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The burden of liver cancer varies across the world. Herein, we present updated estimates of the current global burden of liver cancer (incidence and mortality) and provide predictions of the number of cases/deaths to 2040.We extracted data on primary liver cancer cases and deaths from the GLOBOCAN 2020 database, which includes 185 countries. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates (ASRs) per 100,000 person-years were calculated. Cases and deaths up to the year 2040 were predicted based on incidence and mortality rates for 2020 and global demographic projections to 2040.In 2020, an estimated 905,700 people were diagnosed with, and 830,200 people died from, liver cancer globally. Global ASRs for liver cancer were 9.5 and 8.7 for new cases and deaths, respectively, per 100,000 people and were highest in Eastern Asia (17.8 new cases, 16.1 deaths), Northern Africa (15.2 new cases, 14.5 deaths), and South-Eastern Asia (13.7 new cases, 13.2 deaths). Liver cancer was among the top three causes of cancer death in 46 countries and was among the top five causes of cancer death in 90 countries. ASRs of both incidence and mortality were higher among males than females in all world regions (male:female ASR ratio ranged between 1.2-3.6). The number of new cases of liver cancer per year is predicted to increase by 55.0% between 2020 and 2040, with a possible 1.4 million people diagnosed in 2040. A predicted 1.3 million people could die from liver cancer in 2040 (56.4% more than in 2020).Liver cancer is a major cause of death in many countries, and the number of people diagnosed with liver cancer is predicted to rise. Efforts to reduce the incidence of preventable liver cancer should be prioritised.The burden of liver cancer varies across the world. Liver cancer was among the top three causes of cancer death in 46 countries and was among the top five causes of cancer death in 90 countries worldwide. We predict the number of cases and deaths will rise over the next 20 years as the world population grows. Primary liver cancer due to some causes is preventable if control efforts are prioritised and the predicted rise in cases may increase the need for resources to manage care of patients with liver cancer.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) often results in chronic HBV infection, the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer (1). If not vaccinated, nine in 10 children infected at birth will become chronically infected. Globally, an estimated 6.4 million (range = 4.4-10.8 million) children aged ≤5 years are living with chronic HBV infection (2). In 2016, the World Health Assembly endorsed the goal to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, including the elimination of MTCT of HBV (3). Elimination of MTCT of HBV can be validated by demonstrating ≤0.1% prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) among children aged ≤5 years, as well as ≥90% coverage with hepatitis B birth dose (HepB-BD) and 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB3) (4,5). This report describes global progress toward elimination of MTCT of HBV during 2016-2021. By December 2020, 190 (98%) of 194 World Health Organization (WHO) member states* had introduced universal infant vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), and 110 (57%) countries provided HepB-BD to all newborns. During 2016-2020, global HepB3 coverage remained between 82% and 85%, whereas HepB-BD coverage increased from 37% to 43%. In 2020, among the 99 countries reporting both HepB3 and HepB-BD coverage, 41 (41%) achieved ≥90% coverage with both. By December 2021, serosurveys documented ≤0.1% HBsAg prevalence among children in 11 countries. Accelerating HepB-BD introduction, increasing HepB3 coverage, and monitoring programmatic and impact indicators are essential for elimination of MTCT of HBV.

Triple elimination is an initiative supporting the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of three diseases - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, syphilis and hepatitis B. Significant progress towards triple elimination has been made in some regions, but progress has been slow in sub-Saharan Africa, the region with the highest burden of these diseases. The shared features of the three diseases, including their epidemiology, disease interactions and core interventions for tackling them, enable an integrated health-systems approach for elimination of mother-to-child transmission. Current barriers to triple elimination in sub-Saharan Africa include a lack of policies, strategies and resources to support the uptake of well established preventive and treatment interventions. While much can be achieved with existing tools, the development of new products and models of care, as well as a prioritized research agenda, are needed to accelerate progress on triple elimination in sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper we aim to show that health systems working together with communities in sub-Saharan Africa could deliver rapid and sustainable results towards the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of all three diseases. However, stronger political support, expansion of evidence-based interventions and better use of funding streams are needed to improve efficiency and build on the successes in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Triple elimination is a strategic opportunity to reduce the morbidity and mortality from HIV infection, syphilis and hepatitis B for mothers and their infants within the context of universal health coverage.La triple élimination est une initiative visant à soutenir l'éradication de la transmission mère-enfant de trois maladies – l'infection au virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), la syphilis et l'hépatite B. Bien que des avancées considérables aient été observées en ce sens dans certaines régions, les progrès demeurent lents en Afrique subsaharienne, pourtant durement touchée par ces maladies. Les caractéristiques communes aux trois affections, notamment leur épidémiologie, les interactions entre elles et les principales interventions nécessaires à leur prise en charge permettent aux systèmes de santé d'adopter une approche intégrée pour éviter la transmission mère-enfant. Plusieurs obstacles entravent actuellement la triple élimination en Afrique subsaharienne, parmi lesquels l'absence de politiques, de stratégies et de ressources pour garantir la disponibilité de traitements préventifs et curatifs bien établis. Les outils existants offrent déjà de nombreuses solutions; mais pour accélérer la progression de cette triple élimination en Afrique subsaharienne, il est indispensable de développer de nouveaux produits et modèles de soins, ainsi qu'un programme de recherche prioritaire. Dans le présent document, nous voulons montrer que si les systèmes de santé collaborent avec les communautés en Afrique subsaharienne, ils pourront obtenir des résultats rapides et durables en vue d'éradiquer la transmission mère-enfant des trois maladies susmentionnées. Néanmoins, une telle démarche implique un soutien politique massif, l'expansion des interventions fondées sur des données scientifiques, et une meilleure utilisation des sources de financement afin d'améliorer l'efficacité et de s'appuyer sur les réussites en matière de prévention de la transmission du VIH de la mère à l'enfant. La triple élimination représente une occasion stratégique de réduire la morbidité et la mortalité liées à l'infection au VIH, à la syphilis et à l'hépatite B, tant chez les mères que chez les nourrissons, dans un contexte de couverture maladie universelle.La triple eliminación es una iniciativa que apoya la eliminación de la transmisión maternoinfantil de tres enfermedades: la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), la sífilis y la hepatitis B. En algunas regiones se han logrado avances significativos hacia la triple eliminación, pero los progresos se han desarrollado con mayor lentitud en el África subsahariana, la región con la mayor carga de estas enfermedades. Las características comunes de las tres enfermedades, como su epidemiología, las interacciones entre ellas y las intervenciones básicas para combatirlas, permiten un enfoque integrado de los sistemas de salud para la eliminación de la transmisión maternoinfantil. Los obstáculos actuales para la triple eliminación en el África subsahariana incluyen la falta de políticas, estrategias y recursos para apoyar la adopción de intervenciones preventivas y de tratamiento bien establecidas. Aunque se puede lograr mucho con las herramientas existentes, se necesita el desarrollo de nuevos productos y modelos de atención, así como una agenda de investigación prioritaria, para acelerar el progreso de la triple eliminación en el África subsahariana. En este documento pretendemos demostrar que los sistemas de salud que trabajan conjuntamente con las comunidades del África subsahariana podrían obtener resultados rápidos y sostenibles hacia la eliminación de la transmisión maternoinfantil de las tres enfermedades. Sin embargo, se necesita un mayor apoyo político, la ampliación de las intervenciones basadas en la evidencia y un mejor uso de los flujos de financiación para mejorar la eficiencia y aprovechar los éxitos en la prevención de la transmisión maternoinfantil del VIH. La triple eliminación es una oportunidad estratégica para reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la infección por el VIH, la sífilis y la hepatitis B para las madres y sus hijos en el contexto de la cobertura sanitaria universal.إن القضاء على هذه الأمراض الثلاثة هو مبادرة لدعم القضاء على انتقال ثلاثة أمراض من الأم إلى الطفل، وهي عدوى فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (HIV)، والزهري، والالتهاب الكبدي ب. تم إحراز تقدم كبير نحو القضاء على هذه الأمراض الثلاثة في ​​بعض المناطق، إلا أن التقدم المحرز كان بطيئًا في جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بأفريقيا، وهي المنطقة التي تزخر بأكبر عبء لهذه الأمراض. إن السمات المشتركة لهذه الأمراض الثلاثة، بما يشمل سماتها في علم الأوبئة، وتفاعلاتها المرضية والتدخلات الأساسية للتعامل معها، تتيح اتباع نهج النظم الصحية المتكاملة للقضاء على انتقال العدوى من الأم إلى الطفل. إن العوائق الحالية أمام القضاء على الأمراض الثلاثة في جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بأفريقيا، تشمل الافتقار إلى السياسات والاستراتيجيات والموارد لدعم استيعاب التدخلات الوقائية والعلاجية الراسخة. بينما يمكن إنجاز الكثير باستخدام الأدوات الحالية، إلا أن هناك حاجة إلى تطوير منتجات ونماذج جديدة للرعاية، وكذلك وضع جدول أعمال بحثي على رأس الأولويات، لتسريع التقدم في القضاء على الأمراض الثلاثة في جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بأفريقيا. نهدف في هذه الورقة البحثية إلى توضيح أن الأنظمة الصحية التي تعمل جنبًا إلى جنب مع المجتمعات في جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بأفريقيا، يمكنها أن تحقق نتائج سريعة ومستدامة في سبيل القضاء على انتقال الأمراض الثلاثة من الأم إلى الطفل. وبالرغم من ذلك، فإن هناك حاجة إلى دعم سياسي أقوى، وتوسيع نطاق التدخلات المعتمدة على الدلائل، واستخدام أفضل لتدفقات التمويل، وذلك لتحسين الكفاءة، واستغلال النجاحات في الحيلولة دون انتقال فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية من الأم إلى الطفل. إن القضاء على الأمراض الثلاثة هو فرصة استراتيجية للحد من الحالات المرضية والوفيات من جراء عدوى فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية والزهري والالتهاب الكبدي ب، لكل من الأمهات ومواليدهن في سياق التغطية الصحية الشاملة.三重消除是一项支持消除三种疾病【人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 感染、梅毒和乙型肝炎】母婴传播的计划。在有些地区，三重消除取得了重大进展，但在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，该计划的进展缓慢，因此，该地区在对抗这些疾病方面的任务最为繁重。这三种疾病在其流行病学、疾病相互作用和相关核心干预措施方面具有共同特点，因此，卫生系统能够综合采取方法来消除母婴传播。目前阻碍撒哈拉以南非洲地区三重消除计划实施的障碍包括缺乏支持采用既定预防和治疗措施的政策、战略和资源。虽然利用现有工具可取得很大的成就，但还是需要开发新的护理产品和模式，并制定优先研究议程，以加快撒哈拉以南非洲地区三重消除计划的进展。在本文中，我们的目的在于表明撒哈拉以南非洲地区的卫生系统与社区开展合作，能够为消除这三种疾病的母婴传播带来迅速且可持续的效果。但是，需要加强政治支持、扩大循证干预措施和更好地利用资金流，以提高效率，并在预防 HIV 母婴传播方面奠定成功的基础。三重消除是一种战略机遇，可以在全民保健范围内降低母亲及其婴儿因感染 HIV、梅毒和乙型肝炎而导致的发病率和死亡率。.Тройная элиминация, это инициатива, поддерживающая элиминацию передачи от матери ребенку трех заболеваний: инфекции, вызванной вирусом иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ), сифилиса и гепатита В. В некоторых регионах был достигнут значительный прогресс в направлении тройной элиминации, однако на территориях к югу от Сахары (в регионе Африки с самым высоким бременем этих болезней) такой прогресс был медленным. Общие характеристики трех болезней, включая их эпидемиологию, взаимодействие болезней и основные меры по борьбе с ними, позволяют использовать комплексный подход в рамках систем здравоохранения к элиминации передачи от матери ребенку. Текущие препятствия на пути тройной элиминации в странах Африки к югу от Сахары включают отсутствие политик, стратегий и ресурсов для поддержки внедрения хорошо зарекомендовавших себя профилактических и лечебных мер. Несмотря на то что с помощью существующих инструментов можно добиться многого, для ускорения прогресса в области тройной элиминации в странах Африки к югу от Сахары необходима разработка новых продуктов и моделей оказания медицинской помощи, а также повестка дня в области приоритетных научных исследований. В этом документе авторы стремятся показать, что системы здравоохранения, работающие вместе с общественностью в странах Африки к югу от Сахары, могут обеспечить быстрые и устойчивые результаты в направлении элиминации передачи всех трех заболеваний от матери ребенку. Однако для повышения эффективности и достижения успехов в профилактике передачи ВИЧ от матери ребенку необходимы: более сильная политическая поддержка, расширение научно обоснованных мер и лучшее использование потоков финансирования. Тройная элиминация, это стратегическая возможность снизить заболеваемость и смертность от ВИЧ-инфекции, сифилиса и гепатита B для матерей и их младенцев в контексте всеобщего охвата услугами здравоохранения.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In countries with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, such as Nigeria, HIV-associated HCC causes a great health burden due to its early onset, late diagnosis, and poorer prognosis. HIV infection is involved in inflammation of the liver, which may determine an increased risk of hepatocyte neoplastic transformation. Inflammation-related DNA methylation signatures obtained in liquid biopsy, such as circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) extracted from serum/plasma are promising minimally-invasive biomarkers that may inform HCC among people living with HIV. Methods: A total of 289 Nigerian participants with information on ccfDNA and other covariates were included. Participants were classified into three groups by their HCC/HIV status: 1) HCC+/HIV+ (n=28); 2) HCC-/HIV+ (n=185); and 3) HCC+/HIV- (n=76). We constructed ccfDNA methylation inflammation scores using 49 CpGs previously linked to circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, and higher scores represented elevated CRP concentrations with lower methylation levels. To compare the ccfDNA methylation inflammation score across the groups, we performed multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking status, body mass index, study sites, and technical variables. Results: Participants with HCC+/HIV+ presented the highest ccfDNA methylation inflammation scores (mean=-0.03, standard deviation [SD] =0.01). Participants with HCC-/HIV+ presented the lowest scores (mean=-0.05, SD=0.01). In the multivariable logistic regressions, one SD increase of inflammation score was associated with 2.5 times higher odds of having HCC among HIV-infected participants (HCC+/HIV+ vs. HCC+/HIV-; OR=2.56, 95% CI=1.39-4.73, P=0.002). No evidence was found for the association between the inflammation score and HIV status among HCC patients (HCC+/HIV+ vs. HCC+/HIV-; OR=1.00, 95% CI=0.59-1.70, P=0.991). In the secondary analysis comparing HCC+ vs. HCC- adjusting for HIV status, one SD increase of inflammation score was associated with 3.2 times higher odds of having HCC (OR=3.22, 95% CI=1.39-7.46, P=0.006). Conclusions: We observed that ccfDNA methylation inflammation score is associated with HCC status among people with HIV. Our findings suggest that ccfDNA methylation-based inflammatory profiles may serve as a potential biomarker for early detection and risk stratification of HCC in resource-constrained countries with a high prevalence of HIV. Citation Format: Kyeezu Kim, Yinan Zheng, Claudia Hawkins, Edith Okeke, Olufunmilayo Lesi, Yishu Qu, Lewis R. Roberts, Demirkan Gursel, Fatimah B. Abdulkareem, Alani Akanmu, Godwin Imade, Jian-Jun Wei, Masha Kocherginsky, Kwang-Youn Kim, Wasiu L. Adeyemo, Firas Wehbe, Chad J. Achenbach, Atiene Sagay, Folasade T. Ogunsola, Robert L. Murphy, Lifang Hou. DNA methylation-based inflammation score is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma among people living with HIV. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6013.

Summary Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains endemic throughout sub-Saharan Africa despite the widespread availability of effective childhood vaccines. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, HBV treatment and birth-dose vaccination programmes are not established. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of adding HBV testing and treatment of pregnant women as well as the birth-dose vaccination of HBV-exposed infants to the HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme infrastructure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods We did a feasibility study in two maternity centres in Kinshasa: Binza and Kingasani. Using the already established HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme at these two maternity centres, we screened pregnant women for HBV infection at routine prenatal care registration. Those who tested positive and had a gestational age of 24 weeks or less were included in this study. Eligible pregnant women with a high viral load (≥200 000 IU/mL or HBeAg positivity, or both) were considered as having HBV of high risk of mother-to-child transmission and initiated on oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg/day) between 28 weeks and 32 weeks of gestation and continued through 12 weeks post partum. All HBV-exposed infants received a birth-dose of monovalent HBV vaccine (Euvax-B Pediatric: Sanofi Pasteur, Seoul, South Korea; 0·5 mL) within 24 h of life. All women were followed up for 24 weeks post partum, when they completed an exit questionnaire that assessed the acceptability of study procedures. The primary outcomes were the feasibility of screening pregnant women to identify those at high risk for HBV mother-to-child transmission and to provide them with antiviral prophylaxis, the feasibility of administrating the birth-dose vaccine to exposed infants, and the acceptability of this prevention programme. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03567382. Findings Between Sept 24, 2018, and Feb 22, 2019, 4016 women were approached and screened. Of these pregnant women, 109 (2∙7%) were positive for HBsAg. Of the 109 women, 91 (83%) met the eligibility criteria for participation. However, only data from 90 women—excluding one woman who had a false pregnancy—were included in the study analysis. The median overall age of the enrolled women was 31 years (IQR 25–34) and the median overall gestational age was 19 weeks (15–22). Ten (11%) of 91 women evaluated had high-risk HBV infection. Nine (90%) of the ten pregnant women with high-risk HBV infection received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and one (10%) refused therapy and withdrew from the study; five (56%) of the nine women achieved viral suppression (ie, 80%) among mothers. Interpretation Adding HBV screening and treatment of pregnant women and infant birth-dose vaccination to existing HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission platforms is feasible in countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Birth-dose vaccination against HBV infection integrated within the current Expanded Programme on Immunisation and HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme could accelerate progress toward HBV elimination in Africa.

Summary Background Tranexamic acid reduces surgical bleeding and reduces death due to bleeding in patients with trauma. Meta-analyses of small trials show that tranexamic acid might decrease deaths from gastrointestinal bleeding. We aimed to assess the effects of tranexamic acid in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods We did an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 164 hospitals in 15 countries. Patients were enrolled if the responsible clinician was uncertain whether to use tranexamic acid, were aged above the minimum age considered an adult in their country (either aged 16 years and older or aged 18 years and older), and had significant (defined as at risk of bleeding to death) upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients were randomly assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Patients received either a loading dose of 1 g tranexamic acid, which was added to 100 mL infusion bag of 0·9% sodium chloride and infused by slow intravenous injection over 10 min, followed by a maintenance dose of 3 g tranexamic acid added to 1 L of any isotonic intravenous solution and infused at 125 mg/h for 24 h, or placebo (sodium chloride 0·9%). Patients, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. The primary outcome was death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation; analysis excluded patients who received neither dose of the allocated treatment and those for whom outcome data on death were unavailable. This trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN11225767, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01658124. Findings Between July 4, 2013, and June 21, 2019, we randomly allocated 12 009 patients to receive tranexamic acid (5994, 49·9%) or matching placebo (6015, 50·1%), of whom 11 952 (99·5%) received the first dose of the allocated treatment. Death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation occurred in 222 (4%) of 5956 patients in the tranexamic acid group and in 226 (4%) of 5981 patients in the placebo group (risk ratio [RR] 0·99, 95% CI 0·82–1·18). Arterial thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction or stroke) were similar in the tranexamic acid group and placebo group (42 [0·7%] of 5952 vs 46 [0·8%] of 5977; 0·92; 0·60 to 1·39). Venous thromboembolic events (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) were higher in tranexamic acid group than in the placebo group (48 [0·8%] of 5952 vs 26 [0·4%] of 5977; RR 1·85; 95% CI 1·15 to 2·98). Interpretation We found that tranexamic acid did not reduce death from gastrointestinal bleeding. On the basis of our results, tranexamic acid should not be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding outside the context of a randomised trial. Funding UK National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme.

Introduction: Hepatitis B Virus, a highly infectious blood-borne virus poses a major threat to public health globally due to its high prevalence rate and grave consequence in causing liver cirrhosis and hepatocelullar carcinoma, the third cause of cancer death worldwide. The aim is determine the prevalence of HBsAg, knowledge, and vaccination practices against viral hepatitis B infection among doctors and nurses in a health care facility. Methods: Study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study among all the doctors and nurses in the health care facility. Data was collected using pre-tested, structured, self-administered questionnaire and blood samples were taken from respondents and tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) test kit to determine prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen after informed consent. Ethical approval was obtained from Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Responses of the respondents to the knowledge and vaccination practices against viral hepatitis B infection were scored and graded as poor (