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Supplemental Document

Supplemental Document

In this study, an improved flame edge detector based on convolutional neural network (CNN) was proposed. The proposed method can generate edge graphs and extract edge graphs relatively effectively. Our network architecture was based on VGG16 primarily, the last two max-pooling operators and all full connection layers of the VGG16 network were deleted, and the rest was taken as the basic network. The images output by the five convolution layers were upsampled to the size of the input images and finally fused to the edge image. Error calculation and back propagation of the fusion image and label image are carried out to form a weakly supervised model. Using the open datasets BSDS500 to train the network, the ODS F-measure can reach 0.810. Various experiments were carried out on different flame and fire images, including butane-air flame, oxygen-ethanol flame, energetic material flame, and oxygen-acetylene premixed jet flame, and the infrared thermogram was also verified by our method. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm.

Existing non-contact flame temperature measuring methods depend on complex, bulky and expensive optical instruments, which make it difficult for portable applications and high-density distributed networking monitoring. Here, we demonstrate a flame temperature imaging method based on a perovskite single photodetector. High-quality perovskite film epitaxy grows on the SiO2/Si substrate to fabricate the photodetector. Duo to the Si/MAPbBr3 heterojunction, the light detection wavelength is extended from 400 nm to 900 nm. Then, a perovskite single photodetector spectrometer has been developed using the deep-learning method for spectroscopic measurement of flame temperature. In the temperature test experiment, the spectral line of doping element K+ has been selected to measure the flame temperature. The photoresponsivity function of the wavelength was learned based on a commercial standard blackbody source. The spectral line of element K+ has been reconstructed using the photocurrents matrix by the regression solving photoresponsivity function. As a validation experiment, the “NUC” pattern is realized by scanning the perovskite single-pixel photodetector. Finally, the flame temperature of adulterated element K+ has been imaged with the error of 5%. It provides a way to develop high precision, portable, low-cost flame temperature imaging technology.

The development of new catalytic enantioselective access to CF3-containing stereogenicity is of great interest for the expediting discovery of lead compounds yet remains challenging. We devised a general and modular approach to facilely access enantioenriched α-CF3 ketones via nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of readily available acid chlorides and racemic α-CF3 alkyl bromides in an enantioconvergent fashion under mild conditions. This protocol featured neighboring directing group-free, high chemoselectivity, excellent functional group tolerance, facile scale-up, and notable amenability to straightforward downstream elaboration toward molecule complexity, thus constituting a reliable, direct, practical, and efficient synthetic alternative to furnish enantiopure α-CF3 carbonyls. Interestingly, an appropriate choice of the phosphine ligand as co-ligand plays an important role in high efficiency and asymmetric induction. Mechanistic studies suggest a radical chain pathway.

The objective of this study is to discover the influencing factors of groups by gender and age and the expenses related to bronchial and pulmonary cancer for insight into the root of the problem. An aging population has generated huge expenditures in cancer care. This study proposed a two-stage cluster method by using k-means and a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to conduct a scientific analysis of the health insurance database of cancer prescription and patients in 2016. The findings of this study revealed that bronchial and pulmonary cancers were responsible for the largest medical expenditure; the average cost was $306,776 for females aged 50 to 54 and $301,788 for males aged 65 to 69. Meanwhile, the results indicated that incidences of bronchial and pulmonary cancer were concentrated in the ages between 45 and 89 for both males and females, with such incidences representing enormous cancer care expenditure. The implications are summarized in this article

Wide bandgap semiconductor materials have received more and more attention because of their unique properties and potential applications. Single-doped tin dioxide (SnO2) has been studied extensively, however the calculation of SnO2 doped with Sb and S is less involved. Co-doping can effectively improve the solubility of the dopant, increase the activation rate by reducing the ionization energy of the acceptor level and the donor level, and increase the carrier mobility at low doping concentration. Co-doping can solve the problem that is difficult to solve with single doping. Based on the density functional theory of the first principle and the plane wave pseudopotential method, in this paper we study the electronic structure and electrical properties of SnO2 doped with Sb and S by using the generalized gradient approximation algorithm. The geometrical optimization calculation is carried out for the doped structure. The Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm is used to find the stable structure with the lowest energy. The plane wave cutoff energy is set to be 360 eV, and the internal stress is less than or equal to 0.1 GPa. By analyzing the electronic structures, it is found that the material is still direct bandgap n-type semiconductor after being co-doped. The electron density is changed, and the overlap of atomic orbital is enhanced. It is conducive to the transfer of electrons. New energy levels are observed in the energy band of co-doped SnO2, and the bandgap width is narrower than that of single doping, thus making electronic transitions become easier. Fermi level is observed in the conduction-band, which leads to the metal-like properties of the material. The electronic density of states is further investigated. The results of the density of states confirm the correctness of electron transfer. In the middle of the valence-band, the hybridization is found to happen between the S atomic orbital and the Sn and Sb orbitals. The top of the valence-band is occupied by the S-3p orbit, thus providing more hole carriers to move up to the top of valence-band. With the increase of S doping concentration, the bandgap and the width of conduction-band both continue to decrease. As a result, the conductive performance turns better.

Nowadays,research on non-point source pollution which comes from agricultural activities has become a bet-point and difficult-point issue in the area of environmental problem.But currently few researches have been made on non-point source pollution in trough scale.By using big soil trough and artificial rainfall equipment to simulate na- ture precipitation and flow in uncovered sloping field,a physically-based model based on ANSWERS-2000 and re- combined submedules of ANSWERS-2000 is developed to study transfer rule of dissolved nutrient(Nitrate-Nitro- gen)in the soil trough during single precipitation.The model had been validated three times.Total runoff errors were between 4%-15% and CP'_A were between 0.7-12.Accordingly,total Nitrate-Nitrogen errors were between 9%- 17% and CP'_A were between 0.6-1.1.Results shined that the simulation value of runoff and Nitrate-Nitnogen con- centration basically accords with the observed value.The model can be used to calculate the transporting amount of Nitrate-Nitrogen in trough scale during single precipitation and had some reference values for future research.