence of ocular toxocariasis is underestimated. The recognition of this neglected disease would be the initial step to overcome it. Thus, this review gave updated information on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular toxocariasis. Results Ocular toxocariasis is an important cause of unilateral vision impairment mostly in children and always in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma. This disease exhibits various manifestations such as posterior pole granuloma, peripheral granuloma, or chronic endophthalmitis. Diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis can be carried out by the ophthalmic examination and immunodiagnostic methods to reveal the specific antibodies in serum and ocular fluids. In addition, molecular diagnosis, medical imaging techniques, and histopathologic observation of Toxocara larva in the surgically obtained specimens can be performed. Ocular toxocariasis can be treated either medically or surgically. Regarding medical treatment, the ophthalmologists prefer to use steroids and anthelminthic drugs; however, there are no standardized parameters for doses, duration, and route of administration. Conclusion Clinical suspicion plays a leading role in the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis, but always with other diagnostic methods. Accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment can minimize ocular morbidity.

We evaluated thirteen eyes of twelve patients diagnosed clinically and serologically with Toxocara optic neuropathy. Eleven patients had unilateral involvement and one patient had bilateral optic neuropathy. Eight patients (66.7%) had a possible infection source to Toxocara. Six patients (50%) had painless acute optic neuropathy. Ten eyes had asymmetric, sectorial optic disc edema with peripapillary infiltration and three eyes had diffuse optic disc edema. Eosinophilia was noted in five patients (41.7%) and optic nerve enhancement was observed in eight of eleven eyes (72.7%) with available orbit magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mean visual acuity significantly improved following treatment [mean logarithmic of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) 0.94±0.56 at baseline and 0.47±0.59 at the final (P=0.02)]. Asymmetric optic disc edema with a peripapillary lesion and a history of raw meat ingestion were important clues for diagnosing Toxocara optic neuropathy. Additionally, Toxocara IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and evaluating eosinophil may be helpful for diagnosis.

Objective · To investigate the seroprevalence of Toxocara canis (T. canis) preschool children in Yangpu District of Shanghai, and to evaluate the environmental contamination with T. canis eggs in public areas. Methods · A cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 789 children 7 kindergartens in Yangpu District of Shanghai were asked to fill up a questionnaire. Serum samples of 605 children were testedusing an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of specific IgG antibody against T. canis. Sixty-seven soil samples and 69 fecal samples of dogs were collected the neighborhood close to the kindergartens. DNAs were then extracted all samples and amplifiedPCR targeting T. canis ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) gene fragments. Results · 1.0% of the serum samples were positive for IgG against T. canis. The positive rates of T. canis DNA in the soil and feces were 4.5% and 27.5%, respectively. More than 90.0% of the children had good habits of hand washing and their parents were aware of dog-related diseases and prevention. 6.8% of the children kept dogs at home and 77.8% of the dogs received anthelmintic treatment. 83.5% of the children reported stray dogs in the neighborhood but only 2.0% had regular contact with stray dogs. Conclusion · Seroprevalence of T. canis specific IgG was low among preschool children in this area. Good hygienic habits and prevention consciousness may be the main reasons for this result. But the high environmental contamination of T. canis eggs makes it necessary to preventive public health measures which will play an important role in the prevention and treatment of ocular toxocariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to present a unique case of a child with an optic disc granuloma with exudative retinal detachment as a manifestation of ocular toxocariasis. The response to systemic therapy was assessed using deep range imaging optical coherence tomography. This imaging technique was the most accurate for identification of retinal, macular and vitreous changes associated with this intraocular pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posterior uveitic entities are varied entities that are infective or non-infective in etiology. They can affect the adjacent structures such as the retina, vitreous, optic nerve head and retinal blood vessels. Thorough clinical evaluation gives a clue to the diagnosis while ancillary investigations and laboratory tests assist in confirming the diagnosis. Newer evolving techniques in the investigations and management have increased the diagnostic yield. In case of diagnostic dilemma, intraocular fluid evaluation for polymerase chain testing for the genome and antibody testing against the causative agent provide greater diagnostic ability.

To study the frequency of ocular lesions in 30 gerbils infected with 100 embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis, indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy was performed 3, 10, 17, 24, 31 and 38 days after infection. All the animals presented larvae in the tissues and 80% presented ocular lesions. Hemorrhagic foci in the choroid and retina were present in 92% of the animals with ocular lesions. Retinal exudative lesions, vitreous lesions, vasculitis and retinal detachment were less frequent. Mobile larvae or larval tracks were observed in four (13.3%) animals. Histological examination confirmed the ophthalmoscopic observations, showing that the lesions were focal and sparse. In one animal, there was a larva in the retina, without inflammatory reaction around it. The results demonstrated that gerbils presented frequent ocular lesions after infection with Toxocara canis, even when infected with a small number of embryonated eggs. The lesions observed were focal, consisting mainly of hemorrhages with signs of reabsorption or inflammation in different segments of eye, and differing from the granulomatous lesions described in ocular larva migrans in humans.Para verificar a freqüência de lesões oculares em 30 gerbils infectados com 100 ovos larvados de Toxocara canis foi realizada a oftalmoscopia binocular indireta nos dias 3, 10, 17, 24, 31 e 38 após a infecção.Todos os animais apresentavam larvas nos tecidos e 80% apresentavam lesões oculares, dos quais 92% tinham lesões hemorrágicas focais na coróide e na retina. Lesões exudativas da retina, lesões do vítreo, vasculite e descolamento da retina foram menos freqüentes. Larva móvel ou traços de larva em quatro (13,3%) animais. O estudo histológico confirmou as observações da oftalmoscopia, mostrando que as lesões eram focais e esparsas. Em um animal havia uma larva na retina, sem reação inflamatória em torno dela. Os resultados demonstraram que os gerbils apresentam freqüentes lesões oculares após infecção com o Toxocara canis mesmo quando infectados com pequeno número de ovos larvados. As lesões observadas eram focais, principalmente focos de hemorragia com sinais de reabsorção ou focos de inflamação nos diferentes segmentos do olho, diferentes das lesões granulomatosas descritas na larva migrans ocular humana.

Background: This report details ocular toxocariasis presenting as bilateral scleritis with suspect retinal granuloma in the nerve fiber layer.Case Presentation: The patient presented with scleritis, which did not improve with systemic steroid. Intraocular pressure was elevated, and well demarcated hyper-reflective round lesion were noted in both eyes. He had a history of general ache and concurrent onset of ocular symptoms the day after eating raw meat. Systemic work-ups revealed no remarkable abnormalities except antibody for toxocara. Oral albendazole and steroid were prescribed. The inflammation and swellings resolved without recurrence. In the current case, scleritis with suspect granuloma in the nerve fiber layer seems to be caused by toxocara.Conclusion: Ocular toxocariasis can be presented as atypical features. Serologic exams for toxocariasis would be considered not only in typical features but also in other uveitis or scleritis, particularly when the patient has a related history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular injury to ICR mice from embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis, which had been maintained in 2% formalin for 14 months at 4°C, was evaluated by microscopic and pathologic assessments at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 294 and 469 days post infection (DPI). On each date, three infected mice and two age-matched uninfected control mice were sacrificed; left eyeballs from infected mice were examined for larvae under a dissecting microscope while all right eyeballs were embedded in paraffin for histologic study. No larvae were observed in the left eyeball of any of the 42 infected mice, while pathologic changes were observed in right eyeballs. Pathologically, the predominant changes were retinal detachment, iridocyclitis, and pars planitis, followed by optic nerve papillitis and superficial infarcts, as observed in one of three infected mice per group at 56, 140, and 168 DPI, respectively. No infiltrating cells surrounding the larvae in the retina were observed in the infected mice. This is the first report that larvae hatched from T. canis embryonated eggs maintained for a long time can cause murine ocular toxocariasis. These results further extend our knowledge of the pathogenicity of T. canis embryonated eggs.

To report a rare case of bilateral granulomatous chorioretinitis complicated by bilateral peripapillary choroidal neovascular membranes. This is the first reported case in Australia where intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor ranibizumab were used to successfully treat choroidal neovascular membrane caused by granulomatous chorioretinitis. This is also the first reported case in Australia of Toxocara polymerase chain reaction being performed on intraocular fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of ocular toxocariasis treated successfully with oral albendazole in combination with steroids. A 26-year-old male visited the authors' clinic with the chief complaint of flying flies in his right eye. The fundus photograph showed a whitish epiretinal scar, and the fluorescein angiography revealed a hypofluorescein lesion of the scar and late leakage at the margin. An elevated retinal surface and posterior acoustic shadowing of the scar were observed in the optical coherence tomography, and Toxocara IgG was positive. The patient was diagnosed with toxocariasis, and the condition was treated with albendazole (400 mg twice a day) for a month and oral triamcinolone (16 mg for 2 weeks, once a day, and then 8 mg for 1 week, once a day) from day 13 of the albendazole treatment. The lesions decreased after the treatment. Based on this study, oral albendazole combined with steroids can be a simple and effective regimen for treating ocular toxocariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ocular toxocariasis (OT) is a vision-threatening disease with a largely unknown intraocular pathogenesis. Herein, we determined the cytokine expression profile in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with OT., Methods: This is a retrospective case-control study of cytokine levels in AH of patients with OT and uveitis and control subjects. Thirty samples from eyes with OT, 23 from eyes with non-OT uveitis, and 25 from eyes with age-related cataract were analyzed using a multiplexed magnetic bead immunoassay. Thirty-one cytokines were detected and classified into 5 categories: T-helper type 1 (Th1) -associated cytokines, Th2-associated cytokines, Th17 cytokine, proinflammatory mediators, and growth factors., Results: In the 31 cytokines, 9 cytokines were undetectable, including IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-3, IL-12p70, IL-17A, TGF-a, TNF-β, and IFN-g. From the 22 cytokines, 13 exhibited significantly increased expression in the OT group than in the control group, including TNF-a, IFN-a2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, sCD40L, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, FLT3l, and EGF. There were 5 cytokines exhibited significantly increased expression in the OT group than in non-OT group, including IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, and PDGF-AA. There was no significantly decreased expression in any cytokines in the OT group when compared with control or non-OT groups. To the 5 cytokines that showed significant difference in OT group alone, IL-10 and IL-13 exhibited more than 13-fold increase, and IL-5 showed the most obvious as 27-fold increase in OT patients, when compared with that in control group., Conclusion: The cytokine profile expression in aqueous humor from patients with ocular toxocariasis was investigated, and our findings suggest that Th1 and Th17 cytokine responses are not enhanced, whereas the cytokine status was polarized toward a Th2 response. Our findings also suggest the involvement of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 in the immunopathogenesis of ocular toxocariasis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Jiang, Sun, Ding, Zhang, Li and Ding.)

Introduction: To evaluate and compare the specificity of Toxocara canis -specific antibody detection in the serum and aqueous samples for the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis (OT) and explore the cytokine profiles associated with the condition in children., Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort study. The inclusion criteria were the clinical presentations of OT, which included unilateral vision reduction, typical peripheral or posterior pole granuloma with variable degrees of vitritis, and exclusion of other diagnoses. The titer of antibody against the excretory-secretory antigen of Toxocara canis [T-immunoglobulin G (IgG)] was measured in serum and aqueous samples that were taken from the affected eyes. The diagnosis of OT was made upon positive detection of T-IgG either in the serum or aqueous. The rest with typical clinical presentations as described above but a positive serum or aqueous T-IgG could not be confirmed were diagnosed as suspected OT. Cytokines were measured using multiplexed cytometric bead array system., Results: Two hundred and eleven eyes of 211 patients had participated in the study. One hundred and twenty-eight eyes were diagnosed as OT. The median age of the cohort was 7.7 years with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. Major initial symptoms were decreased vision (74%) and strabismus (22%). The percentages of eyes with peripheral granuloma, posterior granuloma, and endophthalmitis were 40, 18, and 41%, respectively. Vitritis (100%), vitreous strands (64%), retinal fibrotic bands (57%), and retinal detachment (42%) were the most common signs. T-IgG was positive in 66.7% of the aqueous and 57.2% of the serum samples. Forty-four patients were diagnosed T-IgG negative in both serum and aqueous of the affected eyes. Interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-8, eosinophil chemotactic protein (Eotaxin), MCP-1β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were higher in T-IgG negative eyes when compared to controls and further increased in T-IgG positive eyes. However, only T-IgG positive eyes showed increased IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10. IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-12, IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-4 were undetectable in all eyes., Conclusions: Pediatric OT is often present with severe retinal complications. Polarized intraocular Th2 response was only found in aqueous T-IgG positive eyes. Our results supported an aqueous sample-based antibody test for the more specific diagnosis of OT., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Yang, Zheng, Hu, Rao, Li, Zhao and Li.)

Aim: To investigate the clinical features of adult patients with ocular toxocariasis (OT) in north China and to diagnose adults OT patients in early stage., Methods: Clinical data of 24 adults with OT were retrospectively analyzed. Slit lamp photographs and fundus photographs and other imaging examinations of all the patients were reviewed. A questionnaire concerning the pet ownership and place of residence was completed to investigate the possible infection origin. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed on the demographic data, clinical features, funduscopic findings and ELISA results., Results: Among the 24 patients diagnosed with OT by Toxocara IgG antibody in intraocular fluid, 16 (66.7%) eyes were right eye. The onset age of 12 eyes (50.0%) was between 30 and 40 years old, and 21 (87.5%) eyes were of peripheral granuloma type. The most common sign was vitreous opacity. Granulomas were detected in all the eyes, and 20 (83.3%) patients resided in rural area. In 4 patients, the concentration of anti-Toxocara antibody both in anterior humor and in vitreous humor were detected, and the results showed the concentration in vitreous humor was much higher than aqueous humor., Conclusion: Our study analyzes the clinical manifestation of OT in adults, which may have been under-recognized before. Eye side, residence, and detection of granuloma may help us in diagnosis of OT in patients with monocular vitreous opacity. For adult patients with presumed OT, negative results of anti-Toxocara antibody in anterior humor cannot rule out the possibility of OT, further detection of vitreous humor is suggested for final diagnosis., (International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.)