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This study employs a pre-post survey design, engaging a purposive-convenience sample of 94 U.S. college athletes who participated in the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics across eight sports and 22 countries. Utilizing validated scales, participants' group, national, and athletic identities were measured weeks before and after the event. Paired sample t-tests and a repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance were utilized to understand the effects of time and demographic variables on these identities. Results revealed that after competing in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, college athletes exhibited a significant decrease in their group identity and a significant increase in their national identity, while their athletic identity remained relatively unchanged. The results were qualified by student status interactions such that international students showed a significant decrease in group identity and a significant increase in national identity after competing in Tokyo 2020, with no significant changes observed in these identities for domestic students. The results illuminate a complex process of identity negotiation experienced by collegiate Olympic athletes that transition between Olympic and college sport environments. This study contributes to sport management literature by offering nuanced insights into the dynamics of role-switching, urging stakeholders to utilize these findings to enhance the experiences of college athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article covers the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, highlighting its scale and significance as one of the largest human gatherings, attracting around 15 million tourists and 11,000 athletes from over 200 countries. Topics include concerns regarding COVID-19 among athletes, the lack of strict COVID-19 protocols, and the implications of potential COVID cases on athletic performance and future event protocols.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives. The study aims to comprehensively analyze the existing literature on the relationship between biomechanics and tennis performance, with a particular focus on enhancing Olympic accomplishment. Materials and methods. Scopus was used to search three fields in each record: (1) Author’s name, (2) Journal Name where the paper was published, (3) Total citations. Bibliometric analysis was employed as a component of the analysis. To obtain a comprehensive and accurate understanding, the data was analyzed and interpreted using several methods of data triangulation. VOSviewer software was appliedto generate distance-based co-occurrence maps for bibliometric analysis and synthesis. The terms extracted from keywords, titles, and abstracts were categorized and organized based on their level of interconnectedness. The keywords “Biomechanics” and “tennis performance” are commonly employed in the study, and their meanings are often interpreted in different settings. The search yielded 240 papers and 6137 citations, which were used in the study conducted between 2000 and 2024. Results. The study’s findings identified “key authors, countries, and subject areas” contributing to thefield of biomechanics research in tennis, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration and future research directions. Conclusions. In conclusion, the study provides a foundation for continued research and innovation in championing Olympic excellence through biomechanics research in tennis.

We examine five summer Olympics and identify stocks that media outlets hype as benefiting from the Olympics (Olympic stocks). There is a seven-year period from the time that a country first learns it has won the Olympic bid to the start of the games (Olympic time period). We predict that the excitement of the Olympics along with the greater media attention impacts the valuation and risk of Olympic stocks. Consistent with this prediction, we show that Olympic stocks earn higher returns than their matched counterparts and comove more strongly with each other over the Olympic time period. Olympic stocks also exhibit increases in trading volume and stock volatility on days when media outlets have stories linking the firm to the Olympic Games. However, we find no evidence that the Olympic Games translate into stronger fundamentals for Olympic firms or stronger fundamental comovements. These findings suggest that investors are not purchasing the stocks based on an analysis of fundamentals, but are purchasing them based on their Olympic attribute. To confirm that event-based groupings occur in other settings, we show that comovement increases for stocks classified by the media as "stay-at-home" stocks at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper was accepted by Eric So, accounting. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.02218. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The aim of this retrospective analysis was to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the cardiorespiratory profile of world‐class ILCA‐7 sailors (n = 3, all males), through a longitudinal evaluation offering real‐world data on physiological profile and exercise intensity domains. The cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was performed by the same researchers using the same equipment during the study. Assessments took place twice a year, aligning with major international competition preparations. Participants trained and competed at the same sailing club in Split, Croatia, under consistent supervision from the same team throughout the study, winning a total of 21 medals at major international competitions. The recorded V̇O2peak${{\dot{V}}_{{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{peak}}}}$ ranged from 51.7 ± 1.6 to 61.9 ± 3.0 mL min−1 kg−1, respectively. Similarly, peak power output varied from 352 ± 10 to 426 ± 34 W. The changes in physiological responses at the ventilatory thresholds were proportional to the changes in peak cardiorespiratory fitness capacity. Interestingly, the oxygen pulse measured in 2015 was 25 ± 1 mL O2 beat−1. Over the subsequent 6 years, the O2 pulse marginally increased and appeared to stabilize at 27 ± 1 mL O2 beat−1 in 2020, when these athletes were 32 ± 3 years old. This work offers a broader understanding of world‐class Olympic sailors’ cardiorespiratory fitness, going beyond the standard assessment of peak V̇O2${{\dot{V}}_{{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ to incorporate an analysis of ventilatory thresholds. While a direct link between cardiorespiratory fitness and competitive success remains ambiguous, the importance of a well‐rounded aerobic capacity for excellence in ILCA‐7 sailing class is evident. What is the central question of this study? What are the temporal changes in the physiological profiles of three world‐class ILCA‐7 sailors? What is the main finding and its importance? Data on oxygen pulse adjustments suggest the involvement of compensatory cardiovascular mechanisms, likely associated with the isometric and quasi‐isometric contractions inherent in ILCA‐7 sailing. This is evidenced by the absence of an age‐related increase in oxygen pulse, a phenomenon often observed in endurance athletes throughout their competitive careers. What is the central question of this study?What are the temporal changes in the physiological profiles of three world‐class ILCA‐7 sailors?What is the main finding and its importance?Data on oxygen pulse adjustments suggest the involvement of compensatory cardiovascular mechanisms, likely associated with the isometric and quasi‐isometric contractions inherent in ILCA‐7 sailing. This is evidenced by the absence of an age‐related increase in oxygen pulse, a phenomenon often observed in endurance athletes throughout their competitive careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Olympic Games are often framed by the U.S. media as political events, with the media's preference for democratic political systems, while global health crises are often framed in a similar way, demonstrating shared concerns about human interests. When the Olympics occur during a global health crisis, a tension emerges between the ideological framing of the Olympics and the shared concern for human interests in media coverage. By analyzing New York Times coverage of the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics, this study aims to show how ideological preferences in Olympic coverage interact with shared concerns about health crises. Furthermore, the analysis of this interaction leads to a rethinking of traditional journalistic norms that view journalists as detached observers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The study aims to comprehensively analyze the existing literature on the relationship between biomechanics and tennis performance, with a particular focus on enhancing Olympic accomplishment. Materials and methods. Scopus was used to search three fields in each record: (1) Author's name, (2) Journal Name where the paper was published, (3) Total citations. Bibliometric analysis was employed as a component of the analysis. To obtain a comprehensive and accurate understanding, the data was analyzed and interpreted using several methods of data triangulation. VOSviewer software was applied to generate distance-based co-occurrence maps for bibliometric analysis and synthesis. The terms extracted from keywords, titles, and abstracts were categorized and organized based on their level of interconnectedness. The keywords "Biomechanics" and "tennis performance" are commonly employed in the study, and their meanings are often interpreted in different settings. The search yielded 240 papers and 6137 citations, which were used in the study conducted between 2000 and 2024. Results. The study's findings identified "key authors, countries, and subject areas" contributing to the field of biomechanics research in tennis, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration and future research directions. Conclusions. In conclusion, the study provides a foundation for continued research and innovation in championing Olympic excellence through biomechanics research in tennis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to verify which ranking list predicts Olympic results better: one created by Elo system, one using the International Judo Federation (IJF) World Ranking List (WRL), or another using the combination of both. The data utilized comprised the outcomes of 93,728 matches, encompassing 42,844 matches from the 2016 Rio Olympic Games cycle and 50,884 matches from the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games cycle. These matches were held across 311 events, all of which contribute points to the IJF WRL. The data was sourced from https://judobase.ijf.org. A total of 8,142 male and 4,736 female judo athletes from all weight categories were analyzed. We employed two variables as proxies for athletes’ performance throughout the Olympic cycle: the positions in the IJF WRL and the ratings from the Elo System. A binary-response model was utilized. In this model, “success” denoted an athlete receiving a medal, while “failure” indicated otherwise. A combination of the WRL and Elo system better predicted Olympic performance of judo athletes. Additionally, for each rank position an athlete improved in the IJF WRL, there was an increased probability to win an Olympic medal of approximately 7.50%, while for each 10 Elo rating score improvement, the athlete increased the probability to win an Olympic medal in approximately 9.26%. When both systems were used together, the accuracy of the model was approximately 91%, with a sensitivity of nearly 68-69%, and a specificity close to 95%, for Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo editions isolated or grouped. Such information can serve as a valuable tool for national federations staff in selecting the most suitable athletes to participate in the Olympic judo competition, if both the WRL and an Elo rating system are used together.

This article aims to explore the evolution of the debates surrounding human rights in the discourse(s) of major sporting events (MSEs), particularly the Olympics. The paper will first analyse the western-centric origins of the “universality” of the Olympic philosophy and how it affected the protection and promotion of human rights, as well as addressing practical challenges or limitations faced. It will then focus on unpacking the elements of sportswashing and soft power in the multi-discursive context of sport where power, privilege, politics, and position are (re)produced. In doing so it draws upon the emergent field of Sports Diplomacy as the most appropriate explanatory framework to share in this discourse. Finally, it will explore the potential impact of anti-corruption reforms on the establishment of a meaningful human rights legacy.

Background: The influence of the Tokyo Summer Olympic/Paralympic Games on normal emergency medical system operations in Japan had not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined whether out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients treated during the Tokyo Olympic/Paralympic Games had differences in outcomes. Methods: Using the nationwide JAAM-OHCA Registry, we evaluated the outcomes of OHCA patients admitted to the hospital during the Tokyo Olympic/Paralympic Games (July 23 to Aug. 8 and Aug. 24 to Sept. 5) in 2021, compared to those during same the dates in 2020 (Term 1: July 23 to Aug. 8 and Aug. 24 to Sept. 5), those during the pre-Olympic/Paralympic term during the same weekdays in the weeks before the event (Term 2: June. 18 to July. 4 and July. 6 to July. 18), and those during the post-Olympic/Paralympic term during the same weekdays in the weeks after the event (Term 3: Sept. 10 to Sept. 26 and Sept. 28 to Oct. 10). The primary outcome was 30-day survival, and multivariable logistic analysis was performed, adjusted for age and sex. Results: A total of 3,111 OHCA patients were included in the study period (786 in the Olympic/Paralympic group, 774 in Term 1, 747 in Term 2, and 804 in Term 3). Crude 30-day survivals were 7.4% (58/786), 9.3% (72/774), 6.8% (51/747), and 8.2% (66/804), respectively. Using the Olympic/Paralympic group as a reference, multivariable logistic analysis revealed that 30-day survivals in Term 1 (OR 1.27 95% CI 0.88–1.83p = 0.20), Term 2 (OR 0.92 95% CI 0.62–1.36p = 0.67), and Term 3 (OR 1.10 95% CI 0.76–1.59p = 0.63) did not differ significantly. Conclusions: No significant differences in 30-day survival for OHCA patients admitted during the Tokyo Summer Olympic/Paralympic Games were identified.

This article seeks to understand how the Cultural Analytics’ methodological approach and computational tools help interpret large image datasets. A set of 87 730 images of 389 Olympic athletes was collected from Instagram and analyzed, featuring a timespan from September 2011 to November 2020. The image set was structured and organized using computer vision processing combined with interactive visualization tools (Google Vision, PixPlot, Image Network Plotter). The analysis, mixing quantitative and qualitative methods, identified patterns represented as image clusters. Regular personal computers served as the hardware platform. Approximately 60 % of the athletes’ posts were related to non-sports topics, highlighting common characteristics of the visual culture disseminated on Instagram, such as selfies, lifestyle, leisure, travel, and food. Images of sports content, considered a central aspect of the research, had a lower frequency of publications featuring topics such as competitions, training, exercises, and sports practices in general. Beyond this result, the study offers a possible technical framework for similar researchers using large image datasets.

The scientific breakthrough in understanding the role of sports volunteers, as well as the importance of motivation and expectations management in decision-making, has boosted several studies, helping to reinforce the conceptual idea of a sports legacy, especially in relation to the participation and involvement of Olympic volunteers. In this sense, and reinforcing this idea, this study aimed to analyse and measure the perception of sports volunteers regarding the motivations and expectations arising from their participation in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The study followed a quantitative-descriptive and inferential methodology, with a validated sample of 828 responses collected through a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the original VMS-ISE motivation scale. The results point to a reinforcement of the perceived importance and value associated with participation in the Olympic Games that translate into high levels of motivation and satisfaction by most of the volunteers involved. The most valued factors were the feeling of pleasure promoted by the experience, the possibility of personal and professional development, the passion for the Olympic Games, and the passion for sport. The majority of the candidates validated the post-event expectations as having exceeded their initial ones, and 92.0% of the volunteers would participate in a similar event again. The study allows the reinforcement of sports volunteers intentions and expectations, while validating and confirming previous studies on the importance of motivation and personal development in a successful recruitment strategy that fosters regular and consolidated participation of previous volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sport of triathlon has evolved to become a discipline comprising races of different lengths and formats. It has also undergone significant growth in popularity and exposure with several variations in format from the classic swim – bike – run combination attracting significant television and media coverage. Since 2021 an original and unique format called the Arena Games Triathlon (or in 2024 the E-Games) has evolved that involves athletes competing against each other in swimming, cycling and running combining both the real and virtual worlds in one race. This model of endurance sport is currently unique, provides instantaneous data on performance and has the potential to be a tool for performance prediction, talent selection and sport development. The goal of this perspective paper is to provide context around the emergence of the Arena Games Triathlon series, describe the format of this type of racing, outline how it has the potential to drive training and evaluation of triathletes and discuss the attractiveness of its future inclusion as an Olympic discipline.

The scientific breakthrough in understanding the role of sports volunteers, as well as the importance of motivation and expectations management in decision-making, has boosted several studies, helping to reinforce the conceptual idea of a sports legacy, especially in relation to the participation and involvement of Olympic volunteers. In this sense, and reinforcing this idea, this study aimed to analyse and measure the perception of sports volunteers regarding the motivations and expectations arising from their participation in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The study followed a quantitative-descriptive and inferential methodology, with a validated sample of 828 responses collected through a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the original VMS-ISE motivation scale. The results point to a reinforcement of the perceived importance and value associated with participation in the Olympic Games that translate into high levels of motivation and satisfaction by most of the volunteers involved. The most valued factors were the feeling of pleasure promoted by the experience, the possibility of personal and professional development, the passion for the Olympic Games, and the passion for sport. The majority of the candidates validated the post-event expectations as having exceeded their initial ones, and 92.0% of the volunteers would participate in a similar event again. The study allows the reinforcement of sports volunteers intentions and expectations, while validating and confirming previous studies on the importance of motivation and personal development in a successful recruitment strategy that fosters regular and consolidated participation of previous volunteers.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science of Gymnastics Journal is the property of Science of Gymnastics Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Just as they are to the events themselves, the Opening Ceremonies of the Olympics have become central to academic research on the Games and their political, social, and cultural roles. And so the recent string of Olympic Games held in East Asia – two of them under the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic – offer the opportunity to think both about region-specific meanings associated with these highly scripted affairs and about the ways they might destabilize broader judgments about the Olympics and their implications. This paper introduces the contributions to this special volume on the Opening Ceremonies at Asia's recent Olympic Games, aiming to draw attention not only to the specific contributions of each paper but also to the themes that they collectively engage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan famously muddled through the 2020 Summer Olympics – triumphant as a host in that the Games were held, after a year-long delay, despite the global COVID-19 pandemic that had threatened to shutter the event entirely. The successes were qualified, with spectator-less matches and races leading to eerily quiet medals ceremonies, at least compared with normal years of cheering fans, enthusiasts, and tourists. Nowhere was the strangeness of the event more apparent than in the Opening Ceremony, filled with a combination of subdued but technologically adept spectacle, artistic representations of grief and loss, and the an unnervingly empty Olympic Stadium. This paper examines the politics of the Ceremony, and in particular the apparent early plans for a more standard, lightly nationalistic display of local history and culture, and toward a set of acknowledgments of a global crisis that transcended borders. In doing so, it calls attention to the complex political goals on display, as well as the challenges of benefiting politically from an event whose meaning in the midst of loss had been called broadly into question. Drawing from political science and literary theory, the paper emphasizes that while spectacle can matter, it risks, a dense environment of media reflection, being seen as little more than a gimmick. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as they are to the events themselves, the Opening Ceremonies of the Olympics have become central to academic research on the Games and their political, social, and cultural roles. And so the recent string of Olympic Games held in East Asia – two of them under the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic – offer the opportunity to think both about region-specific meanings associated with these highly scripted affairs and about the ways they might destabilize broader judgments about the Olympics and their implications. This paper introduces the contributions to this special volume on the Opening Ceremonies at Asia’s recent Olympic Games, aiming to draw attention not only to the specific contributions of each paper but also to the themes that they collectively engage.

Japan famously muddled through the 2020 Summer Olympics – triumphant as a host in that the Games were held, after a year-long delay, despite the global COVID-19 pandemic that had threatened to shutter the event entirely. The successes were qualified, with spectator-less matches and races leading to eerily quiet medals ceremonies, at least compared with normal years of cheering fans, enthusiasts, and tourists. Nowhere was the strangeness of the event more apparent than in the Opening Ceremony, filled with a combination of subdued but technologically adept spectacle, artistic representations of grief and loss, and the an unnervingly empty Olympic Stadium. This paper examines the politics of the Ceremony, and in particular the apparent early plans for a more standard, lightly nationalistic display of local history and culture, and toward a set of acknowledgments of a global crisis that transcended borders. In doing so, it calls attention to the complex political goals on display, as well as the challenges of benefiting politically from an event whose meaning in the midst of loss had been called broadly into question. Drawing from political science and literary theory, the paper emphasizes that while spectacle can matter, it risks, a dense environment of media reflection, being seen as little more than a gimmick.

Artistic gymnastics, as a fundamental sport forming the basis for acrobatic activities in sports, art, and recreation, is the subject of this research. The aim is to scrutinize scientific studies on artistic gymnastics, both in a general context and in terms of male and female modalities. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science, following established bibliometric principles. Analysis, processing, and graph generation were carried out using Microsoft Excel and Bibliometrix software. A total of 482 documents published between 1975 and 2023 were identified, revealing exponential growth in publications. The core set of prolific journals comprised six publications. Among 1241 authors, 33 were identified as prolific (with 5 or more publications), with 12 standing out as prominent. Brazil was the most productive, and the USA was the most cited. Keywords were grouped into four main categories: "technique analysis," "physiological aspects," "gymnastics as a fundamental sport," and "exercise evaluation and scoring." In conclusion, the research community exhibits a growing interest in artistic gymnastics. Sunčica Delaš Kalinski (Croatia) was the most prolific author, and Albrecht L. Claessens (Belgium) stood out prominently. The "Science of Gymnastics Journal" proved to be the most influential publication. Four primary research lines were identified based on keyword groupings.

This study employs a pre-post survey design, engaging a purposive-convenience sample of 94 U.S. college athletes who participated in the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics across eight sports and 22 countries. Utilizing validated scales, participants’ group, national, and athletic identities were measured weeks before and after the event. Paired sample t-tests and a repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance were utilized to understand the effects of time and demographic variables on these identities. Results revealed that after competing in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, college athletes exhibited a significant decrease in their group identity and a significant increase in their national identity, while their athletic identity remained relatively unchanged. The results were qualified by student status interactions such that international students showed a significant decrease in group identity and a significant increase in national identity after competing in Tokyo 2020, with no significant changes observed in these identities for domestic students. The results illuminate a complex process of identity negotiation experienced by collegiate Olympic athletes that transition between Olympic and college sport environments. This study contributes to sport management literature by offering nuanced insights into the dynamics of role-switching, urging stakeholders to utilize these findings to enhance the experiences of college athletes.

The purpose of this study is to diagnose the environmental pollution problems caused by sports and analyze the eco-friendly methods applied to international sporting events held in the past to explore approaches and challenges concerning the sustainable development of sports. To this end, we first analyze the environmental pollution problems caused by sports, as categorized into three types through a review of previous studies, and examine the need for an environmental ethical approach to the conflict between sports and the environment. Then, we choose the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, which the IOC considers to be the most environmentally friendly competitions, as well as FIFA's Green Goal program as case studies and analyze the features and limitations of environmentally friendly methods in terms of planning, operation, marketing, and performance dissemination in each case to draw implications for the sustainable development of sport. This study argues that to find a fundamental solution to conflicts between sports and the environment, it is necessary to change the perception from an anthropocentric paradigm to an ecocentric paradigm and establish a new value system for the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionMega sporting events, such as the Olympic Games, provide niche sports with unique opportunities to attract public attention. However, scandals during these events can pose serious threats to these sports. In particular, if a sport scandal enables hostile stakeholders to achieve a scale shift, it becomes almost impossible for a niche sport organization to manage the scandal.MethodsThe article employs a comparative research design that examines the trajectory of two scandals related to the German Olympic team that differ with regard to the occurrence of a scale shift. The first scandal involved a racist slur made by a German official during a cycling event; the second scandal was a case of animal cruelty during the modern pentathlon's equestrian event. Research relies on a mix of qualitative document analyses and quantitative analyses of the German Twitter discourse on both scandals. The analyses focus on the vulnerability to scandals, the potential for contentious politics, the scandal triggering events, the crisis communication, the reception, and the outcomes of both scandals.Results and discussionOur results show the detrimental impact of a scale shift on niche sports. The animal cruelty scandal put the future of the modern pentathlon at the Olympics at risk and triggered far-reaching reforms. The case supports the idea that a scale shift becomes more likely if there exists an effective collective action frame. In contrast, the German sports organizations effectively ended the racist slur scandal by imposing a limited sanction on the offender.