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Blaps subalpina M��n��tri��s, 1832 stat. resurr. (Figs 10, 23C, D) This species was described from fortress Groznaya (now Groznyi city, Chechen Republic, Russia) or its vast surroundings; type locality: ���Caucase, pr��s de Grosna��a���; the lectotype (ZIN) was designated and studied by Abdurakhmanov & Nabozhenko (2011). Since Allard (1880, 1882), many authors have interpreted this name as a subspecies of Blaps lethifera based on its smooth elytra. Abdurakhmanov & Nabozhenko (2011) interpreted this taxon as a subspecies of Blaps scabriuscula M��n��tri��s, 1832 and proposed the synonymy Blaps subalpina = Blaps montana Motschulsky, 1839. In fact, B. subalpina is a separate species (not subspecies), which differs from B. verrucosa (= B. montana) by the shape of the narrow pronotum, narrowed to apical margin, smooth elytra, little wider mucro in males and the absence of the mucro in females. In addition, both species differ in their bionomics. Blaps verrucosa is cavernicolous species, which inhabits caves, niches and deep cracks in the rocks. High mountain populations (usually more or strongly rugose) of B. verrucosa prefer wet meadow mountain habitats with rocks, while lower mountain Transcaucasian populations (for example, in Gobustan desert) occur in rocks or clusters of huge boulders. Blaps subalpina inhabits xerophytic mountain steppes and slopes only on the North Caucasus (Dagestan, Chechnya) and can often be found in phrygana-like steppes at the foot of Astragalus spp. (milkvetches; Fabaceae), Stipa spp. (feather grasses; Poaceae) and in rodents burrows. These two species are allopatric in natural non-transformed landscapes. However, both species tend to a synanthropic lifestyle and are sometimes sympatric in ruins of abandoned mountain villages in Dagestan and Chechnya. Blaps verrucosa is a species demonstrating great morphological variation. High mountain populations are strongly rugose and slender (Fig. 23B), while almost smooth (but with coarse elytral punctation) specimens have been found in subdesert Gobustan populations around Baku, Azerbaijan (Fig. 23A). Given that the species status of Blaps subalpina is also corroborated by molecular data (Fig. 22) (at least for specimens from Dagestan), the species rank for this taxon is resurrected., Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim V., Chigray, Ivan A., Ntatsopoulos, Konstantinos & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2022, A key to Russian and Eastern European species of Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae) with the description of a new species from the North Caucasus supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 267-291 in Zootaxa 5116 (2) on page 286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6367323, {"references":["Menetries, E. (1832) Catalogue raissonne des objets de Zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au Caucase et jusqu'aux frontieres actuelles de la Perse. St. Petersbourg, L'Imprimerie de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, 272 pp., 5 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51784","Abdurakhmanov, G. M. & Nabozhenko, M. V. (2011) Keys and catalogue to darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae s. str.) of the Caucasus and south of European part of Russia. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 361 pp. [in Russian]","Motschulsky, V. de (1839) Insectes du Caucase et des Provinces Transcaucausiennes. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 12, 44 - 93, pls. I, II, V, VI."]}

Blaps lethifera Marsham, 1802 (Fig. 23E, F) = Blaps pterotapha M��n��tri��s, 1832, syn. n. The species Blaps pterotapha M��n��tri��s, 1832 was described from Baku and long time was interpreted as a subspecies of Blaps lethifera (see full bibliography in Abdurakhamnov & Nabozhenko (2011)). Transcaucasian populations named ��� B. lethifera pterotapha ��� differ from the European populations only by weakly emarginated lateral margins of the pronotum at the base. This character is very variable, and specimens with emarginated or weakly emarginated or non-emarginated lateral pronotum margins can be found even in one Transcaucasian micropopulation. This unreliable character���s entire spectrum of variability can be observed in specimens from the east Caspian coast to western Turkey. The extensive variability of this species has been beautifully illustrated in the work of ��ustek (1982). Another illustrative example is two very unusual specimens from the Don River delta area. These specimens were collected after deep excavation by an excavator in sandy alluvial soils near the banks of Don River in the burrows of Spalax microphthalmus G��ldenst��dt, 1770. The first two authors interpreted them as an isolated, distant micropopulation of Blaps scabriuscula (Chigray et al. 2015). However, COI analysis showed that this Don micropopulation is genetically highly similar with specimens assigned to Blaps lethifera (Fig. 22), despite significant morphological differences. Considering the information mentioned above, we propose the following new synonymy: Blaps lethifera Marsham, 1802 = Blaps pterotapha M��n��tri��s, 1832 syn. n. In addition, we examined the specimen, which was listed as Blaps pterosticha Fischer von Waldheim, 1844 from Orenburg Region of Russia (Shapovalov et al. 2011; Kozminykh 2015). The specimen is a typical B. lethifera, so B. pterosticha must be excluded from the Russian faunistic list. Blaps sinuatocollis Solier, 1848 (recorded as nominotypical subspecies from Southern Russia (Nabozhenko & Chigray 2020)) was described as the variation B of Blaps reflexicollis (now a junior synonym of B. lethifera). Types of both taxa are lost (personal communication with Antoine Mantilleri (MNHN)). In our opinion, this name is infrasubspecific and must be excluded from zoological nomenclature because Solier���s description unambiguously reveals that the name was proposed for an infrasubspecific entity (article 45.6.4 of ICZN). Solier indicated that var. B (sinuatocollis) is just one male deviating from the typical form, and if its characters were stable, then it could be a species (Solier 1848, pp. 315, 316)., Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim V., Chigray, Ivan A., Ntatsopoulos, Konstantinos & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2022, A key to Russian and Eastern European species of Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae) with the description of a new species from the North Caucasus supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 267-291 in Zootaxa 5116 (2) on pages 286-288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6367323, {"references":["Menetries, E. (1832) Catalogue raissonne des objets de Zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au Caucase et jusqu'aux frontieres actuelles de la Perse. St. Petersbourg, L'Imprimerie de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, 272 pp., 5 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51784","Sustek, Z. (1982) Contribution to the synonymy of Blaps lethifera Marsham, 1802 (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 79, 143 - 153.","Chigray, I. A., Abdurakhmanov, G. M., Nabozhenko, M. V. & Shmatko, V. Yu. (2015) Morphological diversity and distribution of Blaps scabriuscula Menetries, 1832 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Yug Rossii: Ekologiya, Razvitiye, 10 (4), 59 - 68. [in Russian] https: // doi. org / 10.18470 / 1992 - 1098 - 2015 - 4 - 59 - 68","Shapovalov, A. M., Grigoriev, V. E., Nemkov, V. A., Rusakov, A. V. & Kazakov, E. P. (2011) Interesting finds of beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) in the Orenburg Region. Trudy Orenburgskogo otdeleniya Russkogo entomologicheskogo obshchestva, 1, 39 - 48. [in Russian]","Kozminykh, V. O. (2015) Faunistic data on tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) of the Orenburg Region. Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal, 1 (13), 16 - 42. [in Russian]","Solier, A. J. J. (1848) Essai sur les collapterides. 14 e Tribu. Blapsites. In: Baudi di Selve: Studi Entomologici. Pubblicati per cura di Flaminio Baudi e di Eugenio Truqui. Tomo 1. Torino: Stamperia Degli Artisti Tipografi, pp. 149 - 370, pls. iv - xv.","Nabozhenko, M. V. & Chigray, I. A. (2020) Tribe Blaptini Leach, 1815. In: Iwan, D. & Lobl, I. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 5. Tenebrionoidea. Leiden, Brill, pp. 268 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004434998 _ 004"]}

Blaps verrucosa Adams, 1817 (Figs 6, 23A, B) = Blaps scabriuscula M��n��tri��s, 1832 syn. n. = Blaps montana Motschulsky, 1839 syn. n. Blaps verrucosa was described from the surroundings of Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia). Adams���s description is detailed and completely corresponds to Blaps scabriuscula M��n��tri��s, 1832 described from Baku (Azerbaijan) (M��n��tri��s 1832) and B. montana Motschulsky, 1839 described from Kurush (Southern Dagestan, Russia) (Motschulsky 1839). Types of all species are lost, but the first author examined specimens from Baku, Kurush and Georgia (Abdurakhmanov & Nabozhenko 2011) and confirmed that all three taxa are morphologically conspecific and differ only in the level of elytral rugosity: from weak, poorly visible wrinkles in some specimens from Kurush and Baku to strongly and coarsely rugose specimens from mountains of Inner Dagestan, Chechnya and southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus in Georgia. Adams mentioned that this very rare species has rugose flattened elytra with mucro, subquadrate pronotum, and long legs. Only one species with such characters occurs in Georgia, and it was listed for the eastern part of the country (Nakalakebi, Kazbegi) by Dzhambazishvili (2000). As a result, the following synonymy is proposed: Blaps verrucosa Adams, 1817 = Blaps scabriuscula M��n��tri��s, 1832 syn. n., = Blaps montana Motschulsky, 1839 syn. n. Notes. A.V. Bogatshev confused the status and subspecies of B. verrucosa and mixed them with other species. The following interpretations were published by Bogatshev: 1. Bogatshev (1934): Blaps montana (= Blaps scabriuscula, as a junior synonym). In addition, he mentioned two of its subspecies B. montana rugosa and B. montana chevsuretica. Both names are nomina nuda, because descriptions are absent. The Greater Caucasus. 2. Bogatshev (1938): Blaps montana. Russia: Dagestan (Kurush, Chadakolob); Azerbaijan: Sary-Bash; Georgia: Kheledula, Latal, Lailchala, Mestia. 3. Bogatshev (1958): Blaps scabriuscula scabriuscula: Azerbaijan: Baku and surrounds; Blaps scabriuscula montana: Greater Caucasus; B. scabriuscula puella Allard, 1881: Armenia, Azerbaijan (Karabakh, Nakhchivan), Eastern Anatolia. Blaps puella, which was interpreted as a subspecies of B. scabriuscula (Bogatshev 1958), belongs to the mortisaga species-group with acute, strongly elongate reservoirs of the spermatheca (Chigray & Nabozhenko 2016, Figs 7A���C) only slightly differing from B. mortisaga., Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim V., Chigray, Ivan A., Ntatsopoulos, Konstantinos & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2022, A key to Russian and Eastern European species of Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae) with the description of a new species from the North Caucasus supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 267-291 in Zootaxa 5116 (2) on pages 285-286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6367323, {"references":["Menetries, E. (1832) Catalogue raissonne des objets de Zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au Caucase et jusqu'aux frontieres actuelles de la Perse. St. Petersbourg, L'Imprimerie de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, 272 pp., 5 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51784","Motschulsky, V. de (1839) Insectes du Caucase et des Provinces Transcaucausiennes. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 12, 44 - 93, pls. I, II, V, VI.","Abdurakhmanov, G. M. & Nabozhenko, M. V. (2011) Keys and catalogue to darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae s. str.) of the Caucasus and south of European part of Russia. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 361 pp. [in Russian]","Dzhambazishvili, M. Ya. (2000) Catalogue to darkling beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) of Georgia. Trudy instituta zoologii Akademii nauk Gruzii, 20, 185 - 193. [in Russian]","Bogatshev, A. V. (1934) Materials to the knowledge of the fauna of beetles of Apsheron Penisula. Trudy Azerbaijanskogo otdelenia Zakavkazskogo filiala of the AN SSR. Sektor zoologii, 7, 14 - 71.","Bogatshev, A. V. (1938) Review of species of the fam. Tenebrionidae of the Caucasus and neighboring countries. Bulleten' Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Gruzii, 9, 118 - 127 [in Russian].","Bogatshev, A. V. (1958) Darkling beetles. In: Kryzhanovsky, O. L. & Ter-Minasyan, M. E. Beetles - Coleoptera. In: Animal world of the USSR. Vol. 5. Mountain regions of the European part of the USSR. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow - Leningrad, pp. 384 - 421.","Chigray, I. A. & Nabozhenko, M. V. (2016) To the knowledge of the genus Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Iran and Transcaucasia. Annales Zoologici, 66 (2), 267 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 00034541 ANZ 2016.66.2.007"]}

Blaps sp. aff. oblonga Kraatz, 1883 (Fig. 17B) Tschernyshev & Mordkovitsh (2002) listed this name for a specimen found in Novosibirsk (South Siberia, Russia). They noted that the specimen was collected in railway warehouses, representing a highly probable invasion. We examined this specimen (Fig. 17A) and B. oblonga from the type locality (Osh, Kyrgyzstan) (Fig. 17B) and found that Blaps from Novosibirsk distinctly differs from the Tian-Shanian B. oblonga by the structure of the pronotum, elytra and male genitalia. In addition, after analyzing the available revisions and the collections of ZIN RAS and HNHM, the largest on Central Asian Blaptini, we did not find any correspondence of the Novosibirsk specimen to any of the known species. That said, we consider the description of a new taxon based on one invasive specimen to be a bad practice. Thus, we use the name Blaps sp. aff. oblonga for this specimen until further clarification of the situation., Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim V., Chigray, Ivan A., Ntatsopoulos, Konstantinos & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2022, A key to Russian and Eastern European species of Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae) with the description of a new species from the North Caucasus supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 267-291 in Zootaxa 5116 (2) on page 288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6367323, {"references":["Tschernyshev, S. E. & Mordkovitsh, V. G. (2002) New species of the genus Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) found in Siberia. Russian Entomological Journal, 11 (4), 383 - 385."]}

Blaps caucasica M. Nabozhenko et I. Chigray sp. n. (Figs 12���14) Type material. Holotype, ♂ (ZIN) and 43 paratypes (ZIN: 23♂♂, 16♀♀ of which 3♂♂ and 3♀♀ were put in ethanol; HNHM: 2♂♂, 2♀♀): Russia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Uchkulan vill., 43��02��45.7��N, 42��05��19.6��, h=1430, 21.07.2013 (leg. M. Nabozhenko, I. Chigray). Paratypes. 77 paratypes (30♂♂, 61♀♀ of which 18♂♂ and 26♀♀ were put in ethanol) (ZIN): the same locality, 1��� 3.05.2017 (leg. I. Chigray); 1♀ (ZIN): Russia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, confluence of Daut and Kuban rivers, 16.05.2009 (leg. A. Shapovalov); 5♂♂, 5♀♀ (ZIN): Russia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, near Kart-Yurt village (leg. A. Shapovalov); 2♂♂ (ZIN): Russia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, near Elbrussky village, 20��� 21.05.2009 (leg. A. Shapovalov); 3♂♂, 1♀ (ZIN): Russia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, near Khudes River, 43��30.91��N, 42��15.01��E, 22.05.2009, leg. A. Shapovalov ���; 2♂♂ (PCRKh) Russia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, near Baksan, way to Elbrus, 1500 m, vii.1992 (R. Khryapin); 7♂, 4♀ (ZM MSU): Russia, Ossetia, Alagir, in niches of rocks [in fact, these specimens were collected higher, because Alagir is located on plain, and coming rocks start from Biz village, 42��54��45.40��N, 44��10��37.16��E, 840 m], 27.vii.1946 (leg. A. Bogatshev); 1♂ (ZIN): Russia, North Ossetia-Alania, Zaramag, 6���8.vii.1997 (leg. M. Nabozhenko); Description. Male. Body black, mat, moderately slender. Body length 23���25 mm, width 10.1���10.3 mm. Head.Anterior margin of epistoma straight or weakly rounded at middle; lateral margins straight. Lateral margins of genae straight at anterior half, rounded at base. Lateral margins of head with slight emargination between epistoma and genae. Head widest at level of eyes and temples. Head 1.5 times as wide as interocular distance. Antennae not reaching base (basal margin) of pronotum when directed backwards. Ratio of length (width) of antennomeres 2���11 as 3 (3.5), 17 (4), 7 (4), 7 (4), 7 (4), 8 (5), 5 (5), 5 (5), 5 (5.5), 7 (5.5). Mentum transversely oval, its base straight. Punctation of head fine, dense (distance between punctures subequal to diameter of one puncture), punctation of epistoma and frons sparser (punctures 2���3 times as short as interpuncture distance). Occiput and temples covered with raduliform punctures and dense subrecumbent light hairs. Underside of epicranium wrinkled, covered with raduliform punctures, small granules and light hairs. Prothorax. Pronotum transverse (1.25 times as wide as long), widest at anterior third, 1.78 times as wide as head. Ratio of pronotal width near anterior angles, at widest part and at base as 4.7: 7.5: 6.6. Disc of pronotum weakly convex, narrowly flattened along lateral sides and base; anterior margin moderately emarginated; lateral margins usually straight, but sometimes weakly emarginated at basal third, widely rounded at middle and apical third; base widely weakly emarginated. Pronotum completely beaded, except for middle of anterior margin; basal bead indistinct or interrupted in middle; lateral bead narrowed from base to anterior margin. Anterior angles obtuse, narrowly rounded at apex; posterior angles right, rounded wider at apex than anterior ones. Pronotal punctation fine, from moderately dense (punctures 1���2 times as short as interpuncture distance) to sparse (distance between punctures as 4���5 diameters of one puncture). Prothoracic hypomera with coarse transverse wrinkles, covered with small and very sparse granules; lateral sides of prohypomera more gentle than the other part (separated from the rest part by slight explanation), at least in anterior part. Prosternum with fine wrinkles, raduliform punctures and small granules along prothoracic hypomera. Pterothorax. Elytral disc widely flattened, elytra elongate (1.89 times as long as wide), widest a little before middle or at middle, 3.21 times as long and 1.36 times as wide as pronotum, 2.42 times as wide as head. Caudal extension of elytra (mucro) distinct 2.15 mm long; elytra 8.9 times as long as mucro. Elytra with very fine, barely noticeable smoothed wrinkles, covered also with moderately dense raduliform punctures (punctures 2���3 times as short as interpuncture distance). Lateral inflected margins of elytra visible from above only in basal third and near mucro. Epipleura with fine smooth superficial wrinkles. Mesoventrite and its intercoxal process with fine smoothed wrinkles and fine raduliform punctures, wrinkles in apical part of this process large, clearly visible. Mesepisterna, mesepimera and metepisterna covered with fine smoothed wrinkles and sparse raduliform punctures. Metaventrite covered with sparse raduliform punctures, wrinkles in middle of metaventrite and its intercoxal process between mesocoxae large, clearly visible. Legs slender. Ratio of lengths of femora, tibiae and tarsi of fore, middle and hind legs as follows: 6.7: 6.4: 3.9; 7.8: 6.7: 5.1; 9.5: 8.7: 5.6. Abdomen. Hair tuft between abdominal ventrites 1 and 2 present. Abdominal ventrites 1���3 with large transverse superficial wrinkles, ventrites 4���5 without wrinkles; ventrite 1 covered with small sparse granules and raduliform punctures, ventrites 2���3 with only raduliform punctures, ventrites 4���5 with simple punctures, ventrite 5 beaded except for lateral margins at base. Middle of abdominal ventrite 1 with elevation transversely wrinkled, rounded and blunt at apex. Intercoxal process of abdominal ventrite 1 square, with large wrinkles between metacoxae. Genitalia. Anterior margin of male inner sternite VIII weakly emarginate, almost straight, accessory gland of sternite VIII moderately long. Rods of spiculum gastrale not merged, lobes of spiculum gastrale ���triangular���, wide. Aedeagus length 4���4.2 mm, width 0.97���1.03 mm. Aedeagus moderately C-curved. Parameres length 1.12���1.14 mm, width 0.71���0.73 mm. Lateral sides of parameres weakly rounded along entire length. Middle of parameres closer to apex with two deep straight furrow on each side. Female. Body shape and punctation similar to those in male. Body length 20���22 mm, width 9.1���9.3 mm. Head (at widest level) 1.26 times as wide as interocular distance. Pronotum transverse (1.27 times as wide as long), 1.94 times as wide as head. Ratio of pronotal width near anterior angles, at widest part and at base 4.4: 6.7: 5.6. Elytra weakly elongate (1.54 times as long as wide), 2.65 times as long and 1.35 times as wide as pronotum, 2.63 times as wide as head. Mucro very short (0.7 mm). Genitalia and genital tubes. Stem of spiculum ventrale moderately long and thick. Ovipositor moderately long. Lateral sides of coxite directly tapering towards apex. Apical coxite lobes lanceolate, narrowly rounded at apex; ventral side of apical lobes rough and covered with sparse, moderately long setae; dorsal side smooth, with some short setae in middle and several others between apex and vulva. Anterior margin of proctiger widely rounded, covered with moderately long setae, sometimes anterior margin uneven. Basal duct of spermatheca long, apical duct (between second reservoir and accessory gland) very short. Reservoirs of spermatheca separated, clavate, their apical part elliptical, 1 st reservoir slightly longer and larger than 2 nd one. Accessory gland of spermatheca moderately long, base of gland narrow, middle wider, apical part widest. Differential diagnosis. The new species is close to Blaps lethifera Marsham, 1802, Blaps subalpina and Blaps verrucosa Adams, 1817 with regard to the body shape and the structure of the male and the female genitalia, but it differs as follows: - from B. lethifera by the flattened elytral disc, by the narrower abdominal ventrites and longer legs, especially tarsi (see comparative measurements in the key); - from B. subalpina by the lateral sides of prohypomera, which are more gentle than the other surface (sides slightly explanated from the rest of the surface), at least anteriorly; additionally by the longer male mucro (mucro of Blaps caucasica sp. n. is 8.5 times shorter than elytra, mucro of B. subalpina is 14 times shorter than elytra). - from B. verrucosa by the non-rugose elytra and the rounded female elytral apex with very short mucro (elongated apex with longer and narrower mucro in females of B. subalpina). The analysis of COI sequences also supports the status of this new taxon, as explained below., Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim V., Chigray, Ivan A., Ntatsopoulos, Konstantinos & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2022, A key to Russian and Eastern European species of Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae) with the description of a new species from the North Caucasus supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 267-291 in Zootaxa 5116 (2) on pages 282-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6367323

A key to the Blaps from Eastern Europe and Russia (males) (Except for Blaps rybalovi Tschernyshev & Mordkovitsh, 2002, which is known only by female specimens) Notes. Since the final status of Blaps nitida Fischer von Waldheim, 1844 is unclear (Chigray & Ivanov 2020), this taxon and B. lethifera are given in the same key couplet. 1 Ventral lamella between tarsal claws acute, triangular or lanceolate at apex....................................... 2 - Ventral lamella between tarsal claws obtuse, straight or widely rounded at apex................................... 3 2 Mucro very short, abruptly bifurcated at base, in the shape of two triangular processes. Abdominal ventrite 1 with two transverse tooth-like tubercles; ventrite 5 with brush of long hairs at apex. Caspian depression, south to Izberbash (Dagestan)......................................................................... B. pruinosa Eversmann, 1833 (Figs 1A, B) - Mucro long, narrow, bifurcated at apex. Abdominal ventrite 1 with small rounded tubercle between metacoxae; ventrite 5 without hair brush at apex. S Crimea........................................ B. gigas (Linnaeus, 1767) (Figs 2A, B) 3 Abdomen with hair tuft between ventrites 1 and 2........................................................... 4 - Abdomen without hair tuft between ventrites 1 and 2....................................................... 13 4 Outer elytral deflected margin (pseudopleural carina) wholly visible dorsally. Eastern Siberia (Transbaikal, Tuva)................................................................... B. miliaria Fischer von Waldheim, 1844 (Figs 3A, B) - Outer elytral deflected margin (pseudopleural carina) partly concealed by lateral sides of elytra in dorsal view........... 5 5 Protibiae with short and sharp emargination at base of inner side. NE Crimea and northern environs.................................................................................. B. tibialis Reiche & Saulcy, 1857 (Figs 4A, B) - Protibiae without emargination at base of inner side......................................................... 6 6 Flexion side of profemora with large projected dentiform keel with widely rounded margin and deep, wide emargination before apex. Eastern Siberia (Tuva)..................................... B. femoralis medusula Skopin, 1964 (Figs 5A, B) - Flexion side of profemora without dentiform keel or with slightly projected keel and wide, gentle, not deep emargination... 7 7 Elytra covered with dense coarse wrinkles mixed with rough raduliform punctation, rugose (Figs 6���7)................. 8 - Elytra smoother, not coarsely rugose, sometimes with fine, poorly visible wrinkles................................. 9 8 Elytra more elongate (1.9 times as long as wide). Antennae longer, reaching elytral base when directed backwards. Greater Caucasus (in Russia: mountain areas of Dagestan and Chechnya)................ B. verrucosa Adams, 1817 (Figs 6A, B) - Elytra less elongate (1.4���1.55 times as long as wide). Antennae shorter, extending beyond half of pronotal length but not reaching base. Eastern Siberia (Transbaikal, Tuva, south of Krasnoyarsk Region)..... B. rugosa Gebler, 1825 (Figs 7A, B) 9 Mucro long (4.0��� 7.5 mm)............................................. B. mortisaga Linnaeus, 1758 (Figs 8A, B) - Mucro short (1.1���2.3 mm)............................................................................. 10 10 Spurs of mesotibiae oval, wide and long, their length subequal to mesotarsomere 1......................................................................................... Blaps parvicollis parvicollis Zubkov, 1829 (Figs 9A, B) - Spurs of mesotibiae narrow triangular, with acute apex, 1.5���3 times shorter than mesotarsomere 1.................... 11 11 Outer margins of prohypomera neither flattened nor narrowly explanated (Fig. 10D). North Caucasus (xerophytic mountains in Dagestan, Cheсhnya)............................................... B. subalpina M��n��tri��s, 1832 (Figs 10A, B) - Outer margins of prohypomera flattened or narrowly explanated at least anteriorly (Fig. 11D)....................... 12 12 Elytra evenly convex, sometimes narrowly flattened along suture. Abdominal ventrites wide, ratio of width to length of 1���5 ventrites 1.86, 3.03, 3.27, 4.81, 1.78 respectively. Tarsi shorter. Europe, south of Western Siberia east to Altay...................................................................... B. lethifera Marsham, 1802 (Figs 11A, B), B. nitida - Elytral disc widely flattened. Abdominal ventrites narrower, ratio of width to length of 1���5 ventrites 1.74, 2.81, 3, 4.1, 1.63 respectively. Tarsi longer and slender. The central part of the North Caucasus..................................................................................... B. caucasica Nabozhenko et Chigray sp. n. (Figs 12A, B, 13, 14) 13 Mucro absent. Altay.................................................. B. tenuicornis Gebler, 1847 (Figs 15A, B) - Mucro present...................................................................................... 14 14 Metatibia with sharp thickness in apical half. Europe, south of Western Siberia east to Altay................................................................................. B. halophila Fischer von Waldheim, 1820 (Figs 16A, B) - Metatibiae evenly widened from proximal to distal part...................................................... 15 15 Lateral sides of pronotum not flattened, evenly convex. Novosibirsk (invasion)..... B. aff. oblonga Kraatz, 1883 (Fig. 17A) - Lateral sides of pronotum flattened, often with raised margins................................................ 16 16 Antennae long, with apical antennomere extending beyond base of pronotum when directed backwards. Elytra smooth or with microwrinkles. S Crimea............................................. B. mucronata Latreille, 1804 (Figs 18A, B) - Antennae short, with apical part extending beyond pronotal middle, but not reaching base of pronotum................ 17 17. Pronotum and elytra strongly shiny. Apical piece of aedeagus strongly elongate, 3.37 times as long as wide. Western Siberia (Altay Region), Eastern Siberia (Transbaikal, Tuva)..................... B. variolosa Faldermann, 1835 (Figs 19A���C) - Pronotum and elytra dull. Apical piece of aedeagus much wider, 2.14 times as long as wide. Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Region, Transbaikal, Tuva)................................................ B. reflexa Gebler, 1832 (Fig. 20A���C) A key of Blaps from Eastern Europe and Russia (females) (Except for the ambiguous invasive species B. aff. oblonga, which is known only by one male) 1 Ventral lamella between tarsal claws acute, triangular or lanceolate at apex....................................... 2 - Ventral lamella between tarsal claws obtuse, straight or widely rounded at apex................................... 3 2 Body large (length 30���34 mm), slender (2.7 times as long as wide). Mucro well developed, bifurcate at apex.................................................................................................. B. gigas (Fig. 2C) - Body smaller (length 20���29 mm) and robuster (2���2.1 times as long as wide). Mucro very short, reduced to two separate triangles........................................................................... B. pruinosa (Fig. 1C) 3 Outer elytral deflected margin (pseudopleural carina) wholly visible dorsally..................................... 4 - Outer elytral deflected margin (pseudopleural carina) posteriorly concealed by lateral sides of elytra in dorsal view....... 5 4 Lateral margins of pronotum flattened and raised. Pronotum with simple smoothed punctation. Elytra weakly flattened along suture.............................................................................. B. miliaria (Fig. 3C) - Lateral margins of pronotum flattened, but not raised. Pronotum covered with tiny granules. Elytral disc convex............................................................................................. B. reflexa (Fig. 20D) 5 Flexion side of profemora with large projected keel with widely rounded margin and deep wide emargination before apex...................................................................................................... 6 - Flexion side of profemora without keel or with slightly projected keel and wide, gentle, not deep emargination before apex..................................................................................................... 7 6 Body robust (body length 2.2 times as long as wide). Antennae short, with apical antennomere reaching basal third of pronotum.................................................................. B. femoralis medusula (Fig. 5C) - Body slender (2.45 times as long as wide). Antennae long, with apical antennomere extending beyond base of pronotum.................................................................................... B. tenuicornis (Fig. 15C) 7 Protibiae with sharp emargination at base of inner side........................................ B. tibialis (Fig. 4C) - Protibiae without sharp emargination at base of inner side..................................................... 8 8 Antennae longer, with apical antennomere reaching or extending beyond base of pronotum.......................... 9 - Antennae shorter, with apical antennomere reaching only basal third of pronotum, but not reaching base of pronotum.... 12 9 Mucro absent........................................................................ B. rybalovi (Fig. 21) - Mucro moderately long or short, but well developed........................................................ 10 10 Elytra rugose....................................................................... B. verrucosa (Fig. 6C) - Elytra smooth, often with fine micro-wrinkles............................................................. 11 11 Body slender (2.7 times as long as wide), mucro long (ratio of mucro length to total elytral length with mucro 1: 9). Apical antennomere reaching base of pronotum, but not extending beyond base....................... B. mortisaga (Fig. 8C) - Body robuster (2.3 times as long as wide), mucro short (ratio of mucro length to total elytral length with mucro 1: 15). Antennomeres 10 and 11 extending beyond base of pronotum............................... B. mucronata (Fig. 18C) 12 Reservoirs of spermatheca only slightly widened in apical half................................................ 13 - Reservoirs of spermatheca clavate, spherical or ellipsoidal at apex............................................. 14 13. Lateral margins and base of pronotum widely flattened; middle of disc covered with large very sparse punctures, anterior, lateral and basal parts covered with finer and denser punctures, each with granule. Punctation of elytra very coarse, forming coarse rugosity..................................................................... B. variolosa (Fig. 19D) - Lateral margins of pronotum narrowly flattened or not flattened, base not flattened, convex. Pronotum with simple fine punctation without granules. Elytra smooth.............................................. B. halophila (Fig. 16C) 14 Outer sides of prohypomera weakly explanated or at least separated from the rest of surface........................ 15 - Outer sides of prohypomera not explanated and or separated from the rest surface only near anterior angles............ 17 15 Spurs widened and flattened. Reservoirs of spermatheca spherical, connected to common tube at base........................................................................................... B. parvicollis parvicollis (Fig. 9C) - Spurs simple, not flattened, narrow. Reservoirs of spermatheca ellipsoidal, separated.............................. 16 16 Abdominal ventrites wide, ratio of width to length of ventrites 1���5: 1.86, 3.03, 3.27, 4.81, 1.78. Tarsi short, pro-, meso- and metatarsi respectively 1.75, 1.44, 1.78 times shorter than respective tibiae............... B. lethifera (Fig. 11C), B. nitida - Abdominal ventrites narrower, ratio of width to length of ventrites 1���5: 1.74, 2.81, 3, 4.1, 1.63. Tarsi longer, pro-, meso- and metatarsi respectively 1.53, 1.26, 1.36 times shorter than respective tibiae....... B. caucasica sp. n. (Figs 12C, 13F, G, 14) 17 Outer margins of prohypomera explanated only near anterior angles. Elytra wider (1.3 times as long as wide), covered with coarse, raduliform punctures and strongly rugose (Fig. 7C)............................................. B. rugosa - Outer margins of prohypomera not explanated. Elytra more elongate (1.5 times as long as wide), smooth, with simple and small raduliform punctures (Fig. 10C)............................................................... B. subalpina, Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim V., Chigray, Ivan A., Ntatsopoulos, Konstantinos & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2022, A key to Russian and Eastern European species of Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae) with the description of a new species from the North Caucasus supported by morphological and molecular data, pp. 267-291 in Zootaxa 5116 (2) on pages 269-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6367323, {"references":["Tschernyshev, S. E. & Mordkovitsh, V. G. (2002) New species of the genus Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) found in Siberia. Russian Entomological Journal, 11 (4), 383 - 385.","Chigray, I. A. & Ivanov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Blaps (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Central and South Kazakhstan with description of two new species. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 66 (2), 111 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.17109 / AZH. 66.2.111.2020","Menetries, E. (1832) Catalogue raissonne des objets de Zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au Caucase et jusqu'aux frontieres actuelles de la Perse. St. Petersbourg, L'Imprimerie de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, 272 pp., 5 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51784"]}

Metabarcoding of DNA extracted from community samples of whole organisms (whole organism community DNA, wocDNA) is increasingly being applied to terrestrial, marine and freshwater metazoan communities to provide rapid, accurate and high resolution data for novel molecular ecology research. The growth of this field has been accompanied by considerable development that builds on microbial metabarcoding methods to develop appropriate and efficient sampling and laboratory protocols for whole organism metazoan communities. However, considerably less attention has focused on ensuring bioinformatic methods are adapted and applied comprehensively in wocDNA metabarcoding. In this study we examined over 600 papers and identified 111 studies that performed COI metabarcoding of wocDNA. We then systematically reviewed the bioinformatic methods employed by these papers to identify the state-of-the-art. Our results show that the increasing use of wocDNA COI metabarcoding for metazoan diversity is characterised by a clear absence of bioinformatic harmonisation, and the temporal trends show little change in this situation. The reviewed literature showed (i) high heterogeneity across pipelines, tasks and tools used, (ii) limited or no adaptation of bioinformatic procedures to the nature of the COI fragment, and (iii) a worrying underreporting of tasks, software and parameters. Based upon these findings we propose a set of recommendations that we think the wocDNA metabarcoding community should consider to ensure that bioinformatic methods are appropriate, comprehensive and comparable. We believe that adhering to these recommendations will improve the long-term integrative potential of wocDNA COI metabarcoding for biodiversity science., This research was supported by the iBioGen project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 810729.

The anatomy of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses is one of the most varied in the human body. The aim of this study is to review the prevalence of anatomical variations in the sinonasal area. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We performed on PubMed a literature search from October 2004 until May 2020. The search strategy included the following keywords: (’paranasal sinus’ OR ‘frontal sinus’ OR ‘maxillary sinus’ AND (’anatomical variants’ OR ‘anomalies’)). Fifty studies were eligible and included in the analysis. Overall, the studies encompassed a total of 18,118 patients included in this review. Most common anatomical variations include agger nasi cells, nasal septum deviation and concha bullosa. Other variations seen in this region are uncinate process variations, paradoxical middle turbinate, Haller, Onodi and supraorbital ethmoid cells, accessory ostia of maxillary sinus. Less common variations include any sinus aplasia, crista galli pneumatization and dehiscence of the optic or maxillary nerve, internal carotid artery and lamina papyracea. Anatomical variations of this region also differ among ethnic groups. This study highlights the amount, variability and significance of most anatomical variants reported in the literature in the last years. It is essential for the sinus surgeon to have a broad spectrum of knowledge not only of “the typical” anatomy but also all the possible anatomical variations. With modern imaging modalities, anatomical variations can be detected, and uneventful pitfalls might be prevented.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate astrocyte function, while glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme highly expressed in astrocytes, is one of the most remarkable GCs-induced genes. GCs mediate their effects through their cognate glucocorticoid receptor (GR alpha and GR beta isoforms); however, the mechanism via which these isoforms regulate GS activity in astrocytes remains unknown. We used dexamethasone (DEX), a classical GR alpha/GR beta agonist, RU486, which is a specific GR beta ligand, and Compound A, a known “dissociated” ligand, to delineate the mechanism via which GR modulates GS activity. Aged Mouse Cerebral Hemisphere astrocytes were treated with DEX (1 mu M), RU486 (1 nM-1 mu M) or compound A (10 mu M), alone or in combination with DEX. GS activity and expression, GR isoforms (mRNA and protein levels), and GR alpha subcellular trafficking were measured. DEX increased GS activity in parallel with GR alpha nuclear translocation. RU486 increased GS activity in absence of GR alpha nuclear translocation implicating thus a role of GR beta-mediated mechanism compound A had no effect on GS activity implicating a GR alpha-GRE-mediated mechanism. None of the compounds affected whole-cell GR alpha protein content. DEX reduced GR alpha and GR beta mRNA levels, while RU486 increased GR beta gene expression. We provide evidence that GS activity, in astrocytes, is regulated via GR alpha- and GR beta-mediated pathways with important implications in pathological conditions in which astrocytes are involved.

Disentangling the relative role of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation in driving metacommunity structure across mountainous regions remains challenging, as the way we quantify spatial connectivity in topographically and environmentally heterogeneous landscapes can influence our perception of which process predominates. More empirical datasets are required to account for taxon- and context-dependency but relevant research is often compromised by coarse taxonomic resolution. We here employed haplotype-level community DNA metabarcoding, enabled by stringent filtering of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), to characterize metacommunity structure of soil microarthropod assemblages across a mosaic of five forest habitats on the Troodos mountain range in Cyprus. We found similar β diversity patterns at ASV and species (OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit) levels, which pointed to a primary role of habitat filtering resulting in the existence of largely distinct metacommunities linked to different forest types. Within-habitat turnover was correlated to topoclimatic heterogeneity, again emphasizing the role of environmental filtering. However, when integrating landscape matrix information for the highly fragmented Golden Oak habitat, we also detected a major role of dispersal limitation imposed by patch connectivity, indicating that stochastic and niche-based processes synergistically govern community assembly. Alpha diversity patterns varied between ASV and OTU levels, with OTU richness decreasing with elevation and ASV richness following a longitudinal gradient, potentially reflecting a decline of genetic diversity eastwards due to historical pressures. Our study demonstrates the utility of haplotype-level community metabarcoding for characterising metacommunity structure of complex assemblages and improving our understanding of biodiversity dynamics across mountainous landscapes worldwide., This work is a product of the iBioGen project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 810729. V.N. was supported by a postdoctoral contract under the iBioGen project and a Juan de la Cierva-Formación postdoctoral fellowship (grant FJC2018-035611-I) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund

Hedyphanes mannerheimi Faldermann, 1837 Material examined. 1 ♀ (NMPC): ���Russ. Armen. / Kulp / 1901 / Korb��� (now Turkey, Iğdır Province, Tuzluca). Distribution. Armenia, Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan), northwestern Iran (A��ĐU*������*������������� & N��������*���������� 2011), Turkey (new country record)., Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim, Keskin, Bekir & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2020, Two new species and new records of darkling beetles of the tribe Helopini from Turkey and Cyprus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), pp. 411-417 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60 (2) on page 414, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.25, http://zenodo.org/record/4489312

Nalassus (Nalassus) becvari Nabozhenko & Keskin, sp. nov. (Figs 8���12) Type material. H��������������: ��� (NMPC), labelled: ���Anatol. or. / ELAZIG // Coll. Kadlec���. The holotype was previously deposited in SBCP, but Stanislav Bečv��ř kindly agreed to transfer it to NMPC. Description. Body small (length 6.4 mm, width 2.5 mm), slender, brown, shiny, moderately convex. Head widest at eye level, 1.52 times as wide as interocular space of frons, covered with recumbent setae on vertex, genae and near eyes. Eyes convex, transversely elongate, bean-shaped. Epistomal anterior margin straight. Outer margin of genae angulate, strongly rounded in basal third and straight in apical two thirds. Lateral margin of head without emargination between genae and epistoma. Punctation of head coarse and dense, puncture diameter 1.5���2.0 times as long as interpunctural distance; punctures deep, round. Ventral aspect of eye with a weak posterior ventral impression (not groove). Head ventrally with very coarse punctation and subrecumbent pubescence. Apical maxillary palpomeres strongly widened and flattened, securiform, transverse, with rounded anterior margin.Antennae with strongly thickened oval antennomeres 3���8. Ratio of length/width of antennomeres 2���11: 0.7/0.6, 1.6/0.8, 1.2/0.9. 1.2/0.9, 1.3/1, 1.2/1, 1.3/1, 1/1, 1/1, 1.2/0.9. Prothorax. Pronotum transverse (1.32 times as wide as long), widest slightly before middle, 1.54 times as wide as head. Lateral margins weakly rounded, slightly sinuate near posterior angles; anterior margin weakly widely emarginate; base weakly rounded, with short emargination along scutellum.Angles narrowly rounded at apex, anterior ones rectangular, posterior ones weakly obtuse. Lateral margins and base narrowly beaded, anterior margin beaded only near angles. Disc weakly evenly convex, sides narrowly flattened, punctation slightly finer and sparser than on head, sparser in middle and near margins (puncture diameter 2���4 times as short as interpunctural distance) and denser on sides (puncture diameter subequal or little wider than interpunctural distance). Prosternum with coarse irregular wrinkles (but punctured near procoxae) and erected setae. Prosternal process very weakly convex. Prothoracic hypomera strongly flattened along outer margin, longitudinally wrinkled and vested with long recumbent setae in anterior and basal parts. Pterothorax. Elytra elongate, oval, widest in middle (1.58 times as long as wide), 1.81 times as wide as head, 1.17 times as wide and 2.46 times as long as pronotum. Strial punctures elongate, merged in interrupted grooves. Interstriae flat, with coarse and sparse punctation (punctures slightly smaller than in striae). Eighth interval not more convex than others and apically connected with second interval. Lateral deflected margin of elytra visible dorsally. Epipleura strongly depressed along whole length, not reaching sutural angle (ended slightly before apex). Mesoventrite with coarse and dense punctation of round punctures and recumbent pubescence. Wings reduced, small. Metaventrite and metepisterna with coarse, not dense punctation (puncture diameter subequal to interpunctural distance) and short recumbent setae. Legs slender; protrochanters with 3 long setae, other trochanters with 1 long seta; femora with erected setae at base of inner side; tibiae straight, margins around apex with long setae (not spines); tarsomeres elongate, not widened, densely pubescent on plantar side. Abdomen. Abdominal ventrites with coarse, moderately dense punctation (puncture diameter subequal to interpunctural distance) of round punctures and very short recumbent setae, ventrite 1 without brush of long setae; ventrite 5 more finely punctured, with beaded margin. Aedeagus ���nalassoid���, weakly sclerotized, with laterally flattened keel at apex (Figs 9���10). Male inner sternite VIII and spiculum gastrale typical for Nalassus (Figs 11���12). Differential diagnosis. With strongly depressed, epipleura almost reaching apex, the species is externally similar to Nalassus kaszabi Nabozhenko, 2001 from Van Province, which was transferred to the subgenus Helopondrus Reitter, 1922 on the basis of preliminary analysis of COI markers (K����������� et al. 2017b). On the other hand, males of N. kaszabi are unknown, and we cannot support our molecular data by the structure of male genitalia. Nalassus becvari sp. nov. differs from N. kaszabi in narrowly flattened sides along lateral margins of pronotum and epipleura not reaching elytral sutural angles. The new species differs from all other Turkish species of Nalassus s. str. in the ventral aspect of eye, which bears a weak posterior ventral impression (rather than a distinct groove of other species). This new species can be distinguished from other Turkish Nalassus s. str. using the key below. Etymology. The species is named in honour of our colleague, Stanislav Bečv��ř, who transferred to us many interesting darkling beetles for study. The name is a noun in singular genitive case., Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim, Keskin, Bekir & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2020, Two new species and new records of darkling beetles of the tribe Helopini from Turkey and Cyprus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), pp. 411-417 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60 (2) on page 415, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.25, http://zenodo.org/record/4489312, {"references":["NABOZHENKO M. V. 2001: Taxonomic notes on the genus Zophohelops Reitter, 1901 with description of new species from Tadzhikistan and new genus Pseudoprobaticus gen. n. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Annales Zoologici 51: 113 - 117."]}

Catomus (Catomus) consentaneus (K��ster, 1851) Material examined. 2 specimens (ZDEU): Cyprus, Akdeniz k��y��, 3.iv.2007, 35��17��47.43��N, 32��56��34.39��E, B. Keskin leg., Published as part of Nabozhenko, Maxim, Keskin, Bekir & Papadopoulou, Anna, 2020, Two new species and new records of darkling beetles of the tribe Helopini from Turkey and Cyprus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), pp. 411-417 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60 (2) on page 413, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.25, http://zenodo.org/record/4489312