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Paspalum distichum L. was tested to evaluate their phytoremediation capacity for Hg contaminated soil through analyzing the dissipation of Hg in soil through a greenhouse study by using self-made rhizos box. Original soil samples were collected at Hg mining site with serious Hg contamination and a control site, respectively. Planting of P. distichum. L last for 60 days. Soil and plant samples were collected from four periods (0 d, 20 d, 40 d and 60 d) and soil samples were collected from five different rhizosphere distance in horizontal direction (0–2 cm, 2-4cm, 4-6cm, 6-8cm,8-10cm). The results showed that the presence of P. distichum. L significantly accelerated the Hg dissipation in soil compared with control. Hg concentration in the rhizospheric soil was affected by the plant growth period and the distance to the plant roots. The closer of soil to the root of P. distichum. L, the lower mercury concentration in soil. During the 60-day growing period, the concentrations of total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) reduced by 45% and 64%, respectively, in the rhizosphere (0-2cm) of Hg contaminated soil. However, MeHg concentration was increased near the roots (0–4 cm) during the initial growing period (0–20 d), which may be attributed to the influence of root exudates. Root is the major part for Hg accumulation in P. distichum. L. The low ratio between Hg concentrations in underground and aboveground tissues indicated that it seemed difficult for Hg translocation from root to shoot. The highest THg (9.71 ± 3.09 µg·g− 1) and MeHg (26.97 ± 0.98 ng·g− 1) value in root of P. distichum. L were observed at the 20th day when P. distichum. L grown in Hg contaminated soil. The results of chemical fractions analyses showed that elemental Hg and residual Hg were the two major speciations followed by organic bound Hg in the Hg contaminated soil, which indicated the high bioavailability and ecological potential risk of Hg in Hg contaminated soil.

Salinity is a growing issue worldwide, with nearly 30% of arable land predicted to be lost due to soil salinity in the next 30 years. Many grass crops that are vital to sustain the world’s caloric intake are salt sensitive. Studying mechanisms of salt tolerance in halophytic grasses, plants that thrive in salt conditions, may be an effective approach to ultimately improve salt-sensitive grass crops. Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) is a halophytic Panicoid grass able to grow in salt concentrations near that of seawater. Despite its widespread cultivation as a sustainable turfgrass, the mechanism underlying its ability to retain high Na(+) concentrations in photosynthetic tissue while maintaining growth remains unknown. We examined the leaf structure and ion content in P. vaginatum ‘HI10’, which shows increased growth under saline conditions, and Paspalum distichum ‘Spence’, which shows reduced growth under salt, to better understand the superior salt tolerance of cv HI10. A striking difference between cv HI10 and cv Spence was the high steady-state level of K(+) in cv HI10. Imaging further showed that the adaxial surface of both cv HI10 and cv Spence contained dense costal ridges of papillae. However, these unicellular extensions of the epidermis were significantly larger in cv HI10 than in cv Spence. The cv HI10 papillae were shown to act as Na(+) sinks when plants were grown under saline conditions. We provide evidence that leaf papillae function as specialized structures for Na(+) sequestration in P. vaginatum, illustrating a possible path for biotechnological improvement of salt-sensitive Panicoid crops with analogous leaf structures.

Rice field was infested with eight weed species. Among the species found in conventionally tilled plots, the five dominant species ranked in order of importance value were Cynodon dactylon (L.), Paspalum distichum (L.), Cyperus rotundus (L.), Azolla pinnata (L.) and Cyanotis axillaris (L.) while in stale seedbed the rank was Paspalum distichum (L.) , Cynodon dactylon (L.) , Cyanotis axillaris (L.) , Leersia hexandra (L.) and Cyperus rotundus (L.). There were 15 weed species found in the soil weed seed bank studied at the net house. Among them five species were common of rice field. Ten new species were found in the seed bank. Azolla pinnata (L.), Cyperus difformis (L.) and Paspalum commersonii (L.) of field rice were not found in net house seed bank. In the field, Cynodon dactylon ( L. ) was the dominant over Paspalum distichum (L.) but at the net house Paspalum distichum (L.) was dominant over Cynodon dactylon ( L. ). In seed bank under conventional tillage, 11 species were found consisting of 3559 heads count and in stale seedbed 12 species consisting 3826 heads were counted. Among the identified species, nine were common in both tillage practice. Parapholis strigose (Dumort.) and Phyllanthus niruri (L.) were present in the soil of conventional tillage but not in stale bed while Echinochloa colonum (L.) , Fimbristylis miliaceae (L.) and Eragrotis gangetica (Roxb.) were found in stale bed but not in conventional tillage. At the rice field grass weeds were dominant over sedges and broad leaf under the both types of tillage. At the seed bank of net house, grass weeds were dominant over sedges and broadleaf under conventional tillage while under stale seedbed, sedges were dominant over broad leaf and grass. Around 7% higher grain was recorded from stale seedbed compared to conventional tillage which attributed from higher number of effective tillers hill -1 , higher number of fertile grains panicle -1 , and lower number of sterile grains panicle -1 . Weed free condition yield the highest grains followed by the combination of pre and post-emergence herbicides and unweeded control yielded the lowest. Stale seedbed kept weed free yielded the highest followed by stale seedbed sprayed the two herbicides. Conventional tillage remained unweeded yielded the lowest grain. Progressive Agriculture 27 (1): 39-47, 2016

Paspalum distichum L. was tested to evaluate its ability to phytoremediate mercury (Hg) contaminated soil over a 60-d period by analysis of the total Hg concentrations in roots and leaves. Hg concentration in Hg-contamination soil decreased by 70.0 μg g−1 after 60 day of grass cultivation and Hg was readily taken up by the roots (4.51 ± 1.90 μg g−1) rather than the leaves (0.35 ± 0.02 μg g−1). In addition, a comparative proteomic study was performed to unravel the protein expression involved in the Hg stress response in P. distichum L. A total of 49 proteins were classified as differentially proteins in the roots by the ‘top three’ proteomic analysis, of which 32 were up-regulated and 17 down-regulated in response to Hg stress. These changed proteins were classified by gene ontology analysis into five complex molecular functions involving photosynthesis and energy metabolism (31%), oxidative stress (14%), protein folding (16%), sulfur compound metabolism (10%), metal binding, and ion transport (29%). Moreover, the protein expression patterns were consistent with the metabolism pathway results. Overall, the results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the Hg response in P. distichum and we propose a theoretical basis for the phytoremediation of Hg-contaminated soils.

기후변화에 따른 침입외래식물의 잠재적 분포지를 예측하는 것은 하천과 저수지에서 생물다양성 보전과 생태적 관리를 위하여 중요하고 해결해야 할 과제이다. 본 연구에서는 한반도에서 털물참새피 (Paspalum distichum var. indutum)의 잠재적 미래 분포에 미치는 기후변화의 영향을 파악하였다. 털물참새피는 담수생태계...

Biological invasion of alien plants is considered to be one of the most serious threats to biodiversity in riparian zones. The effects of two invasive alien plants, Sicyos angulatus and Paspalum distichum var. indutum, on the flora and community structure of the riparian vegetation were investigated at 22 sites at streams in Korea. Sicyos angulatus has invaded the central Korean Peninsula. This alien plant has caused problems to stream managers because of its aggressive vining growth. It had suppressed native vegetation such as trees, shrubs and tall grasses on bank slope and higher floodplains. Paspalum distichum var. indutum has become more widespread in the southern part of Korea. This invasive plant has shallow rhizomes and creeping, extensively branched stolons. It forms a dense mat over lotic or slowly-flowing water and threatens submerged and short emergent hydrophytes. In order to control the introduction and expansion of alien plants, limitation of artificial disturbances and appropriate alien plant management are needed in riparian areas.

This study was carried out to inventory the vascular plant flora in Oenarodo Island, Jeollanam-do, South Korea in 2011. The vascular plants collected from the survey sites consisted of 574 taxa in total; 7 forms, 62 varieties, 2 subspecies, 503 species, 342 genera and 117 families. Among them, 8 taxa of Korean rare plants were found distributed in the sites, including Peucedanum hakuunense Nakai, Cymbidium macrorrhizum Lindl. and Bupleurum falcatum L. 6 taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Hepatica insularis Nakai and Carex okamotoi Ohwi were collected. In addition 101 notable taxa designated by the Ministry of Environment were collected as well. 46 taxa of naturalized plants, such as Paspalum distichum var. indutum Shinners and Veronica hederaefolia L. were recognized widely distributed in the sites.

This study was undertaken to analyze the distribution and ecological characteristics of invasive alien plant species on Jeju Island, and to provide basic data for their management and control. A field research was conducted at 436 locations on Jeju Island. The field research identified nine species of invasive alien species growing on Jeju Island. Based on the distribution pattern, Hypochaeris radicata L., Rumex acetosella, and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. were found to be distributed horizontally throughout Jeju Island, with vertical growth in two or more vegetation zones, from warm temperate to the subalpine zone. Widely distributed species penetrate various habitats, such as grasslands, ranches, roadsides, farmlands, and empty lots, and have an immensely negative impact on the ecosystem, including declining biodiversity on Jeju Island. Paspalum distichum var. indutum Shinners, Paspalum distichum L., Solanum carolinense L., and Aster pilosus Willd. were distributed in some areas as a biased distribution species, whereas Lactuca scariola L. and Solidago altissima L. were found only in certain areas as centralized distribution species. The centralized distribution species and biased distribution species of the invasive plants in the ecosystem of Jeju Island should be physically eliminated, keeping in mind the short- and mid-term perspectives and monitoring, and by considering expansion of additional distribution areas. Due to limitations of physical/chemical elimination, time, and cost, widely distributed species require to be eliminated and managed, mainly to restore the integrity of the ecosystem, by planting native species to reestablish the habitat.

We report the first observations of feeding behavior by free-ranging New Mexico meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius luteus). We made observations during a radiotelemetry study of Z. h. luteus in the floodplain of the Rio Grande at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro Co., New Mexico, in 2009 and 2010. We observed Z. h. luteus eat the achenes or seeds of the order Cyperales: common threesquare (Schoenoplectus pungens), spikerush (Eleocharis spp.), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), Saunder's wildrye (Elymus saundersii), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus), and knotgrass (Paspalum distichum). Mice frequently foraged 0.5–1 m above the ground in the canopy of herbaceous vegetation. Seed heads for consumption were harvested in several ways.

The Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain) is one of the most valuable coastal zones within the Mediterranean Sea, supporting a highly productive rice agricultural system, as well as a myriad of coastal marsh habitats. However, chronic reductions of fluvial sediments coupled with accelerated relative sea-level rise have created an environment where approximately half of the Ebro Delta is now vulnerable to flooding impacts. To assess relative sea-level rise (RSLR) mitigation options through marsh restoration within abandoned deltaic rice fields, we established the experimentally restored marshes spanning three years. We used two freshwater input type treatments (riverine irrigation and rice field drainage water) and three water level treatments (10, 20 and 30 cm deep). Our hypotheses were that: (1) vertical accretion and elevation change in oligohaline restored marshes would be primarily controlled by organic contributions under sediment-deficit conditions, and (2) both vertical accretion and elevation change would demonstrate higher rates compared with predicted RSLR in the Ebro Delta (5–8 mm yr−1). Vertical accretion had higher mean values in both water type treatments (11.5 and 15.5 mm yr−1) than elevation change (9.1 and 8.8 mm yr−1). Vertical accretion (but not elevation change) was significantly higher in drainage water treatment receiving greater sediment mineral input, which caused higher surface soil mineral content. Conversely, experimentally restored marshes closer to rice fields in both water type treatments had greater elevation change (11.3 and 17.8 mm yr−1) than vertical accretion (8.3 and 15.1 mm yr−1) due to higher belowground biomass because of high weed colonization by Paspalum distichum L. These results showed that vertical accretion and elevation change were generally controlled by mineral contribution, although fast growing, ruderal plant species such as P. distichum can play a significant role in marsh elevation via root growth. The results supported the hypothesis that restored marshes using either water type promote marsh elevation gains higher than predicted RSLR at least during the initial marsh development (3 years). This study indicates that the use of agricultural runoff as a primary source of sediment, nutrient, and freshwater is beneficial for marsh restoration projects focused primarily on mitigating RSLR. This research also highlights how nuisance species such as P. distichum can play a key role in mitigating RSLR impacts when inexpensive and effective measures are needed to promote marsh elevation as the primary restoration goal.

Field studies to access seed rate, seeding dates, and weed infestation in direct dry sseded rice (Khumal -4) were carried out under rice-wheat rotation system at Khumaltar during 2005/06 -2007/08. The broadleaf weeds: Ageratum conyzoides, Commelina diffusa, Eclipta prostrata, Amaranthus veridis , Coronopus didymus, Lactuca sp. the grassy weeds: Echinochloa colona, Cynodon dactylon , and Paspalum distichum and the sedges: Cyperus difformis and C iria were recorded. E colona was the dominant weed in the second year, however A conyzoides was pronounced in the first year. A conyzoides showed an increasing trend over years and became a dominant species ranging from 2-13/0.25m 2 in the 1st year and 53 -144/0.25m 2 in the 3rd year. Significant interaction effect on total weed number/0.25 m 2 was recorded in the 2nd seeding date in all seed rates. Significantly higher weed numbers were recorded in 2nd seeding date and 20 kg/ha seed rate in the 3rd year. There was no significant interaction between different seed rate and seeding date on the gall formation due to Meloidogyne graminicola . Plant height, tillers/m 2 , number of seeds/panicle, and grain yield were not significantly affected due to seeding dates except plant height in 2005/06. Number of tillers/m 2 was significantly different among seed rates and showed slightly increasing trend with higher seed rates. But there was no significant different in grain yield among seed rates except in the year 2005/06. Dry straw weight did not show consistent results among seeding dates. The present study showed that rice seeding can be done in mid May with the seed rates 30–50 kg/ha. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7538 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 1: 2010 pp.16-22

The efficacy of the herbicide fenoxaprop for control of yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) in pasture was evaluated in two field trials Additionally glasshouse experiments investigated its phytotoxicity on seven annual and four perennial C4 grass species Results of the field trials showed good control of yellow bristle grass and consequently a very high (up to 98) reduction in seed head production Fenoxaprop had no measurable effect on clover yield but the removal of yellow bristle grass resulted in higher production of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Fenoxaprop killed all the annual C4 species tested viz yellow bristle grass summer grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) witchgrass (Panicum capillare) smooth witchgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum) barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) broom corn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and crowfoot grass (Eleusine indica) but was less effective on the perennial C4 grass species viz Indian doab (Cynodon dactylon) Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) Mercer grass (Paspalum distichum) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)

The influence of diet on different parameters of the life cycle in a pest grasshopper is evaluated. The effect of crowding and temperature on growth of larval stages under the classical model of Dyar is also tested. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis was most preferred by both sexes, with minimum hopper developmental period of 44.00 days in males and 53.60 days in females, while it was prolonged on Andropogon odoratus with the maximum development of 70.90 days in males and 87.90 days in females. Similarly, maximum development of hoppers was 2.31%/day in males, feeding on Brassica oleracea var. botrytis and Paspalum distichum, while it was 1.89%/day in females, feeding on Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. Minimum development of hoppers was observed to be 1.44%/day in males, feeding on Andropogon odoratus, and 1.16%/day in females feeding on Saccharum officinarum and Andropogon odoratus. Dyar's law, applied in lepidopterous larvae, assumes a geometric progression of size measures, and it is significant...

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 Eleusine indica L. Gaertn. and Paspalum distichum L. are annual and perennial grasses, respectively that are widely distributed in turf and perennial cropping systems throughout Spain. Often, glyphosate is used between rows of perennial crops for control of these grasses, but variable responses have been observed. Sensitivity to glyphosate in each species was examined under greenhouse, laboratory and field conditions. In vitro tests on whole plants of both P. distichum and E. indica revealed no differences in sensitivity to glyphosate for areas with long-term use (treated; T) and no history of use (not treated; NT). The NT population of P. distichum (ED50 73.1 g ae ha-1) was 11.6% more sensitive to glyphosate than NT E. indica (ED50 81.6 g ae ha-1). No differences between T and NT populations of both species were observed for foliar retention of glyphosate as well as accumulation of shikimate. However, glyphosate retention and shikimate accumulation were up to 64 and 24.4% greater, respectively in P. distichum compared to E. indica. Within 96 h after treatment (HAT), foliar absorption of 14C-glyphosate was similar among T and NT populations, but 8.8% higher for P. distichum compared to E. indica. Retention of 14C-glyphosate in treated leaves of P. distichum was approximately 55% lower compared to E. indica. Translocation from the treated leaf into other shoot tissue (2.8-fold) and roots (8.5-fold) was higher for P. distichum versus E. indica. This would suggest that differences in E. indica versus P. distichum response to glyphosate are based upon differential retention in treated leaves and reduced movement out of treated tissue in other shoot and root tissue. In separate field experiments in citrus orchards, glyphosate and other herbicides were applied to assess control of E. indica and P. distichum over two years. Flazasulfuron and cycloxidim resulted in 90% or greater control of both species by 60 days after treatment (DAT). Only glufosinate, oxyfluorfen, paraquat and iodosulfuron resulted in >85% control of E. indica. These corresponding treatments ranged in effectiveness from 73 to 92% on P. distichum. Integration of effective herbicides with modes of action different than glyphosate should be used for management of E. indica and P. distichum and may delay the selection for resistance to glyphosate. Department of Agricultural Chemistry University of Cordoba Division of Plant Sciences University of Missouri Department of Biology FCAV - UNESP Department of Biology FCAV - UNESP

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for conserving the biodiversity of urban ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in major sites of Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 522 taxa including 110 families, 314 genera, 459 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 13 forms. The rare plants were 5 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla discolor, Viola albida and Hydrocharis dubia. The endemic plants were 13 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Carpinus laxiflora, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 30 taxa including Caltha palustris, Caryopteris incana, Ilex macropoda, Monochoria korsakowii and so forth. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Solanum americanum, Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 5 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Paspalum distichum.

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf disease is a new rice disease that severely affects rice production in South China. To understand transmission capacity of the vector Sogatella furcifera to Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) among different host plant species, potential host plants of SRBSDV collected from the diseased rice field and/or adjacent to the field in Hunan Province, China, were determined by RT-PCR, and the transmission rates of SRBSDV by S. furcifera among different host plant species were investigated. The results showed that host plants of SRBSDV in the rice fields were five of family Gramineae (Oryza sativa, Echinochloa crusgalli, Zea mays, Paspalum distichum, Alopecurus aequali) and two of family Cyperaceae (Juncellus serotinus and Cyperus difformis). S. furcifera could not transmit SRBSDV between gramineous plants and cyperaceous plants, and could not transmit SRBSDV between the gramineous plants, J. serotinus and C. difformis as well. However, SRBSDV could be transmitted by S. furcifera within gramineous plants. S. furcifera could transmit SRBSDV between interspecies among three species plants (O. sativa, E. crusgalli and Z. mays), and between P. distichum and A. aequali. At 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, both macropterous and brachypterous adult of S. furcifera could transmit SRBSDV from the plants (e.g., E. crusgalli, Z. mays and O. sativa) infected with SRBSDV to rice seedlings. The transmission rates were first increased and then decreased with the increase of temperature. Macropterous adults transmitted SRBSDV from the viruliferous E. crusgalli, Z. may and rice plants to the healthy rice seedlings, and the infected rates of rice seedlings were 26.2, 18.8 and 23.7% at 15°C, 56.6, 64.6 and 53.6% at 25°C, and was 11.2, 10.2 and 7.3% at 35°C, respectively. Transmission capacity of brachypterous adults was significantly higher than that of macropterous adults at 15, 20 and 25°C (P

Widden Brook in the Hunter Valley, Australia, was first settled by Europeans in 1831 and had widened substantially by the 1870s due to frequent floods during a flood-dominated regime impacting on highly disturbed banks whose riparian trees had been either ringbarked or cleared, and whose understorey had been grazed. Catastrophic floods in 1950 (many), two in August 1952 and one in February 1955 effected the final phase of channel widening at the onset of a second flood-dominated regime more than half a century after the initial widening. Contraction has been active since 1963 by a combination of five biogeomorphic processes. Firstly, rapid channel widening, migration and cutoffs totally reworked the pre-European floodplain and were followed by active floodplain formation. Initial bar formation was replaced by sand splay and overbank deposition which constructed a new floodplain and narrower channel. Secondly, overwidened channel segments that were produced by the catastrophic 1955 flood have contracted since 1963 by the formation of up to four bank-attached, discontinuous benches below the floodplain. Each bench has a bar nucleus of pebbly coarse sand overlain by stratified fine-medium sand and mud. Colonisation by River Sheoaks (Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana) or grasses (Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum distichum, Pennisetum clandestinum) is important in converting bars to benches. Thirdly, narrower segments which developed since 1963 have contracted by small-scale accretion on both banks. These deposits are steeply dipping, interbedded sand and mud trapped by stoloniferous and rhizomatous grasses (C. dactylon, P. distichum, P. clandestinum) which also rapidly stabilise the deposits. Fourthly, rare laterally migrating, small radius bends have contracted by recent point bar formation greatly exceeding cutbank recession rates. Point bar formation is controlled by secondary currents producing inclined stratified coarse sands without the influence of vegetation. Lastly, rare, overwidened, non-migrating, large radius bends have greatly contracted by the infilling of dissecting chutes across the convex bank. Establishment of stoloniferous and rhizomatous clonal grasses (Phragmites australis, C. dactylon, P. distichum, P. clandestinum) is important in inducing sedimentation of the chutes. Contraction has produced a much narrower channel than the design width between river training fences which were installed progressively between the 1960s and 1990s. The recent flood history of Widden Brook has not included any catastrophic floods of a size similar to February 1955. Our work demonstrates that both trees and grasses can be associated with narrower channel widths and that the causal link between width and vegetation type is more complex than usually acknowledged.

An exploration for collecting sea-shore paspalum (Paspalum distichum L.) landraces was undertaken in Wakayama city of Japan on 3 August in 2010. A total of 3 samples was collected fom paddy field and fallow field.

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution status and urbanization index of the naturalized plants. For this purpose, 7 cities and counties in the eastern area of Jeollanamdo were selected and investigations were conducted on a total of 14 sites, during the period of March 2006 to November 2008. The naturalized plants were identified as 123; 22 families, 75 genera, 118 species, and 5 varieties. As for the urbanization index, Suncheon city had the highest level of urbanization (33.45%) and Gurye county the lowest level of urbanization (20.21%). Classification families were as follows: Compositae 40 kinds (30.1%) Gramineae 17 kinds (12.8%) and Leguminosae 14 kinds (10.5%). Major communities of naturalized plants consisted of 20 communities including Erigeron annuus community, Erigeron canadensis community, Alnus firma community, Amorpha fruticosa community, Oenothera odorata community, Bidens frondosa community, Coreopsis tinctoria community, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior community etc. Invasive naturalized plants consisted of 5 taxa: Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Ambrosia trifida, Eupatorium rugosum, Paspalum distichum var. indutum and Paspalum distichum. The distributional characteristics of naturalized plants were divided on the basis of six areas associated with ecological characteristics of a habitat.

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch); and tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), are abundant, polyphagous species in the southern United States. Paspalum notatum Flugge and Paspalum distichum L. (Poales: Poaceae) are low-maintenance, warm-climate, tolerant grasses that are used for pasture and residential lawns and along roadsides. The potential of P. notatum and P. distichum to serve as sources of the common polyphagous Frankliniella thrips in the southeastern United States was evaluated. The abilities of F. fusca, F. occidentalis, and F. tritici to survive and reproduce on vegetative-stage P. distichum, P. notatum ‘Argentine’, P. notatum ‘Pensacola’, and P. notatum ‘Tifton 9’ were compared in laboratory no-choice tests. Survival of the adults of each thrips species was ≈20% after 12 d on each of the Paspalum treatments. No progeny were produced by F. occidentalis on the U.S. native P. distichum, and the other thrips species produced very few progeny on this host. The number of progeny of each thrips was very low on all P. notatum cultivars. A field survey of the Thysanoptera associated with P. notatum Argentine also was conducted to determine whether the Frankliniella thrips were feeding or reproducing under field conditions. A few male and female adults of F. tritici and F. fusca were noted in the racemes, but larval populations were not observed. Reproducing populations of Caprithrips insularis Beshear and Haplothrips graminis Hood were present in the stems and leaves, and the racemes, respectively. Collectively, the laboratory and field studies revealed that the tested P. notatum cultivars and P. distichum accession are poor hosts for reproduction of the Frankliniella thrips in the southern United States and that the large plantings of these grasses are not serving as sources of pest Frankliniella thrips.

Paspalum distichum, Cynodon dactylon and Hemarthria altissima distribute widely in natural water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges region. To investigate whether they are suitable for growing in the artificial water fluctuation zone, which has longer submergence time and different submergence rhythm, of the Three Gorges reservoir, three complete submergence depths (0.5, 1 and 2 m) were conducted for about 6 months (from 12 November 2007 to 30 April 2008), and the survival and recovery growth of the three species were recorded after re-emergence for two weeks. The three species could start recovery growth within one week and more than 50% plants could survive. Among the three species, P. distichum had the largest increments in branch number and maximum stem length, and the smallest root shoot ratio. C. dactylon, however, had the smallest maximum stem length increment, and its survival and branch number increment were both larger than those of H. altissima. For C. dactylon and H. altissima, the survival and branch number increment significantly increased, while maximum stem length increment tended to decrease when submergence depth went higher. For P. distichum, the survival and the shoot mass were the lowest after 2 m submergence depth, but the other parameters were not different among different submergence treatments. Compared with control plants, submergence increased root shoot ratio of C. dactylon and H. altissima, but did not affect that of P. distichum. These results demonstrated that the three species are submergence-tolerant and can be applied in vegetation reconstruction in water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges reservoir. Meanwhile, the results also suggested that the three species developed different survival tactics during the long-term submergence.

An exploration for collecting naturalized individuals of sea-shore paspalum (Paspalum distichum L.) was undertaken in Fukuoka, Saga and Kumamoto prefectures, in southwestern part of Japan. A total of 49 samples were collected.

This study assessed the heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) uptake and its effect on biochemical parameters in Paspalum distichum, a wetland plant. Sludge collected from Bhalswa waste dump, New Delhi, was used as heavy metal source and dosed in different proportions viz. 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% to the garden soil. The plants accumulated metals mostly in belowground organs. The metal accumulation followed the order: Cr>Mn>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb. The range of heavy metal concentration in tissue of belowground organs after 180 days of growth was 1,778.65-4,288.01 ppm Cr, 828.11-1,360 ppm Mn, 236.52-330.07 ppm Ni, 155.79-282.35 ppm Cu, 27.05-91.16 ppm Zn, and 27.09-50.87 ppm Pb. The biochemical parameters viz. chlorophyll and protein contents and peroxidase (POD) activity exhibited no considerable adverse effect indicating the plants' tolerance towards heavy metals. The high POD activity and synthesis of new protein bands at high sludge-dosed plants were also in support of this fact.

The background concentration of selected alkali and alkaline earth metals (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) in some macrophytes was explored in the wetland system of Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India. Changes in the concentration of these elements in the course of macrophyte decomposition were also studied. The species selected were Paspalum distichum, Paspalidium punctatum, Cyperus alopecuroides, Pseudoraphis spinescens, Ipomoea aquatica, Neptunia oleracea and Hydrilla verticillata, which dominate the aquatic vegetation of the Park. Litterbag decomposition experiments were carried out with nylon bags of two different mesh sizes (0.14 and 0.375 mm) in the laboratory and in the field. Among the macrophytes, Hydrilla was the fastest decaying species with the lowest half-life (12.65 days) and Paspalidium the slowest with the highest half-life (385.08 days). Overall, the grasses had low decay rate and high half-life. Background concentration of Na, K, Ca and Mg varied among the plant species. During decomposition and towards the end of the experiment, Na, K and Ca gradually declined whereas Mg increased. The variation was significant (ANOVA, P

Excess runoff contaminated with N and P can impact the quality of downstream water. It has been known that aquatic plants improve the water quality through their intake of organic or inorganic nutrients. This study was conducted to select aquatic plants having high purification ability for nutrient N and P, and mineral nutrients related to EC such as K, Ca, Na, Cl, and in raw sewage water in greenhouse. We assessed nutrient phytoremediation potential of alien hydrophyte and hydro-crop as well as native landscape hydrophyte to select suitable aquatic plant applied to artificial wetland and buffering site of stream-side. The amount of irrigation water during whole growing period of aquatic plane ranged from 225 L to 444 L . Oryza sativa, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia, Aster subulatus, Coix lachryma-jobi var. mayuen, Paspalum disdichum var. indutum which had high biomass consumed the large amount of irrigation water over 350 L . As a result of analysis of water purification effect N and P content of shoot biomass, and media soil after experiment, Oryza sativa, Zizania latifolia, Aster subulatus, Coix lachryma-jobi var. mayuen, Paspalum distichum var. indutum showed high purification ability about eutrophication elements such as T-N and T-P. It is presented that Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, and Paspalum distichum var. indutum had excellent purification ability about K, Ca, Na, and Cl. Moreover, Paspalum distichum var. indutum greatly removed in row sewage water.

The performance of a wetland system in treating lead (Pb)/zinc (Zn) mine drainage was evaluated by using the polyurethane foam unit (PFU) microbial community (method), which has been adopted by China as a standardized procedure for monitoring water quality. The wetland system consisted of four cells with three dominant plants: Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Paspalum distichum. Physicochemical characteristics [pH, EC, content of total suspended solid (TSS) and metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu)] and PFU microbial community in water samples had been investigated from seven sampling sites. The results indicated that the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and TSS in the mine drainage were gradually reduced from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system and 99%, 98%, 75%, 83%, and 68% of these metals and TSS respectively, had been reduced in concentration after the drainage passed through the wetland system. A total of 105 protozoan species were identified, the number of protozoa species and the diversity index (DI) gradually increased, while the heterotrophic index (HI) gradually decreased from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system. The results indicated that DI, HI, and total number species of protozoa could be used as biological indicators indicating the improvement of water quality.

Climate profiles were developed for 14 temperate C3 and subtropical C4 pasture species using the BIOCLIM procedure and survey data from 583 pasture sites throughout New Zealand. The species profiles differed in maximum and minimum thresholds for 27 solar radiation, temperature, and rainfall parameters. A cluster analysis detected three climate profile types. Cluster 1 species (Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Agrostis capillaris) differed from the others in the tolerance of drier, cooler, and lower solar radiation environments. Cluster 2 species (Rytidosperma racemosum, Sporobolus africanus, Paspalum dilatatum) showed greater tolerance of cooler and drier environments than species in Cluster 3 (Paspalum distichum, Setaria geniculata, Pennisetum clandestinum, Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cynodon dactylon,Axonopus affinis). The results confirm broad differences in climate thresholds between C3 and C4 pasture species but the climate profile of the C3 species R. racemo...

The distribution and life cycle of a water scorpion species, Laccotrephes japonensis SCOTT, were studied at 18 stations located at the river margins of the Yamato-gawa Water System in Nara Prefecture. The scorpions were collected only in the middle to lower part of the water system flowing through a rural area. No L. japonensis were found in mountain streams more than 200 m above sea level or in small streams in residential areas. They inhabited only the submerged parts of monocotyledonous hygrophytes (Glyceria sp., Phalaris arundinacea, Paspalum distichum var. indulum, and Isachne globosa) growing at the margins of main channels and in temporal pools formed on vegetated side bars, but were not collected within the stands of reeds, Phragmites japonica or P. communis. The larvae of the 2nd and 3rd instars were found only in June and July within small pools on vegetated side bars. The larvae of the 4th and 5th instars were collected from July to October both at channel margins and within pools on vegetated side bars. Adults were found from April to October both in pools and at channel margins. Neither adults nor larvae were collected from November to March. The significance of such river margin habitats for water insects inhabiting a primarily lentic environment was discussed with a view to the conservation and management of river biota.

Mathematical model studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of excessive growth of wild grasses such as Paspalum distichum on the growth of other macrophytes in the wetland of the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India. The model parameters are determined by the regression analysis of the observed biomass data for the Paspalum distichum and other aquatic macrophytes. A good agreement of numerical solutions with the observed data shows the applicability of the model. The model results show fast growth or the Paspalum distichum to its carrying capacity and decay of other macrophytes to a low equilibrium density thus demanding proper management of the wetland. A non-linear stability analysis of the control model incorporating the effort of removal of the grasses establishes the unconditional stability of the model solutions. Applying the model to the Park's wetland, it is found that an increasing effort is required to control the wild grasses. It is also seen that an increased rate of depletion of the grasses not only reduces their equilibrium and peak densities but also helps in restoring other macrophytes to the initial state.

A study of frog species richness and abundance at four permanent billabongs located in and around the city of Wagga Wagga, southern New South Wales, was carried out from the spring of 1991 to the autumn of 1992. During the sampling period a total of 404 individual adult frogs from six species were recorded. No egg masses or tadpoles were detected during a total of 32 survey hours. Four species of the Family Myobatrachidae represented 81% of the total number of adult individuals sampled, the remaining species belonging to the Family Hylidae. There were significant differences in the mean species richness and mean total number of adult individuals among billabongs. Significant positive correlations were recorded between total adult individuals, total frog species richness and the number of riparian plant species recorded at all billabongs. There were no significant correlations between adult frog numbers and meteorological and water quality parameters. The adults of the four most abundant frog species exhibited significant association with particular microhabitats surrounding billabongs; Crinia parinsignifera was associated with the creeping grass Paspalum distichum, Limnodynastes fletcheri with the rush Eleocharis sphacelata, L. tasmaniensis with sedges Cyperus spp. and the grass P. distichum and Litoria peronii with red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis and introduced tree species. Differences in adult frog abundance between billabongs appears to be related to the disturbance of riparian vegetation by domestic stock, while the absence of eggs and tadpoles from these permanent billabongs may be explained by the presence of abundant exotic fish species in the billabongs.

Eight field trials were conducted between 1993 and 1996 in Waikato to evaluate the sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron for control of couch and Mercer grass in maize. The recommended rates (60 - 80 g/ha) gave only moderate control of Mercer grass, but efficacy improved considerably at 160 g/ha or by use of Ethokem or Weedmaster CT Surfactant with the 80 g/ha rate, with little regrowth from the stolons. Nicosulfuron was more effective on couch, providing >90% control with or without an adjuvant at 80 g/ha. Very little regrowth occurred from rhizomes of treated plants. The herbicide did not cause any apparent damage to the crop, but showed some phytotoxicity in combination with Ethokem.

The present paper deals with cytological studies on the population basis of 21 species belonging to 9 genera of tribe Paniceae of family Poaceae from cytologically unexplored area of Western Himalayas i.e. district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh for the assessment of genetic diversity of grass flora. On world­wide basis, the chromosome counts have been made for the first time for three species such as Brachiaria remota (n = 16), Digitaria granularis (n = 36) and Isachne albens (n = = 5). Similarly, on India basis, altogether new records are made for two species such as Echinochloa crus­pavonis (n = 27) and Paspalum distichum (2n = 50). A comparison of the different euploid cytotypes studied at present for Digitaria adscendens, D. setigera and Oplismenus compositus revealed significant variations in their morphology, depicting increase in some of the characters of polyploid cytotypes. The course of meiosis has been observed to be normal in all the studied populations with high pollen fertility except for two species such as Paspalum dilatatum and P. distichum marked with abnormal meiosis and reduced pollen fertility. Проведено цитологическое исследование популяции из 21 вида, принадлежащих к 9 родам трибы Paniceae семейства Poaceae из цитологически не изученных областей Западных Гималаев (район Kangra штата Himachal Pradesh) для определения генетического разнообразия злаков. В мировом масштабе впервые осуществлены подсчеты хромосом для трех видов – Brachiaria remota (n = 16), Digitaria granularis (n = 36) и Isachne albens (n = 5). Аналогично, в масштабе Индии новые данные получены для двух видов – Echinochloa crus-pavonis (n = 27) и Paspalum distichum (2n = 50). Сравнение различных эуплоидных цитотипов Digitaria adscendens, D. setigera и Oplismenus compositus показало значительную изменчивость их морфологии, отражающую увеличение некоторых признаков полиплоидных цитотипов. Изучение хода мейоза позволило установить, что он происходил нормально во всех популяциях с высокой фертильностью пыльцы, кроме Paspalum dilatatum и P. distichum, которые отличались аномальными мейозами и сниженной фертильностью пыльцы. Проведено цитологічне дослідження популяції з 21 виду, що належать до 9 родів триби Paniceae сімейства Poaceae з цитологічно не вивчених областей Західних Гімалаїв (район Kangra штату Himachal Pradesh) для визначення генетичної різноманітності злаків. У світовому масштабі вперше здійснено підрахунки хромосом для видів – Brachiaria remota (n = 16), Digitaria granularis (n = 36) і Isachne albens (n = 5). Аналогічно, в масштабі Індії нові дані отримані для двох видів – Echinochloa crus-pavonis (n = 27) і Paspalum distichum (2n = 50). Порівняння різних еуплоїдних цитотипів Digitaria adscendens, D. setigera і Oplismenus compositus показало значну мінливість їхньої морфології, що відображає збільшення деяких ознак поліплоїдних цитотипів. Вивчення ходу мейозу дозволило встановити, що він відбувався нормально в усіх популяціях з високою фертильністю пилку , крім Paspalum dilatatum і P. distichum, які відзначались аномальними мейозами та зниженою фертильністю пилку.

In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to study the effect of ecological changes caused by the excessive growth of wild grasses such as Paspalum distichum on the existence of various species in the Keoladeo National Wetland Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. In the model the growth rate of several species, such as floating vegetation ( Nymphoides indicum, Nymphoides cristatum, Nymphaea nouchali and Nymphaea stellata ), fishes, waterfowl, etc. and the corresponding carrying capacity of the wetland are assumed to decrease with the increase in biomass density of wild grasses. By analysing the model it is shown that if the wild grasses are not controlled, the existence of various other species will be threatened. It is shown through the model study that if the growth of wild grasses is controlled, either by allowing a managed number of buffaloes to graze them or by using some other mechanism to remove them, then the other species in the wetland will boom. Keeping in view the growth of Paspalum distichum and using the corresponding parameters for this wetland in the model, the number of buffaloes to be permitted for grazing has also been calculated for management purposes.

Paspalum distichum L. has been the dominant species in the monsoonal wetlands of the Keoladeo National Park in northcentral India since 1982 when grazing by water buffalo and domestic cattle was halted. Maximum water levels in these wetlands occur immediately after the end of the summer monsoon in late September of early October and then decline until the next summer monsoon the following June. After the normal 1985 monsoon, maximum water depths were around 140 cm. After the poor 1986 monsoon, maximum water depths were only around 60 cm. Paspalum distichum maximum aboveground biomass at four sites ranged from 850 g m-2 at the shallowest site to 3400 g m−2 at a deep water site. The maximum biomass of other vegetation types, which had dominated this wetland prior to 1982, ranged from 1400 g m-2 at a deep water site (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) to only 240 g m-2 to 400 g m-2 at a deep-water submersed site (Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle/Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb.) and at a shallow emergent site (Scirpus tuberosus Desf./Sporobolus helvolus (Trin.) Dur. et Schinz). For all vegetation types, biomass changed seasonally in response to changing water levels and temperatures. After the 1986 monsoon, above-ground biomass for all vegetation types was much lower than it had been after the 1985 monsoon. Mean below-ground biomass was very low in all vegetation types (1 to 47 g m-2). Paspalum distichum had a higher aboveground biomass at nearly all water depths in all seasons than that of the pre-1982 vegetation types. Paspalum distichum belowground biomass, however, is comparable to, or less than, that of the pre-1982 vegetation types. During years with an average monsoon, the overall primary production of these wetlands is estimated to have increased 2.5 to 3.5-fold since they were overgrown with Paspalum distichum.

Dominance of invasive species is often assumed to be due to a superior ability to acquire resources. However, dominance in plant communities can arise through multiple interacting mechanisms, including disturbance. Inter-specific competition can be strongly affected by abiotic conditions, which can determine the outcome of competitive interactions. We evaluated competition and disturbance as mechanisms governing dominance of Phyla canescens (hereafter lippia), an invasive perennial forb from South America, in Paspalum distichum (perennial grass, hereafter water couch) meadows in floodplain wetlands of eastern Australia. Water couch meadows (in the study area) are listed under the Ramsar Convention due to their significance as habitat for migratory waterbirds. In the field, we monitored patterns of vegetation boundaries between the two species in response to flooding. Under controlled glasshouse conditions, we explored competitive interactions between the native water couch and lippia subject to different soil moisture/inundation regimes. We did this using a pairwise factorial glasshouse experiment that manipulated neighbor density (9 treatments) and soil moisture/inundation (4 treatments). In the field trial, inundation increased the cover of water couch. Under more controlled conditions, the invader had a competitive effect on the native species only under dry soil conditions, and was strongly inhibited by inundation. This suggests that dry conditions favor the growth of the invader and wetter (more historical) conditions favor the native grass. In this system, invader dominance is governed by altered disturbance regimes which give the invader a competitive advantage over the native species.

Paspalum distichum Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 855. 1759. ["Habitat in Jamaica."] Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 82 (1762). RCN: 471. Lectotype (Gu��d��s in Taxon 25: 513. 1976): Herb. Linn. No. 79.9, second specimen from the left (LINN). Current name: Paspalum distichum L. (Poaceae). Note: Renvoize & Clayton (in Taxon 29: 339-340. 1980) proposed the name for rejection as a nomen confusum. However, the Committee for Spermatophyta (in Taxon 32: 281. 1983) declined to support rejection, and the name is therefore in use in the sense of the typification made by Gu��d��s. De Koning & Sosef (in Blumea 30: 296. 1985) provide a summary., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P), pp. 718-782 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 724, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Field experiments were conducted during the wet season of 2012 and 2013 at farmer's field of village Binuria, Sriniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal, India with rice variety ‘Swarna’ (MTU 7029) to study the effect of bensulfuron-methyl + pretilachlor and other herbicides on growth of different weed species and productivity of transplanted rice. Twelve treatments in the experiment were assigned in a randomized block design with three replications. Results revealed that rice was infested with three categories of weeds viz. grasses, broadleaved and sedges. Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum distichum among the grasses; Fimbristylis miliacea, among the sedges and Ludwigia parviflora and Commelina nudiflora among the broadleaved weeds were predominant throughout the cropping period. Bensulfuron-methyl 0.6%+ pretilachlor 6% at 60+600 g ha−1applied at 3 DAT completely controlled the grasses, broadleaved and sedges at 30 and 60 DAT except Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum distichum. However, the density, as well as dry weight of both the species were significantly reduced. Metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron-ethyl (Almix) + azimsulfuron at 4+35 g ha−1 at 15 DAT was also quite effective in controlling broad spectrum weeds. Lower values of weed density, total weed dry weight and higher values of herbicide efficiency index and yield of rice were registered with application of bensulfuron-methyl 0.6%+ pretilachlor 6% at 60 + 600 g ha−1 at 3 DAT followed by metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron-ethyl (Almix) + azimsulfuron at 4+35 g ha−1 at 15 DAT. Weed infestation resulted in grain yield reduction of rice to the tune of 40% Application of bensulfuron-methyl 0.6%+ pretilachlor 6% at 60+600 g ha−1 at 3 DAT or metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron-ethyl (Almix) + azimsulfuron at 4 + 35 g ha−1 at 15 DAT appeared to be the most promising for managing mixed weed flora and obtaining higher yield of transplanted rice in the lateritic belt of West Bengal, India.

This paper offers a contrasting view to Shukla and Dubey's model (Ecol. Model. 86, 91-99, 1996) which advocates the introduction of water buffalo in the Keoladeo National Park to remove wild grasses, specifically Paspalum distichum. Using their model based on logistic equations of plant growth, they predict that 1247 water buffalo are required to clear emergent vegetation, to create an open water environment dominated by water lilies (Nymphaea and Nymphoides sp.). The historical setting of the 'water buffalo' controversy stems from the removal of water buffalo from Keoladeo National Park in 1981. After this, Paspalum distichum began to dominate the vegetation, altering the appearance of the wetland. In contrast to Shukla and Dubey's model, research conducted by Iowa State University in the 1980's in this park suggest that the grasses are now eaten by native herbivores such as Greylag and Barheaded Geese, nilgai, and wild boar. Grazing by these wild herbivores creates openings in the emergent vegetation and is likely sufficient to maintain species richness in Keoladeo National Park. Shukla and Dubey's claim that the reintroduction of water buffalo in the park is necessary to maintain species richness is unsupported bv field research.

Spatial patterns of the exotic riverine knotgrass (Paspalum distichum L.) were examined in Mediterranean river basins in Southwestern Iberia. The major goals of this study were to assess the degree of invasibility of riparian habitats by this species and to determine the influence of environmental factors and human-induced disturbances that this knotgrass has on both the landscape and the habitat scales. The present study demonstrates the ability of knotgrass to invade riparian habitats in Portuguese freshwater ecosystems. However, most of the spatial variation of the knotgrass cover seemed to be driven by local factors, such as fine sediment enrichment and the fragmentation of riparian woods, and by other anthropogenic interferences in relation to both the fluvial system and the surrounding landscape.