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Purple Pak-choi is rich in anthocyanins, which have both ornamental and edible health functions, and has been used more and more widely in facility cultivation. In order to further clarify the molecular mechanism of purple Pak-choi, two Pak-choi inbred lines ('PQC' and 'HYYTC') were selected for the determination of pigment content and transcriptome analysis, and the key genes controlling the formation of purple character in leaves of Pak-choi were discovered. The results of pigment determination showed that the anthocyanin content of 'PQC' was 0.29 mg/g, which was about 100 times than 'HYYTC'; The chlorophyll content of 'HYYTC' was 2.25 mg/g, while 'PQC' only contained 1.05 mg/g. A total of 20 structural genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and 28 transcriptional regulatory genes were identified by transcriptome analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to construct the weight network analysis map of 14 genes. The results showed that the cinnamate hydroxylase gene (BraA04002213, BrC4H3), flavanone-3- hydroxylase (BraA09004531, BrF3H1), and chalcone synthetase (BraA10002265, BrCHS1) were the core genes involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway of purple Pak-choi. The results identified the key genes controlling the formation of purple leaf traits, which laid a foundation for further analysis of the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in purple Pak-choi and provided a theoretical basis for leaf color regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colors have role in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. A change in color of skin or urine may indicate the underlying pathological alterations in body. Similarly, a change in visual color perception may be an early indicator of neuropsychological disorder requiring medical attention. In addition, colors affect the perceived effect (beneficial or adverse) of a drug and thus influence the effectiveness of a drug. In an experiment, 100 medical students were given blue or pink placebo in the garb of sedative or stimulant medicine respectively. Subjects taking the blue placebos felt less alert (66%) than those taking the pink (26%) and also drowsier. Studies show that red, yellow, and orange drug formulations are perceived as stimulant whereas blue and green as tranquillizing drugs. The sildenafil is known world over as “the Blue Pill” because blue refers to calmness and tranquility. Interestingly, its use may result in difficulty in discriminating colors such as blue, purple, and green. The purple color is a secondary color, a mix of two primary colors red and blue. The purple color symbolizes calm, creativity, dignity, frustration and sadness, luxury, magic, and mysticism and power. Poetically, it signifies love. The purple-heart epitomizes love, trust, and support. ‘A purple patch in once life’ is an idiom to narrate a period of exceptional success or good luck. In Feng Shui, purple color emanates high vibrations and is used sparingly. Excess use can promote depression! The “Porphura” is the ancient Greek word for purple. It originates from the purpura mollusk, which produces a purple substance used to dye the royal clothes.

Purple Pak-choi is rich in anthocyanins, which have both ornamental and edible health functions, and has been used more and more widely in facility cultivation. In order to further clarify the molecular mechanism of purple Pak-choi, two Pak-choi inbred lines (‘PQC’ and ‘HYYTC’) were selected for the determination of pigment content and transcriptome analysis, and the key genes controlling the formation of purple character in leaves of Pak-choi were discovered. The results of pigment determination showed that the anthocyanin content of ‘PQC’ was 0.29 mg/g, which was about 100 times than ‘HYYTC’; The chlorophyll content of ‘HYYTC’ was 2.25 mg/g, while ‘PQC’ only contained 1.05 mg/g. A total of 20 structural genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and 28 transcriptional regulatory genes were identified by transcriptome analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to construct the weight network analysis map of 14 genes. The results showed that the cinnamate hydroxylase gene (BraA04002213, BrC4H3), flavanone-3- hydroxylase (BraA09004531, BrF3H1), and chalcone synthetase (BraA10002265, BrCHS1) were the core genes involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway of purple Pak-choi. The results identified the key genes controlling the formation of purple leaf traits, which laid a foundation for further analysis of the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in purple Pak-choi and provided a theoretical basis for leaf color regulation.

Background Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a valuable horticultural crop with economic significance, and its purple fruit color is attributed to anthocyanin, a phytonutrient known for its health-promoting benefits. However, the mechanisms regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper have yet to be fully elucidated. Methods RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to analyze the transcriptome of fruits from three purple-fruited varieties (HN191, HN192, and HN005) and one green-fruited variety (EJT) at various developmental stages. To determine the relationships between samples, Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) and principal component analysis (PCA) were calculated. Differential expression analysis was performed using the DESeq2 package to identify genes that were expressed differently between two samples. Transcription factors (TF) were predicted using the iTAK program. Heatmaps of selected genes were generated using Tbtools software. Results The unripe fruits of HN191, HN192, and HN005, at the stages of 10, 20, and 30 days after anthesis (DAA), display a purple color, whereas the unripe fruits of variety EJT remain green. To understand the molecular basis of this color difference, five transcriptome comparisons between green and purple fruits were conducted: HN191-10 vs EJT-10, HN191-20 vs EJT-20, HN191-30 vs EJT-30, HN192-30 vs EJT-30, and HN005-30 vs EJT-30. Through this analysis, 503 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these DEGs, eight structural genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and 24 transcription factors (TFs) were detected. Notably, one structural gene (MSTRG.12525) and three TFs (T459_25295, T459_06113, T459_26036) exhibited expression patterns that suggest they may be novel candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. These results provide new insights into the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple pepper fruit and suggest potential candidate genes for future genetic improvement of pepper germplasm with enhanced anthocyanin accumulation.

Yakan House is one of the historical houses in Cairo, dating back to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The house was neglected until its elements deteriorated until it was owned by a person interested in heritage who pledged to preserve it to become a cultural center to revive traditional crafts after architectural restoration. During the architectural restoration, blurred and unclear wall paintings dating back to the era of construction were discovered, and they were covered with a thick layer of mortar. Therefore, the research aims to study the discovered wall paintings and remove the plaster layer that covers them by modern mechanical, chemical and scientific detection methods. It was photographed using infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet rays, and was examined using light microscopy and examination and analysis electron microscopy (SEM-EDAX).It has been identified that the preparation layer consists of calcite (CaCO3), quartz (SiO2) and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), and that the dark blue color is composed of lapis lazuli, and that the purple color is a result of mixing blue and red together, and that the brown color is a mixture of red with the black. As for the dark yellow color, it consists of iron oxide (goethite). And through the analysis (FTIR) it was found that the adhesive used to bind the coloring material is gum arabic. Then the mural was treated, and this included removing the thick mortar layer with mechanical and chemical cleaning, replacing the damaged layers of preparation, and strengthening and fixing the discovered drawings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "blue" (as a color) did not appear in Persian literature prior to the 12th century A.H./ 18th century A.D. However, the term "violet" is frequently mentioned, and especially in Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh. In spite of this fact, the Berlin-Kay theory proposes that human languages develop a term for the color blue in their fifth state of evolution; then developing a term for the color violet in the seventh stage of evolution. The present study aims to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of the color violet in Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh? To what extend do these characteristics align with contemporary definitions of the color violent? This study applies the Berlin-Kay theory and investigates instances of mentioning the color violet in the text of Shāhnāmeh (edited by Khāliq-i Muṭlaq). These instances are then compared with other verses in Shāhnāmeh and other works of Persian poetry, in order to re-present the characteristics of the color violet in the text and its relation to the current definition of violet in Persian language. The findings showcase that the characteristics of the color violet in Shāhnāmeh concord with the color azure blue and not with the color of violet as known in contemporary Persian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemostasis disorders are serious pathologies that could put dental and surgical procedures at risk as they are associated with postoperative bleeding, which in some circumstances could be prolonged and dangerous for the patient. In-depth knowledge of the problems associated with coagulation pathologies and the suitable specific procedures should be implemented in dental practice. A good awareness of the clinical protocols to be used in these circumstances may help reduce operator stress and increase patient compliance. Collaboration with the haematologist is always recommended to establish an adequate treatment plan, both regarding the administration of therapies that promote haemostasis and for assessing the operative risk. Hereby, we summarize the congenital and hereditary pathologies that lead to haemostasis disorders, which can be found in patients undergoing dental procedures. The purpose of this narrative review is to frame the diseases from a clinical, anamnestic, and etiopathological standpoint, as well as to evaluate an operative approach to the pathology under consideration, with particular attention to anaesthesia manoeuvres and post-surgical haemostasis, to avoid hematoma formation and uncontrolled bleeding which can lead procedure failure up and even death. Of note, it is likewise important to educate the patient about prevention, to keep the oral cavity healthy and avoid invasive procedures, limiting the number of operative sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple heading Chinese cabbage has become popular in recent years due to its attractive color and health benefits. However, purple varieties remain rare, and the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese cabbage is still largely unknown. By introducing the purple color trait from Brassica juncea, a new purple heading Chinese cabbage cultivar (18M-245) was generated with deep purple leaves at both the seedling and adult stages. Anthocyanin accumulation in 18M-245 increased when grown at low temperatures. FISH and genotyping results showed that the purple trait was caused by an alien chromosome addition line derived from the Brassica B genome. The LDOX coding gene BjuB014115 from the addition line was highly expressed in 18M-245, consistent with the results of anthocyanin accumulation. Meanwhile, several MYB and bHLH transcriptional factors from the Brassica A genome were found to directly bind to the promoter of BjuB014115, suggesting that interactions between the Brassica A and B genomes are involved in the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Chinese cabbage. Our results provide new insights into the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple heading Chinese cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the Southeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula are numerous remains linked to the ancient purple exploitation destined for elaborating dyes. Our study focused on analysing the Torregarcía's site (Almeria, Spain), which is set in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, a protected coastal space of huge ecological interest. Torregarcía was excavated in the 1980s. Despite its importance, it has remained invisible to the historiography of the last three decades due to the lack of scientific publications on the matter. The current archaeological works, performed by non-invasive prospection techniques, such as GPR, magnetometer or UAV, revealed the relevance of purple exploitation as one of the main activities and have made possible the documentation of more complex facilities associated with excavated structures and the extensive shell midden. Along with these, other buildings and shell middens have been found throughout the coast of this location. This study emphasised the first results of the 2019 and 2021 campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a complication of bacterial colonisation of bladder catheters in which urine turns purple in the tubing, as well as in the catheter bag. This rare phenomenon can be very worrisome and stressful for the patients and their families, as well as for the healthcare team taking care of them. Recognising this complication is essential in order to avoid misdiagnosis and erroneous treatment. We report a case of PUBS in a 71-year-old female patient. Case presentation A 71-year-old woman with previous medical history of schizophrenia was admitted to the emergency department for anorexia and suspicion of psychotic decompensation. Acute urine retention and rectal faecal impaction were clinically suspected and confirmed by bladder ultrasound and rectal examination, respectively. The patient underwent bladder catheterisation as well as a rectal enema. The day after her admission, our medical team was approached by the nurse in charge of the patient because of purple urine in her catheter bag and tubing. The diagnosis of PUBS was made with the help of the Oxford urine chart. A dipstick urinalysis revealed alkaline urine (pH = 8), and the urine culture was subsequently positive for Proteus mirabilis, which is sensitive to quinolones, beta-lactams and nitrofurantoin. The bladder catheter was changed. The patient received empiric antibiotic therapy with Levofloxacin 500 mg once daily. After obtaining the antibiogram, the targeted antibiotic therapy was adapted with oral Cefuroxime 500 mg three times a day for a total duration of seven days of antibiotic therapy. There was no recurrence of purple urine. Conclusion PUBS is a rare complication of bacteriuria, which induces a purple colouration of the tubing as well as the catheter bag. It is a simple spot diagnosis, as there is no other known cause of purple urine. This is why we believe that the Oxford urine chart represents a very interesting and easily accessible tool to help clinicians to investigate any abnormal urine colour.

One hypothesis for the origin of endemic species of tomato on the Galápagos islands postulates a hybridization of Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum habrochaites. Solanum galapagense accession LA1141 has purple fruit pigmentation, previously described in green‐fruited wild tomatoes such as S. habrochaites or Solanum chilense. Characterization of LA1141 derived purple pigmentation provides a test of the hybridization hypothesis. Purple pigmentation was recovered in progenies derived from LA1141, and the anthocyanins malvidin 3(coumaroyl)rutinoside‐5‐glucoside, petunidin 3‐(coumaroyl) rutinoside‐5‐glucoside, and petunidin 3‐(caffeoyl)rutinoside‐5‐glucoside were abundant. Fruit color was evaluated in an introgression population, and three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped and validated in subsequent populations. The loci atroviolacium on chromosome 7, Anthocyanin fruit on chromosome 10, and uniform ripening also on chromosome 10 underly these QTLs. Sequence analysis suggested that the LA1141 alleles of Aft and atv are unique relative to those previously described from S. chilense accession LA0458 and Solanum cheesmaniae accession LA0434, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the LA1141 Aft genomic sequence did not support a green‐fruited origin, and the locus clustered with members of the red‐fruited tomato clade. The LA1141 allele of Aft is not the result of an ancient introgression from the green‐fruited clade and underlies a gain of anthocyanin pigmentation in the red‐fruited clade. Highlight: Anthocyanin fruit and atroviolacium confer purple pigmentation in Solanum galapagense LA1141, confirming a mechanism described for green‐fruited tomatoes. LA1141 alleles cluster with red‐fruited homologs suggesting an independent gain of pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a rare phenomenon, which usually occurs in chronically constipated women having long-term catheters. The underlying pathogenesis is linked to sulfatase producing bacteria in the urinary tract, which react to produce indigo (violet) and indirubin (red) pigment and the mixture gives a purple hue in the presence of alkaline urine. Treatment of the underlying urinary tract infection (UTI), change of catheter, and management of predisposing conditions prevent its recurrence. We report a case of a 74-year-old diabetic man who had Enterobacter cloacae-related UTI with PUBS in acidic urine and managed successfully.

The 6th century Codex Sinopensis or Sinope Gospels (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France) is one of the most precious purple codices that survive from the Late Antique period. Together with the Vienna Genesis (Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) and the Rossano Gospels (Rossano Calabro, Museo Diocesano), it has an unusually rich decorative apparatus with scenes representing biblical episodes. It can be, therefore, considered one of the most important preserved artistic productions of the early medieval era. The manuscript has been subjected to a non-invasive diagnostic campaign to evaluate the quality of the colourants used in its decoration, to understand how the parchment was coloured, and to carry out a comparison with the Vienna Genesis and the Rossano Gospels. The techniques used were UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry with optical fibres (FORS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), spectrofluorimetry, and optical microscopy. Analyses highlighted the presence of ultramarine blue, which, besides the use of pure gold for the ink and paint, certifies the high value of the manuscript. In addition, this must be seen as one of the earliest examples of its use in paintings. The purple colour of the parchment was identified as orchil, a dye extracted from lichens, similar to the results of analytical investigations carried out on other purple codices, and not the expected Tyrian purple dye.

Haemostasis disorders are serious pathologies that could put dental and surgical procedures at risk as they are associated with postoperative bleeding, which in some circumstances could be prolonged and dangerous for the patient. In-depth knowledge of the problems associated with coagulation pathologies and the suitable specific procedures should be implemented in dental practice. A good awareness of the clinical protocols to be used in these circumstances may help reduce operator stress and increase patient compliance. Collaboration with the haematologist is always recommended to establish an adequate treatment plan, both regarding the administration of therapies that promote haemostasis and for assessing the operative risk. Hereby, we summarize the congenital and hereditary pathologies that lead to haemostasis disorders, which can be found in patients undergoing dental procedures. The purpose of this narrative review is to frame the diseases from a clinical, anamnestic, and etiopathological standpoint, as well as to evaluate an operative approach to the pathology under consideration, with particular attention to anaesthesia manoeuvres and post-surgical haemostasis, to avoid hematoma formation and uncontrolled bleeding which can lead procedure failure up and even death. Of note, it is likewise important to educate the patient about prevention, to keep the oral cavity healthy and avoid invasive procedures, limiting the number of operative sessions.

Purple heading Chinese cabbage has become popular in recent years due to its attractive color and health benefits. However, purple varieties remain rare, and the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese cabbage is still largely unknown. By introducing the purple color trait from Brassica juncea, a new purple heading Chinese cabbage cultivar (18M-245) was generated with deep purple leaves at both the seedling and adult stages. Anthocyanin accumulation in 18M-245 increased when grown at low temperatures. FISH and genotyping results showed that the purple trait was caused by an alien chromosome addition line derived from the Brassica B genome. The LDOX coding gene BjuB014115 from the addition line was highly expressed in 18M-245, consistent with the results of anthocyanin accumulation. Meanwhile, several MYB and bHLH transcriptional factors from the Brassica A genome were found to directly bind to the promoter of BjuB014115, suggesting that interactions between the Brassica A and B genomes are involved in the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Chinese cabbage. Our results provide new insights into the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple heading Chinese cabbage.

Along the Southeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula are numerous remains linked to the ancient purple exploitation destined for elaborating dyes. Our study focused on analysing the Torregarcía’s site (Almeria, Spain), which is set in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, a protected coastal space of huge ecological interest. Torregarcía was excavated in the 1980s. Despite its importance, it has remained invisible to the historiography of the last three decades due to the lack of scientific publications on the matter. The current archaeological works, performed by non-invasive prospection techniques, such as GPR, magnetometer or UAV, revealed the relevance of purple exploitation as one of the main activities and have made possible the documentation of more complex facilities associated with excavated structures and the extensive shell midden. Along with these, other buildings and shell middens have been found throughout the coast of this location. This study emphasised the first results of the 2019 and 2021 campaigns.

Plant genetic diversity is an emerging variation in a crop group caused by its genetic factors. Local corn germplasm as a source of plant genes that are able to adapt to the local environment. The purpose of this research is to obtain information on genetic variation of Tana Toraja local maize germ plasm using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) marker. This research was conducted at Balitsereal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Agency in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. A total of 4 local maize populations were analyzed by laboratory experimental method with observation with NTSYS pc 2.1 program. The results showed that the average number of alleles was 3.72 alleles per locus and the polymorphism rate of 0.53 with the genetic similarity coefficient was in the range of 0.47 to 0.85. 2 main clusters formed in the genetic similarity coefficient 0.47. Klaster I is Local DallePondan and Local Purple. Klaster II is Local Bebo and Kandora. The genetic distance is in the range of 0.15 to 0.74 with an average genetic distance of 0.46. From the data obtained shows that the 4th germplasm of the population of Tana Toraja Local maize diteleti has a very informative level of genetic diversity. Genetic diversity of local maize germplasm of Tana Toraja, can be used as a source of genes in the assembly of improved varieties in the future.

The article determines an analysis of the lexis, used to express color in Russian. To achieve this aim, the theoretical aspect as well as the collected files of the selected linguistic units serving as the research material were presented. The examples relate to all the meanings of ten colors: red, orange, yellow, green, light blue, dark blue, purple, pink, brown, and scarlet.

Background: Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) is a valuable horticultural crop with economic significance, and its purple fruit color is attributed to anthocyanin, a phytonutrient known for its health-promoting benefits. However, the mechanisms regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper have yet to be fully elucidated., Methods: RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to analyze the transcriptome of fruits from three purple-fruited varieties (HN191, HN192, and HN005) and one green-fruited variety (EJT) at various developmental stages. To determine the relationships between samples, Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) and principal component analysis (PCA) were calculated. Differential expression analysis was performed using the DESeq2 package to identify genes that were expressed differently between two samples. Transcription factors (TF) were predicted using the iTAK program. Heatmaps of selected genes were generated using Tbtools software., Results: The unripe fruits of HN191, HN192, and HN005, at the stages of 10, 20, and 30 days after anthesis (DAA), display a purple color, whereas the unripe fruits of variety EJT remain green. To understand the molecular basis of this color difference, five transcriptome comparisons between green and purple fruits were conducted: HN191-10 vs EJT-10, HN191-20 vs EJT-20, HN191-30 vs EJT-30, HN192-30 vs EJT-30, and HN005-30 vs EJT-30. Through this analysis, 503 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these DEGs, eight structural genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and 24 transcription factors (TFs) were detected. Notably, one structural gene (MSTRG.12525) and three TFs (T459_25295, T459_06113, T459_26036) exhibited expression patterns that suggest they may be novel candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. These results provide new insights into the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple pepper fruit and suggest potential candidate genes for future genetic improvement of pepper germplasm with enhanced anthocyanin accumulation., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2024 Tan et al.)

Introduction: Nowadays, a splenectomy is a therapeutic option for hematologic diseases, especially those that do not respond to medical treatment. It is a minimally invasive surgery and has advantages such as less postoperative pain, rapid recovery, less blood loss and better cosmetic results. Laparoscopy has become the standard approach for patients undergoing a splenectomy. Case report: We present the case of a 34-year old male patient with idiopatic thrombocytopenic purpura. He was treated with steroid and danazol with a persistent thrombocytopenia. Due to the failure of the treatment, a laparoscopic splenectomy was performed without any complication. The extracted spleen measured 25 × 16 cm weighing 1.235 g. The surgical time was of 115 min and the transoperative loss of blood was of 800 cc. Conclusion: The laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and viable therapeutic option. Various studies have shown low conversion rates, less morbidity and a shorter hospital stay. Laparoscopic splenectomy is an effective therapy regardless of the size of the spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Annunciation scene which has a very important place in Christian painting both has canonical and apocryphal sources. The canonical gospels such as Luke, Matthew, John and Mark don't give detailed information about the scene. Contrary to canonical gospels the apocryphal ones have detailed information about the scene. The most important ones are Protoevangelium of James, Nativity of Mary, Arabic Infancy Tales, and Pseudo Matthew. Among these the Protoevangelium of James is the one which gives detailed information about the early life of Mary. The gospel was written in the second century and one of the precious firsthand sources for Christian painting iconography of Mary's Life scenes. One of these scenes is Annunciation... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the discovery of glowing purple light in the upper atmosphere by citizen scientists. Topics mentioned include the visible structure which was undocumented in the scientific literature, the distiction from the aurora common types, and the proposal to identify the arc as a Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE).

To investigate the effects of temperature and hydration on the dynamics of purple membrane (PM), we measured the broadband complex dielectric spectra from 0.5 GHz to 2.3 THz using a vector network analyzer and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy from 233 to 293 K. In the lower temperature region down to 83 K, the complex dielectric spectra in the THz region were also obtained. The complex dielectric spectra were analyzed through curve fitting using several model functions. We found that the hydrated states of one relaxational mode, which was assigned as the coupled motion of water molecules with the PM surface, began to overlap with the THz region at approximately 230 K. On the other hand, the relaxational mode was not observed for the dehydrated state. On the basis of this result, we conclude that the protein-dynamical-transition-like behavior in the THz region is due to the onset of the overlap of the relaxational mode with the THz region. Temperature hysteresis was observed in the dielectric spectrum at 263 K when the hydration level was high. It is suggested that the hydration water behaves similarly to supercooled liquid at that temperature. The third hydration layer may be partly formed to observe such a phenomenon. We also found that the relaxation time is slower than that of a globular protein, lysozyme, and the microscopic environment in the vicinity of the PM surface is suggested to be more heterogeneous than lysozyme. It is proposed that the spectral overlap of the relaxational mode and the low-frequency vibrational mode is necessary for the large conformational change of protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are natural pigments distributed widely among higher plants. Anthocyanins in plant-derived food are also important nutrient constituents, due to their dietary health benefits. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide, many with anthocyanins in their fruit tissues, but the pigmentation varies specially in the popular purple tomato. To develop tomatoes with a high anthocyanin content, we conducted cultivation experiments under natural temperature and sunlight conditions using two purple cherry tomato cultivars 'Toscana Violet' and 'Blue Bingo' and an ordinary cherry tomato cultivar 'Amakko' as a control to clarify problems which we may encounter during year-round cultivation of purple tomatoes. The content of anthocyanins was high in the tomatoes cultivated in the winter but extremely low in those cultivated in the summer. These findings suggested that the high temperature in summer may cause poor anthocyanin production resulting in less pigmented fruits, although the yield of fruits itself is not be affected greatly. Furthermore, treatment of 'Blue Bingo' fruits at late growth and maturation stage by a night (8 h)-andday (16 h) temperature regime of 15-22 °C resulted in marked accumulation of anthocyanins in skin and outer pericarp of the fruits, but those of 20-27 °C and 25-32 °C had no or little accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work analyses the production and marketing of purple in Roman times. The analysis of merchants related to the sale of purple, purpurarii, and merchants of the best fabrics and dresses, vestiarii, allow access to visitors were the characters involved with the making and marketing of clothing and fabrics in the Metropolis. The fame of certain colours soon attracted the attention of the Roman elites, and during the imperial period, the purple became a state issue, allowing its use by a small number of people linked to the emperor's family. At this point we make a brief review of the different leges sumptuariae. In this regard, we have taken advantage of, in addition to commenting that the places were more important for the extraction of this dye, to comment that they were the diverse productive techniques of the Mediterranean and Atlantic purples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La corte del príncipe Juan sirvió a su madre, la reina Isabel I de Castilla, para ensayar nuevas formas de organización de la casa real y del protocolo regio, dentro de su proyecto de unión de las dos principales Coronas españolas. Se trató pues de un lugar de prueba en el que el lujo y el boato jugaron un papel preponderante en la nueva política nacional y en las relaciones exteriores. De ahí que nada se dejase al azar, tampoco los colores que el heredero debía vestir en sus ropas, que fueron elegidos en atención a principios estéticos y a la moda, marcada por el consumo conspicuo. El negro, color predilecto, fue el más consumido porque por entonces se estaba convirtiendo en uno de los más caros, lo que prestigiaba a su portador; el carmesí tenía todavía las connotaciones ideológicas que lo asociaron a la monarquía desde hacía siglos; el morado estuvo ligado a las celebraciones litúrgicas de la Pasión.The court of Prince Juan was used by his mother, Queen Isabel I of Castile, to introduce new forms of organization in the royal household and royal protocol within the projected union of the two main Spanish kingdoms, Castile and Aragon. It was a testing ground where luxury and pomp played a dominant role in the new national policy, as well as in foreign relations. Nothing was to be improvised, not even the colours of the heir’s clothes which were chosen according to aesthetic principles and fashion trends driven by conspicuous consumption. Black was the favourite colour and it became the predominant one of his attire; it being the most expensive, and hence conferring the greatest prestige on he who sported it. Crimson still possessed centuries-old ideological connotations associated with the monarchy. Purple was linked to the liturgical celebrations of the Passion.

An investigation was carried out in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) to develop F1 hybrids with cluster bearing and glossy purple fruits. A total number of eight genotypes viz., Poiyur Purple, Ujala, Yendhal, Pusa Purple Cluster, PLR 1, Hybrid Derivative 1, Hybrid Derivative 2 and Hybrid Derivative 3 were chosen as parents and they were crossed in a ‘Full diallel mating design’ to get fifty six cross combinations. All the fifty six F1 hybrids and the eight parents were evaluated for thirteen characters. Based on the per se performance, the parent HD 3 was found to be the best for plant height, number of branches per plant, earliness, number of fruiting clusters per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, whereas PPC followed by HD 1 and HD 2 excelled for number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per cluster and fruit length. Among the hybrids, the hybrid PLR 1 x HD 3 registered the maximum per se for plant height, number of branches per plant, earliness, fruiting clusters per plant, fruit yield per plant and number of solitary fruits per plant followed by the hybrid PPC x HD 3 which had the highest number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per cluster and solasodine content and HD 1 x HD 3 recorded the maximum number of fruits per plant. The hybrids PPC x HD 2 and Yendhal x HD 3, also showed favourable performance for yield and economic traits.