Search

The construction of highways is responsible for access to previously protected areas, resulting in changes in landscape and dynamics of the animal populations that live in these areas. These enterprises are the major responsible for the mortality of wild animals, surpassing hunting and even the trafficking of animals. The objective of this study was to make a list that reflects the diversity of amphibians and reptile’s road-killed along the BR-040, a highway that crosses the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in Southeastern region of Brazil, including the use of microhabitats, lifestyle, activity pattern, reproductive cycles, and possible rare or endangered species. The study area consists of 180,4 km of highways. Monitoring began in 2006 and continues to the present day. A total of 1,410 individuals from 60 species were recorded in this study. The reptiles were more frequent in number of individuals and species. The commonest species recorded were Crotalus durissus and Dipsas mikanii. We have registered a single endangered species: Ranacephala hogei. The highest rates of road-kill were recorded during the wet season. Road-kills of fauna is a major threat to species, studies are of great importance to define plans that seek to mitigate the effects generated by these enterprises. Resumo A construção de rodovias é responsável pelo acesso a áreas anteriormente protegidas, resultando em alterações na paisagem e na dinâmica das populações animais que vivem nessas áreas. Esses empreendimentos são os maiores responsáveis pela mortalidade de animais silvestres, superando a caça e até mesmo o tráfico de animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma lista que reflita a diversidade de anfíbios e répteis atropelados ao longo da BR-040, uma rodovia que atravessa a ameaçada Mata Atlântica na região Sudeste do Brasil, incluindo o uso de microhabitats, estilo de vida, padrão de atividade, ciclos reprodutivos, e possíveis espécies raras ou ameaçadas. A área de estudo é constituída por 180,4 km de rodovias. O monitoramento começou em 2006 e segue até os dias atuais. Ao todo 1.410 indivíduos de 60 espécies foram registrados nesse estudo. Os répteis foram mais frequentes, em número de indivíduos e espécies. As espécies mais comumente registradas foram Crotalus durissus e Dipsas mikanii. Registramos uma espécie ameaçada de extinção: Ranacephala hogei. A maior taxa de atropelamento foi registrada durante a estação chuvosa. O atropelamento de fauna é uma grande ameaça as espécies, sendo de grande importância estudos para definição de planos que busquem mitigar os efeitos gerados por esses empreendimentos.

Phrynonax sexcarinatus (Wagler, 1824) Revalidated Ahaetulla polylepis Peters, 1867. (Type locality: Suriname; holotype ZMB 5899). Spilotes fasciatus Peters, 1869. (Type locality: Maroni River, Suriname; holotype ZMB 6455). Phrynonax atriceps Werner, 1913. (Type locality: unknown; holotype formerly housed at ZMH but lost, according to Hallermann 1998). Neotype. Adult female, MNRJ 20302, collected by Emiliane Pereira Gonçalves and team between November 13 and December 08, 2006, Porto Trombetas (01°28’01.3”S, 56°22’46.0”W; ca. 40 m above sea level; asl hereafter), municipality of Oriximiná, state of Pará, Brazil. By present designation (see remarks). No tissue sample from this specimen was preserved (Fig. 8). Diagnosis and Definition. Phrynonax sexcarinatus can be distinguished from all congeners by a unique combination of the following characters: dorsal scale rows usually keeled in adult specimens, except for the first series, usually smooth; dorsal scale rows usually 21/23/15; postoculars usually two; temporal formula usually 2+2; supralabials usually eight, fourth to sixth contacting the orbit; infralabials usually 13, the first eight contacting the first pair of chinshields; maxillary teeth 11–19; ventral scales 196–211 in females, 186–215 in males; subcaudal scales 95–142 in females, 110–139 in males; color in preservative (70% ethanol), adults presenting the dorsum of the head brown, supralabials and gular region cream, ventral surface of the body cream anteriorly, darkening to brown posteriorly, ventral surface of the tail brown, dorsum of the body and tail uniform brown; color in preservative (70% ethanol), juveniles with the dorsum of the head beige with scattered brown spots or blotches, supralabials and infralabials cream with brown vertical bars on the posterior edges, a cream gular region, dorsum of the body and tail beige with transverse dark blotches, ventral surface of the body creamish-white anteriorly, darkening posteriorly to beige, belly with scattered dark brown spots or blotches concentrated on the posterior of the body, ventral surface of the tail beige speckled with dark brown spots; maximum SVL 1128 mm in females, 1200 mm in males; relative tail length 32.7–46.7% SVL in females, 34.2–45.7% SVL in males. Comparison. Phrynonax sexcarinatus differs from all congeners (in parenthesis) due to a uniform brown dorsal color pattern in adults (vs. brown dorsum with dark brown paravertebral bands and dorsal scales with scattered yellow spots or blotches on the vertebral region in Ph. poecilonotus, dorsum orange or reddish with yellow stripes in Ph. shropshirei, and dorsum reticulated with yellow and black in Ph. lyoni [= Ph. polylepis sensu Uetz et al. 2022]). Phrynonax sexcarinatus differs from Spilotes species (sensu Jadin et al. 2013; in parenthesis) by presenting a maximum SVL of approximately 1200 mm (vs. maximum SVL of over 2500 mm), hemipenis unilobed, unicapitate with evident capitular constriction, and two insertion points of the hemipenis retractor muscle on the hemipenial apice (vs. a noncapitate hemipenis and a single insertion point for the hemipenis retractor muscle); differs from Spilotes pullatus by usually having 23 dorsal scale rows on the midbody (vs. 16–18 dorsal scale rows at midbody), usually 14–16 maxillary teeth (vs. usually 20 maxillary teeth), adults with a uniform brown coloration (vs. adults never uniform brown), hemipenis with the apical portion of the capitulum rounded, spines similar in size and spaced with the exception of the most basal, which are smaller, and calyces on the asulcate side similar to the sulcate side (vs. hemipenis with the apical capitulum portion of triangular with lateral and apical bulbs, spines increasing in size from the base to distal region of hemipenial body, and very deep calyces on the asulcate side); differs from Spilotes sulphureus by the absence of the subocular scale, usually two postocular, temporals usually 2+2, usually seven rows of keeled dorsal scale rows (vs. subocular usually present, usually three postoculars, temporals usually 1+2, only the paraventral rows without keels), hemipenis with apical portion of the capitulum rounded, hemipenial body covered with spines on both sides of the organ and hemipenial spines approximately half the size of the spine in S. sulphureus (vs. hemipenis with the apical portion of the capitulum triangular with lateral bulbs, hemipenial body with spines restricted to the lateral side on the sulcate side of the organ and hemipenial spines approximately twice the size of the spine in P. sexcarinatus). Neotype Description. Adult female; SVL 1128 mm, CL 446 mm, HL 44.7/ 45.3 mm (left/right, hereafter), HW 24.6 mm; rostro–orbital distance 13.9/ 14.5 mm, naso–orbital distance 8.4/9.0 mm, interocular distance 16.6 mm, internasal distance 9.5 mm; rostral 7.6 mm width, 4.4 mm high; internasals, divided, 5.8/ 5.7 mm long, 3.3/ 3.3 mm wide; prefrontals, divide, 7.5/ 7.5 mm wide, 5.9/ 6.4 mm length; frontal 8.7 mm wide, 10.0 mm long; supraocular 6.3/ 6.3 mm wide, 11.1/ 11.1 mm long; parietal 9.5/ 9.8 mm wide, 11.6/ 11.8 mm long; LL 3.6/ 4.6 mm, LH 2.2/ 2.2 mm; preocular 1.5/ 2.9 mm long, 6.0/ 5.5 mm high; symphysial 3.1 mm long, 5.6 mm wide; anterior chinshields 10.3/ 10.5 mm long, 4.9/ 5.2 mm wide; eye diameter 7.3/ 7.2 mm; preocular 1/1; postocular 2/3; temporal formula 2+2/3+2; supralabials nine, fourth to sixth contacting the orbit; infralabials 14, eight first infralabials contacting the first pair of chin shields; first pair of infralabials in contact behind the symphysial; anterior dorsal scales 22, with almost no keeled scale rows; dorsal scales on the midbody 23, with seven keeled scale rows; posterior dorsal scales 15, with five keeled scale rows; two apical pits separated from each other by the midline (= keel); ventral scales 201; cloacal shield whole; subcaudal scales divided in 123/124 series; terminal spine present; maxillary teeth on the right side 16. Dorsum of the head uniformly brown; gular region and supralabials cream; supralabials and infralabials with some inconspicuous brown vertical bars on the posterior edges of the posterior supralabials; dorsum of the body and tail uniformly brown; ventral surface of the body cream-yellow anteriorly, gradually darkening to beige or a light brown ground color posteriorly; belly anteriorly presenting some brown spots or blotches concentrated on the lateral region of the ventral scales; ventral surface of the tail completely brown (Fig. 8). Morphological Variation. Prefrontals divided (n = 117) or whole (n = 1); frontal in contact (n = 124 sides) or not contacting (n = 104 sides) the preocular scale; single nasal (n = 91 sides), divided (n = 71 sides), with the division visible at the top (n = 41 sides) or at the bottom (n = 15 sides); preocular one (n = 227 sides) or two (n = 7 sides); postoculars two (n = 220 sides) or three (n = 12 sides); temporal formula 1+1 (n = 6 sides), 1+2 (n = 14 sides), 2+1 (n = 6 sides), 2+2 (n = 145 sides), 2+3 (n = 17 sides), 3+2 (n = 11 sides), 3+3 (n = 4 sides) with some specimens displaying a unusual pattern (n = 31 sides); supralabials 6 (n = 2 sides), 7 (n = 14 sides), 8 (n = 150 sides), 9 (n = 67 sides) or 10 (n = 3 sides); 3–4 th supralabials contacting the orbit (n = 2 sides), 3–5 th (n = 12 sides), 4–5 th (n = 9 sides), 4–6 th (n = 200 sides), 4–7 th (n = 1 side), 5–6 th (n = 3 sides) or 5–7 th (n = 7 sides); infralabials 10 (n = 1 side), 11 (n = 6 sides), 12 (n = 54 sides), 13 (n = 98 sides), 14 (n = 61 sides), 15 (n = 13 sides) or 16 (n = 1 side); infralabial pairs contacting the anterior chin shields 5 th (n = 5 sides), 6 th (n = 11 sides), 7 th (n = 86 sides), 8 th (n = 122 sides) or 9 th (n = 10 sides); anterior dorsal scale rows 20 (n = 1), 21 (n = 85), 22 (n = 18), 23 (n = 24) or 24 (n = 1); midbody dorsal scale rows 15 (n = 4), 16 (n = 5), 17 (n = 15), 18 (n = 39), 19 (n = 9), 20 (n = 24), 21 (n = 26), 22 (n = 25), 23 (n = 53), 24 (n = 4) or 25 (n = 3); posterior dorsal scale rows 13 (n = 15), 14 (n = 24), 15 (n = 95), 16 (n = 1) or 18 (n = 1); absent anterior dorsal scale rows with keels in females (n = 39), 1 (n = 3), 2 (n = 1) or 15 (n = 1); absent anterior dorsal scale rows with keels in males (n = 29), 1 (n = 15), 2 (n = 1), 3 (n = 6) or 5 (n = 1); absent midbody dorsal scale rows with keels in females (n = 1), 1 (n = 3), 2 (n = 1), 3 (n = 7), 4 (n = 6), 5 (n = 20), 6 (n = 3), 7 (n = 4) or 17 (n = 1); absent midbody dorsal scale rows with keels in males (n = 4), 2 (n = 1), 4 (n = 5), 5 (n = 12), 6 (n = 9), 7 (n = 12), 9 (n = 1), 10 (n = 3), 11 (n = 2), 13 (n = 1), 14 (n = 1), 15 (n = 1) or 17 (n = 1); absent posterior dorsal scale rows with keels in females (n = 3), 1 (n = 1), 2 (n = 2), 3 (n = 8), 4 (n = 4), 5 (n = 19), 6 (n = 2), 7 (n = 6) or 11 (n = 1); absent posterior dorsal scale rows with keels in males (n = 3), 3 (n = 1), 4 (n = 5), 5 (n = 10), 6 (n = 9), 7 (n = 12), 8 (n = 5), 10 (n = 3), 11 (n = 2) or 12 (n = 1); subcaudals divided (n = 69) or mostly divided and some while (n = 38); maxillary teeth 11 (n = 1), 13 (n = 4), 14 (n = 9), 15 (n = 10), 16 (n = 10), 17 (n = 15), 18 (n = 8) or 19 (n = 4); apical pits absent (n = 12), 1 (n = 10), 2 (n = 101) or 3 (n = 1), usually with one on each side of the midline keel (n = 86); without keels (n = 10) or with keels (n = 105); ventrals 196–211 in females (mean = 201.0, SD = 3.0, n = 45), 186–215 in males (mean = 195.2, SD = 5.0, n = 51); subcaudals 95–142 in females (mean = 125.4, SD = 7.8, n = 46), 110–139 in males (mean = 125.2, SD = 6.7, n = 47); loreal scale present (n = 111) or absent (n = 4); LH 0.9–3.0 mm (mean = 2.1, SD = 0.4, n = 88) in females; LH 0.7–2.0 mm (mean = 1.9, SD = 0.5, n = 100) in males, 1.4–4.6 (mean = 3.0, SD = 0.6, n = 88) in females; LL 0.9–4.0 (mean = 2.6, SD = 0.7, n = 100) in males; SVL 361.0–1128.0 mm (mean = 837.8, SD = 18.1, n = 46) in females, 239.0–1200.0 mm (mean = 70.4, SD = 21.8, n = 54) in males; CL (% SVL) 32.7–46.7% (mean = 38.5, SD = 2.7, n = 46) in females, 34.2–45.7% (mean = 39.2, SD = 2.7; n = 53) in males. Color Pattern A (n = 2; SVL mean: 44.1), B (n = 27; SVL mean: 91.4) or Color Pattern C (n = 8; SVL mean: 83.8) in females; Color Pattern A (n = 5; SVL mean: 38.8), Color Pattern B (n = 18; SVL mean: 83.1) or Color Pattern C (n = 21; SVL mean: 72.2) in males. All values include juveniles and adults. Color in life. Juveniles displaying a brown dorsum with reddish transverse blotches; blotches may be more or less conspicuous and surrounded by some black pigmentation; dorsum of the head brown covered with reddish spots or blotches; supralabials and infralabial may display the same color as the dorsal stains in the body or be brown. Adults uniform greenish brown; supralabials and the anterior belly region yellowish (Fig. 3). Hemipenial Morphology. The fully everted and maximally expanded hemipenes renders unilobed, unicapitate, and unicalyculate organs; capitulum slightly bulbous and rounded in the distal region; distal region of the capitulum with two insertion points of the musculus retractor hemipenis magnus; evident capitular constriction; capitulum with papillate calyces; calyces restricted to the sides and proximal region of the capitulum; central region of the capitulum naked; asulcate side with the naked capitular region smaller than in the sulcate side; centrolinear sulcus spermaticus; smooth intrasulcar region; subelliptic hemipenial body, narrower than the capitular region of the organ; distal region of the hemipenial body covered by spines on both sides of the organ; similarly sized and spaced spines, except the most basal, which are smaller; proximal region of the hemipenial body naked (Fig. 9). Distribution. From the island of Trinidad Island on the Caribbean Coast (ca., 10º N) to La Guardia, in Bolivia (ca., 18º S), in the east of the Andes from Gualaquiza in Ecuador (ca., 78ºW) to Junco do Maranh„o, in Brazil (ca., 46ºW). Phrynonax sexcarinatus’ distribution follows the Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests domains (Olson et al. 2001), ranging from 1–1538 m elevations (see Nogueira et al. 2019: plate 143 [as P. polylepis]). Remarks. The ICZN (1999: 84-85) lists seven qualifying conditions for a neotype designation detailed in Article 75. Criterion (i) is fulfilled because both the taxonomic status and the type locality are unclear, as detailed above. Criterion (ii) is fulfilled concerning the diagnosis and comparisons. Criterion (iii) is fulfilled by comparing the data from this study with the characters described by Wagler (1824) in detail. Criterion (iv) is fulfilled insofar as Franzen & Glaw (2007) declare that the holotype was lost during World War II and we confirmed this information (see above). Criterion (v) is also fulfilled by comparing data from this study to the characters described by Wagler (1824), considering it is the only source of information on Natrix sexcarinata. Criterion (vi) is fulfilled, and we reinforce that we chose a neotype close to the Amazon River, in agreement with the original description. Criterion (vii) is fulfilled, because the neotype is deposited at the MNRJ., Published as part of Lopes, Leonardo V. & Passos, Paulo, 2023, Taxonomic status of the enigmatic Natrix sexcarinata Wagler, 1824 (Serpentes: Colubridae: Colubrinae), pp. 123-144 in Zootaxa 5244 (2) on pages 134-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7656087, {"references":["Wagler, J. (1824) Serpentum Brasiliensium Species Novae, ou Histoire naturelle des Especes Nouvelles de Serpens. Munich France Seraph. Hiibschmann, Monaco, 75 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4269","Peters, W. C. H. (1867) Uber Flederthiere (Pteropus gouldii, Rhinolophus deckenii, Vespertilio lobipes, Vesperugo temminckii) und Amphibien (Hypsilurus godeffroyi, Lygosoma scutatum, Stenostoma narisostre, Onychocephalus unguirostris, Ahaetulla polylepis, Pseudechis scutellatus, Hoplobatrachus reinhardtii, Hyla coriacea). Monatsberichte der k ˆ niglich Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1867, 703 - 712.","Peters, W. (1869) Ueber neue Gattungen und neue oder weniger bekannte Arten von Amphibien (Eremias, Dicrodon, Euprepes, Lygosoma, Typhlops, Eryx, Rhynchonyx, Elapomorphus, Achalinus, Coronella, Dromicus, Xenopholis, Anoplodipsas, Spilotes, Tropidonotus). Monatsbericht der K ˆ niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1869, 432 - 447.","Werner, F. (1913) Neue oder seltene Reptilien und Fr ˆ sche des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 30, 1 - 51. [1912]","Hallermann, J. (1998) Annotated catalogue of the type specimens of the herpetological collection in the Zoological Museum of the University of Hamburg. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, Hamburg, 95, 197 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / 07 - 023.1","Uetz, P., Freed, P, Aguilar, R. & Hosek, J. (Eds.) (2022) The Reptile Database. Available in: http: // www. reptile-database. org (accessed 1 November 2022)","Jadin, R. C., Burbrink, F. T., Rivas, G. A., Vitt, L. J., Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Guralnick, R. P. (2013) Finding arboreal snakes in an evolutionary tree: phylogenetic placement and systematic revision of the neotropical birdsnakes. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 52 (3), 257 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jzs. 12055","Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. R. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. BioScience, 51 (11), 933 - 938. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 (2001) 051 [0933: TEOTWA] 2.0. CO; 2","Nogueira, C. C., Argolo, A. J. S., Arzaendia, V., Azevedo, J. A., Barbo, F. E., Bernils, Bolochio, B. E., Borges-Martins, M., Brasil- Godinho, M., Braz, H., Buononato, M. A., Cisneros-Heredia, D. F., Colli, G. R., Costa, H. C., Franco, F. L., Giraudo, A., Gonzalez, R. C., Guedes, T., Hoogmoed, M. S., Marques, O. A. V., Montingelli, G. G., Passos, P., Prudente, A. L. C., Rivas, G. A., Sanchez, P. M., Serrano, F. C., Silva Jr., N. J., Str ¸ sssmann, C., Vieira-Alencar, J. P., Zaher, H., Sawaya, R. J. & Martins, M. (2019) Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American Journal of Herpetology, 14 (Special Issue 1), 1 - 274.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. Published by The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.","Franzen, M. & Glaw, F. (2007) Type catalogue of reptiles in the Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen. Spixiana, 30 (2), 201 - 274."]}

Concerns about environmental issues have strengthened since the 1970s in different parts of the world. In Brazil, the socio-environmental debate resulted in the need for Environmental Education. The study presents the trajectory of twenty years since the implementation of the Environmental Education Law, nº 9795, of April 24, 1999 and its importance in guiding education professionals, students and professionals in the tourist trade on environmental education. It is characterized by a study of a qualitative nature, through exploratory research, resulting from the analysis of documents from the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Education. As a result, the essential topics that helped in the creation of this Law are presented, the main foundations that support it and how it touches on the precepts of quality of life and sustainability.

O presente trabalho se justifica em sua pesquisa, sem a pretensão de esgotar o debate complexo sobre o assunto, entender o papel atuante do docente no ensino de filosofia nas escolas ao problematizar reflexões como o que, de que forma; quais pretensões e contribuições se esperam ao ensinar filosofia na educação básica, bem como a importância do seu ensino. Através de pesquisas bibliográficas, que assinalam a metodologia desse trabalho, se trará por suporte teórico a leitura de estudiosos como GALLO (2006), CHAUÍ (2016) e JAPIASSU (1997) dentre outros autores e comentadores do tema. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo, mesmo que parcial em seu enredamento, fazer um diagnóstico das discussões do que se espera nos dias atuais dos professores, que sem desprezar a história da filosofia, educa de modo transversal e aberto ao novo como elemento de construção de sujeitos agentes, pensantes, criativos e inovadores.

Este artigo objetiva traçar um panorama sob o enfoque axiológico-normativo da temática da moralidade administrativa, visando caracterizar e analisar a atuação do Sistema de Gestão Ética do Poder Executivo Federal (SGEPEF), instituído pelo Decreto 6.029 de 2007, correlacionando-o à tutela da res publica. Metodologicamente, foi empregada pesquisa bibliográfica a respeito da temática Estado, democracia e res publica, desde a formação do Estado Moderno até o surgimento do Estado Democrático de Direito brasileiro. Além disso, foi realizada análise qualitativa das atas de reunião dos anos de 2000 a 2021 da Comissão de Ética Pública – órgão central do SGEPEF –, observando-se os principais temas submetidos à análise pelo colegiado. Os resultados obtidos conduziram à conclusão da importância do papel do SGEPEF na tutela da res publica, emprestando-se efetividade ao arcabouço normativo relacionado à moralidade administrativa. Palavras Chave: Res Publica. Ética Pública. Sistema de Gestão de Ética. Moralidade. ABSTRACT This article aims to provide an overview, under the axiological-normative approach, of the theme of administrative morality, aiming to characterize and analyze the performance of the Ethical Management System of the Federal Executive Branch (SGEPEF), established by Decree 6029 of 2007, correlating it to the protection of the public res.Methodologically, bibliographic research was used on the theme State, democracy and res publica, from the formation of the modern State to the emergence of the Brazilian Democratic State of Law. In addition, a qualitative analysis of the meeting minutes of the 2000s was carried out to 2021 of the Public Ethics Commission - central body of SGEPEF, observing the main topics submitted for analysis by the collegiate. The results obtained led to the conclusion of the importance of the role of the SGEPEF in the protection of the res publica, lending effectiveness to the normative framework related to administrative morality. Keywords: Res Publica. Public Ethics. Ethics Management System. Morality.

The production of red ceramics (tiles and bricks) was an important activity for the economic development of the municipality of Morro da Fumaça, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil from the 1960s onwards. This segment was a major contributor to the introduction of labor female labor in the local economy. The activity still has great economic relevance for the municipality, since it is a source of tax collection and generation of direct and indirect jobs, for a representative portion of the population. This study aims to narrate the way in which the production and development of red ceramic production took place in the municipality of Morro da Fumaça, south of Santa Catarina, Brazil, confronting it with the social reality of the actors that make up the productive force sector, especially female workers. From the female performance, analyze the working conditions to which they were submitted. Such conditions, at times, imposed a double working day in the activity of ceramic production, work in a family nucleus with the inclusion of minor workers, in addition to the responsibilities with domestic chores.

EAI SESC 2021 - 3rd EAI International Conference on Sustainable Energy for Smart Cities (online event), November 24 – 26, 2021 - Portugal., As the industry progresses, power quality problems become more and more rele-vant. The increase of non linear loads in industries, leads to higher current har-monic distortion and low power factor. In order to mitigate these problems, this paper validates a shunt active power filter (SAPF). The adopted topolo-gy and its control algorithm are analyzed through computer simulations consider-ing real industrial load models, which were elaborated from data collected in power quality analyzers that were connected to different points of an industry. The results achieved validate the correct operation of the applied SAPF, as well as it presents the improvements obtained of the total current distortion and neutral current., This work is supported by: European Structural and Investment Funds in the FEDER component, through the Operational Competitiveness and Internationalization Pro-gramme (COMPETE 2020) [Project nº 39479; Funding Reference: POCI-01-0247-FEDER-39479].

Power quality problems are an issue that requires, each more, particular attention, among others, to prevent equipment failure and improve efficiency. In this context, this paper presents a novel three-phase four-wire multilevel AC-DC converter operating as a shunt active power filter aiming to reduce the current harmonic distortion, low power factor, and current unbalances, which are introduced by the non-linear loads. The proposed topology comprises a total of six full bridges, where every two full bridges are arranged in a cascade structure and connected to one of the phases of the power grid. Both the proposed topology, as well as the applied control algorithm, are validated using computer simulations considering the most relevant conditions of operation in an industrial environment. The obtained results validate the proposed three-phase multilevel converter when operating as a shunt active power filter, showing that the power quality problems presented in the currents are compensated and the converter operates with the multilevel characteristic for all the conditions of operation.

The distribution of the highly diversified and species-rich snake genus Atractus was assessed in search for endemism areas. The dataset of 6,000 museum specimens was used to run an Endemicity Analyses in order to identify areas of biogeographic relevance for the genus Atractus. By using distinct methodological approaches and modifying the size and shape of grid cells we obtained a better adjustment to each species range, taking into account species distributed along the Andean and Atlantic Forest mountain ranges or certain vegetation constraints. Three scales of endemism were observed: micro endemic areas, represented by three different regions; intermediate sized endemic areas, represented by nine different regions; and macro-endemic areas, represented by four different provinces. Although most assessed regions corroborate well-defined biogeographic units according to the scientific literature, some, mainly located in the Colombian Andes, are not regularly considered in biogeographic syntheses carried out for vertebrates. Methodological approaches, along with a well curated database and taxonomic accuracy, may significantly influence the recovery of endemism areas, mainly considering mountain topography and local niche structure. The results present herein highlight the relevance of three Colombian Cordilleras, in order to completely understand Neotropical biota patterns of distribution. It is important to note that a well-resolved taxonomy represents both the framework and the first step toward a comprehensive biographical synthesis reducing Wallacean shortfalls in biodiversity.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different types of metakaolin and curing conditions on mortars depth of carbonation. To do so, prismatic mortar specimens were produced by using three different 1:2 mix proportions (binder: sand): a reference mix proportion (without mineral addition) and two mixes with partial replacement of the cement by metakaolin, in the content of 10% by mass of cement. Two types of metakaolin with different characteristics were used in order to verify their capacity of changing the mortar microstructure and the pore solution, modifying this way the carbonation behavior of these materials. Three curing conditions for the test specimens were defined: no wet curing and wet curing (by immersion in water) for 3, 9 and 28 days. After the accelerated carbonation procedure in a CO2 chamber (in an atmosphere of 10% of CO2), with a relative humidity of 70% and a temperature of 20°C, for a period of 7 days, the carbonation depth was measured by using pH-indicators based on phenolphthalein and thymolphthalein. The results indicated influence of the type of curing in the carbonated depth and the significant interaction between curing and the type of metakaolin. When wet curing was not performed, the carbonation was more intense in the reference mortar. The effect of curing in the mortars with metakaolin was much less significant compared to that in the reference mortar. A global discussion about carbonation behavior of metakaolin modified mortars will be performed, based on the characteristics of the metakaolins.

Motivation We generated a novel database of Neotropical snakes (one of the world's richest herpetofauna) combining the most comprehensive, manually compiled distribution dataset with publicly available data. We assess, for the first time, the diversity patterns for all Neotropical snakes as well as sampling density and sampling biases. Main types of variables contained We compiled three databases of species occurrences: a dataset downloaded from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), a verified dataset built through taxonomic work and specialized literature, and a combined dataset comprising a cleaned version of the GBIF dataset merged with the verified dataset. Spatial location and grain Neotropics, Behrmann projection equivalent to 1° × 1°. Time period Specimens housed in museums during the last 150 years. Major taxa studied Squamata: Serpentes. Software format Geographical information system (GIS). Results The combined dataset provides the most comprehensive distribution database for Neotropical snakes to date. It contains 147,515 records for 886 species across 12 families, representing 74% of all species of snakes, spanning 27 countries in the Americas. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity show overall similar patterns. Amazonia is the least sampled Neotropical region, whereas most well‐sampled sites are located near large universities and scientific collections. We provide a list and updated maps of geographical distribution of all snake species surveyed. Main conclusions The biodiversity metrics of Neotropical snakes reflect patterns previously documented for other vertebrates, suggesting that similar factors may determine the diversity of both ectothermic and endothermic animals. We suggest conservation strategies for high‐diversity areas and sampling efforts be directed towards Amazonia and poorly known species.

Atractus alphonsehogei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983 Fig. 8 Atractus alphonsehogei CUNHA & NASCIMENTO, 1983:25 (FIG. 2 PP. 27). Holotype. Adult male (MPEG 14928) collected by O. Cunha and F. Nascimento on August 0 1 1978 at Bela Vista, Km 75 of the PA-242 road near municipality Nova Timboetuba (ca., 0 1 �� 12���47������S, 47 �� 23���18������W; 30 m asl), state of Par��, Brazil (Fig. 8). Paratypes. Thirteen specimens, eleven of them from the state of Par�� and the other two from the state of Maranh��o, all of them collected by O. Cunha, F. Nascimento or by both in the same fieldtrip: female (MPEG 2221) collected on September 20 1972 on road PA-140 from Santo Ant��nio do Tau�� (ca., 0 1 �� 08���S, 48 �� 07���W; 20m asl) toward municipality of Vigia (00 �� 51���S, 48 �� 08���W; 10m asl); male (MPEG 8573) collected on March 0 2 1975 and female (MPEG 8667) collected on October 0 7 1974 on Parada Bom Jesus on the PA-242 road, 11 Km to municipality of Bragan��a (01 �� 03'13������S, 46 �� 45���56������W; 10m asl); male (MPEG 12593) collected on September 17 1976 at PA-140 road in the locality of Santa Rosa da Vigia 12 Km (airline) from the municipality of Vigia; female (MPEG 9949) collected on June 26 1975 at Cacoal Farm, Arari road a confluence of PA-242 27 Km from the municipality of Bragan��a; two males (MPEG 2976) and (MPEG 10130) collected on March 14 and 10 1976, respectively and three females (MPEG 6408) collected on March 27 1974, and (MPEG 10129) and (MPEG 10132) both collected on March 10 1976 at locality of Col��nia Nova, Km 264 of the BR-316 highway near to Rio Gurupi (ca., 0 1 �� 49���S, 48 �� 24���W; 30m asl); female (MPEG 10093) collected on June 23 1975 at Km 224 of the BR-316 highway; and two other males from the state of Maranh��o: (MPEG 10874) collected on November 0 2 1975 on BR- 316 highway 25 Km before Rio Gurupi (ca., 0 1 �� 49���S, 46 �� 06���W; 46m asl), Nova Vida, and (MPEG 11145) collected on February 23 1976 at S��o Raimundo ca. 8 Km from Santa In��s (03 �� 39���S, 45 �� 23���W; 30m asl). Diagnosis. Atractus alphonsehogei is distinguished from all congeners, except for those species of the A. collaris species group by having one (usually) or two (rarely) apical pits on dorsal scales of both sexes and supracloacal tubercles in the cloacal region of mature males (Passos et al. 2013b). Additionally, the following unique combination of morphological characters is unique from the species and also distinguishes it from any species of Atractus: (1) dorsal scale rows 17/17/17 with apical pits and supracloacal tubercles in males; (2) postoculars two; (3) moderately long loreal, contacting first three supralabials; (4) temporals 1+2; (5) seven supralabials, third and fourth contacting eye; (6) seven infralabials, first three contacting chinshields; (7) six maxillary teeth; (8) gular scale rows in four series; (9) preventrals usually four; (10) ventrals 163���176 in females, 150���162 in males; (11) subcaudals 17���21 in females, 23���26 in males; (12) in preservative, dorsum brown to grayish black, with cream occipital collar incomplete, first dorsal scale rows with lighter center limited dorsally by dark brown lateral lines on the second and third scale rows, and two barely conspicuous brown dorsolateral lines on the sixth to seventh scale rows on each side of body; (13) in preservative, venter cream except for two lines (one from each side of belly) on the lateral margins of ventral scales (paraventral region); (14) small body size, females reaching 284 mm SVL, males 218 mm; (15) moderate tail length in females (8.0���11.4% SVL) and males (12.3��� 13.1% SVL); (16) hemipenis moderately bilobed, non-capitate, and non-calyculate. Comparisons. Atractus alphonsehogei differs from all members of the A. collaris species group, except A. collaris and A. gaigeae, by having first supralabial contacting loreal (vs. first supralabial not contacting loreal in A. caxiuana, A. hoogmoedi, A. surucucu, and A. zidoki). Atractus alphonsehogei differs from A. collaris in having calcified alary spines and hemipenial lobes centrifugally oriented, dorsum uniformly dark brown or black lacking spots, and cream supralabials (vs. alary spines lacking calcification and lobes centrolinearly oriented, dorsum with conspicuous spots, and yellow supralabials); from A. gaigeae in having 163���176 ventrals in females, 150���162 in males, six maxillary teeth, and lacking the vertebral line (vs. 200���214 ventrals in females, 184���198 in males; usually five maxillary teeth, and conspicuous vertebral line). Description. Head indistinct from body, neraly twice as long as wide, and slightly flattened in lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal view and truncated in lateral view; head length about twice as long as wide; rostrum-orbit distance about one-third of head length; nostril-orbit distance equivalent to pre-frontal length; interorbital distance slightly smaller than parietal length; rostral subpyramidal in frontal view, wider than high, and visible in dorsal view; internasals slightly wider than long; internasal suture sinistral with respect to prefrontal suture; prefrontal as wider as long; supraocular subtrapezoidal in dorsal view, about twice as long as wide; frontal subpyramidal, as long as wide; parietal about twice as long as wide; nasal divided; nostril between prenasal and postnasal; prenasal about twice as high as long; postnasal shorter than prenasal, as high as long; loreal long, contacting first three supralabials; pupil round; two postoculars; upper postocular higher and longer than lower postocular; temporals 1+2; first temporal about twice as long as high; upper posterior temporals usually not fused in a single shield, about three times as long as wide; supralabials seven, third and fourth contacting eye; first four supralabials nearly similar in height; sixth supralabial usually taller and seventh supralabial longer than remaining supralabials; symphysial subtringular, about three times as wide as long; fist pair of infralabials preventing symphysial/chinshields contact; infralabials seven, first three contacting chinshields; chinshields three times as long as wide; gular scales in four series; preventrals usually four; dorsal scale rows 17/17/17; dorsal scales usually with one apical pit on both sexes and supracloacal tubercles in mature males; terminal spine large (longer than last subcaudal), conical and slightly acuminate. Maxilla arched in dorsal view with usually with four prediastemal teeth and two postdiastemal teeth; first two teeth moderately spaced (smaller than teeth size); spaces among each one of third and fourth teeth longer (similar to the teeth size); prediastemal teeth, posteriorly curved, angular, robust at base and narrowed at the apices; teeth decreasing posteriorly in size; diastema longer than size of postdiastemal tooth; postdiastemal tooth half-size of predistemal ones; lateral maxillary process little developed lacking posterior projection. Color pattern variation in preservative. Dorsum of head usually uniformly dark brown to black, displaying an usually incomplete (rarely complete; MPEG 8667) occipital light collar (one to two scales long) extending from parietal tip to lower temporal region; anterior portion of snout (rostral, internasal, and anterior portion of prefrontals) occasionally cream colored (MPEG 8667, 9949); more rarely, both collar parts connected on the medial region (MPEG 8667); occipital collar extends from end of parietal to lower temporal region; lateral surface of head brown to nearly to mid-ventral region of supralabials; supralabials with cream spots except for third and fourth supralabials contacting the eye almost entirely dark brown; posterior region of sixth and fully seventh supralabials usually dark brown; infralabials cream with dark brown spots; spots generally covering first two infralabials, anterior chinshields, and posterior region of third to sixth infralabials; gular region and preventrals usually uniformly cream; ventral surface of body and tail uniformly cream, except for lateral margins of ventral scales dark brown to black; lateral pigmentation of ventral scales longitudinally arranged forming paraventral lines; dorsal background of body brown to dark brown, usually with continuous dorsolateral black stripes above the sixth scale row (one scale wide); stripes occasionally located on the dorsal edges of first three scale rows but sometimes restricted to first two scale rows; lower half of first two scale rows sometimes light pigmented creating the impression of a light stripe due to the contrast between the dark brown lines dorsally; central portion of first dorsal scale row usually cream pigmented contrasting sharply with paraventral and dorsoslateral dark lines on the first three scale rows. Color pattern variation in life. Species known only from the type-series and two additional topotypes, lacking any information regarding coloration in life. Microdermatoglyphics. At basal portion of scales, A. alphonsehogei differs from A. collaris by presenting more triangular denticulations and by not presenting visible micro-ornamentations at cell surface under magnifications up to 10.000x (Fig. 9C). Hemipenis morphology. Retracted organ extends at level of sixth to eighth subcaudal and bifurcates at level of fifth to seventh subcaudal (n = 2). Fully everted and almost maximally expanded hemipenes (n = 2, MPEG 10874, 11145) render a moderately bilobed, non-capitate and non-calyculate; lobes barely centrifugally oriented distally and slightly distinct from hemipenial body; distal portion of lobes clavate with nearly attenuated apices; lobular region do not distinct from the hemipenial body, both in ornamentation and lacking the capitular groove; lobes and hemipenial body uniformly covered by alary spines (sensu Passos et al. 2013d); alary spines with reduced size on the lobular region, forming irregular and barely defined flounces at distal portion of hemipenial body on the asulcate side; alary spines with widely basal region above lobular region on both sides of organ; sulcus spermaticus deeper until its division, bifurcating to the half-length of organ; branches of sulcus spermaticus centrifugally oriented, running to tip of each lobe; margins of sulcus spermaticus laterally expanded along all sulcus spermaticus extension, lacking spinules; hemipenial body sub-cylindrical scattered with larger alary spines, concentrated on the median region of asulcate side of organ; basal naked pocket indistinct; basalmost region of hemipenis with longitudinal plicae and dispersed spinules (Fig. 10C). Meristic and morphometric variations. Largest male SVL 218 mm, TL 26 mm; largest female SVL 284 mm, TL 22 mm; tail 12.3���13.1% SVL (mean = 12.7; SD = 0.3; n = 7) in males, 8.0���11.4% SVL (mean = 8.9; SD = 1.2; n = 7) in females; ventrals 150���162 (mean = 155.7; SD = 4.5; n = 7) in males, 163���176 (mean = 168.1; SD = 5.1; n = 7) in females; subcaudals 23���26 (mean = 25.4; SD = 1.1; n = 7) in males, 17���21 (mean = 19.1; SD = 1.5; n = 7) in females; preventrals 3 (n =1) or 4 (n = 13); dorsals at level of second subcaudal 8���9 (mean = 8.3; SD = 0.3; n = 18 sides); midbody diameter 3.6���4.0 mm (n = 2). Distribution. Apparently restricted to easternmost portions of the Brazilian Amazonia near the Atlantic coast, from Vigia (00 �� 51���S, 48 �� 08���W), state of Par�� southeast to Santa In��s (03 �� 40���S, 45 �� 22���W), state of Maranh��o. Atractus alphonsehogei occurs from sea level up to 50 m elevation (Fig. 13). Remarks. Atractus alphonsehogei is known to date only from the original type series (14 individuals) and two additional topotypes (MPEG 13907���08), all which collected between 1972 and 1978. The absence of additional samples in almost 40 years, as well as its relatively restricted range may represent substantial evidence of rarity and endemism. Such combination of factors would render A. alphonsehogei a rare and highly threatened taxon in view of the broad deforestation in this region of Amazonia during the last three decades. Considering that the area harbors other endemic taxa (e.g., Atractus hoogmoedi ���Prudente & Passos 2010) our data provide further support to the proposition of a conservation unit in the coastal region of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest., Published as part of Passos, Paulo, Prudente, Ana L. C., Ramos, Luciana O., Caicedo-Portilla, Jos�� Rances & Lynch, John D., 2018, Species delimitations in the Atractus collaris complex (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), pp. 491-520 in Zootaxa 4392 (3) on pages 507-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1196169

Atractus collaris Peracca, 1897 Figures 2, 3A���C, 4���6 Atractus collaris PERACCA 1897: 4 (CONONACO RIVER, PASTAZA, ECUADOR). Leptocalamus limitaneus AMARAL 1935: 219 (LA PEDRERA, AMAZONAS, COLOMBIA; IBSP 9196). New synonymy. [Atractus] limitaneus ���SAVAGE 1960: 81. Atractus collaris collaris��� DIxON & SOINI 1977: 34 (IN PART). Atractus alphonsehogei��� MARTINS & OLIVEIRA 1993: 24 (FMT 450, A MALE SPECIMEN). Atractus collaris ���CARRILLO & ICOCHEA 1995: 13. Holotype. Adult male housed in the Museo Regionali di Scienza Naturali di Torino (MRSNT) from Cononaco River (c.a., 0 1 �� 31���S, 75 �� 36���W; 190m asl), province of Pastaza, Ecuador. Specimen apparently lost (see Andreaone & Gavetti 2007) (Fig. 4). Diagnosis. Atractus collaris is distinguished from all congeners, except for those species of the A. collaris species group by having one (usually) or two (rarely) apical pits on dorsal scales from both sexes and supracloacal tubercles in the cloacal region of mature males (Passos et al. 2013b). Additionally, the following combination of morphological characters is unique of the species and distinguishes it from any other species of Atractus: (1) dorsal scale rows 17/17/17 with apical pits in both sexes and supracloacal tubercles in males; (2) postoculars two; (3) moderately long loreal, contacting first three supralabials; (4) temporals 1+2; (5) seven supralabials, third and fourth contacting eye; (6) seven infralabials, first three contacting chinshields; (7) five (rarely) or six maxillary teeth; (8) gular scale rows in four series; (9) preventrals usually four; (10) ventrals 167���186 in females, 145���178 in males; (11) subcaudals 18���24 in females, 22���33 in males; (12) in preservative, dorsum brown to grayish black, with cream occipital collar incomplete and small paired black spots usually cream bordered along the body, first dorsal scale rows with lighter center and brown lateral lines; (13) in preservative, venter cream except for two lines (one from each side of belly) in the lateral margins of ventral scales (paraventral region); (14) small body size, females reaching 300 mm SVL, males 218 mm; (15) moderately tail length in females (8.2���10.9.3% SVL) and males (10.9���14.5% SVL); (16) hemipenis moderately bilobed, non-capitate, and non-calyculate. Comparisons. Atractus collaris differs from all members of the A. collaris species group, except A. alphonsenhogei and A. gaigeae, in having first supralabial contacting loreal (vs. first supralabial not contacting loreal in A. caxiuana, A. hoogmoedi, A. surucucu, and A. zidoki). Atractus collaris differs from A. alphonsehogei in having descalcified alary spines and hemipenial lobes centrolineally oriented, dorsum with conspicuous spots, and yellow supralabials (vs. calcified alary spines and hemipenial lobes centrifugally oriented, dorsum uniformly dark brown or black lacking spots, and cream supralabials; from A. gaigeae in having 167���186 ventrals in females, 146���178 in males and lacking the vertebral line (vs. 200���214 ventrals in females, 184���198 in males). Description. Head slightly distinct from body, twice as long as wide, and arched in lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal view and truncated in lateral view; rostrum-orbit distance about half of head length; nostril-orbit distance as long as prefrontal length; interorbital distance as lon as parietal length; rostral subpyramidal in frontal view, wider than high, and barely visible in dorsal view; internasals as wide as long; internasal suture sinistral with respect to prefrontal suture; prefrontal as wide as long; supraocular subtrapezoidal in dorsal view, about three times as long as wide; frontal subpyramidal, as long as wide; parietal about twice as long as wide; nasal divided; nostril between prenasal and postnasal; prenasal about twice as high as long; postnasal shorter than prenasal, as high as long; loreal long, contacting first three supralabials; pupil round; two postoculars similar in height; upper postocular slightly longer than lower postocular; temporals 1+2; first temporal about three times as long as high; upper posterior temporals usually fused in a single shield, about five times as long as wide; supralabials seven, third and fourth contacting eye; first four supralabials nearly equal in height; sixth supralabial taller and seventh supralabial longer than remaining supralabials; symphysial semicircular, about three times as wide as long; fist pair of infralabials preventing symphysial/chinshields contact; infralabials seven, first three contacting chinshields; chinshields three times as long as wide; gular scales in four series; preventrals usually four; dorsal scale rows 17/ 17/17; dorsal scales usually with one apical pit (rarely two) on both sexes and supracloacal tubercles in mature males; terminal spine large (longer than last subcaudal), approximately robust and conical. Maxilla arched in dorsal view with usually with four prediastemal teeth and one postdiastemal tooth; first two teeth moderately spaced (smaller than tooth size, measure taken from the base of the tooth to its apex); spaces among each one of third and fourth teeth longer (similar to the tooth size); prediastemal teeth, posteriorly curved, angulars, robust at base and narrowed in the apices; teeth decreasing posteriorly in size; diastema longer than size of postdiastemal tooth; postdiastemal tooth half-sized of predistemal ones; lateral maxillary process little developed lacking posterior projection. Color pattern variation in preservative. Dorsum of head dark brown to black with cream spots usually covering snout region (rostral, internasals and anterior portion of prefrontals) and displaying an incomplete occipital collar; incomplete occipital collar extending from posterior area of parietals to lower temporal region, frequently connected with wide cream gular region; lateral surface of head brown to dorsal edges of supralabials; supralabials cream except for dorsal area of third and fourth supralabials mostly dark brown; eventually fourth supralabial entirely dark brown; posterior region of sixth and fully seventh supralabials usually dark brown; infralabials, chinshields, gular region and preventrals usually uniformly cream; occasionally, suture region among infralabials, symphysial, chinshields and other scales from mental region with dispersed and irregular dark brown dots or spots; ventral surface of body and tail uniformly cream, except for dark brown to black lateral margins of ventral scales; lateral pigmentation of ventrals longitudinally arranged forming paraventral lines; occasionally, ventral surface of tail with irregular brown dots or spots; dorsal background of body brown to dark brown, usually with a series of small paired black spots (one scale long and one to two scale wide) along paravertebral region (seventh to eighth scales rows) and continuous dorsolateral black stripes covering dorsal edges of first two or three scale rows; more rarely, individuals displaying a conspicuous vertebral stripe; paired black spots edged anteriorly, laterally (sometimes) and posteriorly by light (pale brown or beige) spots (one scale long and wide); stripes usually located on the dorsal edges of first three scale rows but sometimes restricted to first two scale row; lower half of first two scales rows sometimes light pigmented given an impression of a light stripe due to the contrast with the dark brown dorsolateral stripes; central portion of first dorsal scale row usually cream pigmented contrasting sharply with paraventral and dorsolateral dark lines on the first three scale rows. Paravertebral spots and dorsolateral lines are usually barely distinct from brown background in old preserved or melanistic specimens. Color pattern variation in life. Dorsum of head dark brown with cream to orange spots covering snout region; eye with red to reddish brown iris; center of supralabials and infralabials cream to yellow pigmented; incomplete occipital collar cream to creamish red; belly salmon to red colored, except for lateral margins of ventral scales black pigmented; ventral surface of tail salmon to red with dispersed black dots or spots, sometimes concentrated on the scales sutures; dorsal background of body red to dark brown, with black spots and stripes; paravertebral spots bordered by cream to creamish red; light dorsolateral stripes cream to beige (Fig. 3A���C). Microdermatoglyphics. Apical borders of basal portion cells 2���4 ��m apart from each other; borders of denticulations slightly triangular not exceeding 1 ��m high; cells surface composed by small and barely conspicuous pores; at midapical portion, spinules from cell borders longitudinally narrow with 1.5���2.0 ��m height. Microdermatoglyphic pattern at this portion of the scale is, essentially, the same for the A. alphonsehogei and A. gaigeae (Fig. 9A). Hemipenis morphology. Retracted organ extends at level of seventh to eighth subcaudal and bifurcates at level of sixth to seventh subcaudal (n = 2). Fully everted and almost maximally expanded hemipenis (n = 1, MNRJ 24959) renders a moderately bilobed, non-capitate and non-calyculate; lobes barely centrifugally oriented distally and slightly distinct from hemipenial body; distal portion of lobes clavate with nearly attenuated apices; lobular region is not distinct from the hemipenial body, both in ornamentation and by lacking the capitular groove; lobes and hemipenial body uniformly covered by alary spines (sensu Passos et al. 2013d), except for lobular portion on the asulcate side with scarce and spaced spines; alary spines with reduced size above lobular region, forming irregular barely defined flounces at distal portion of hemipenial body on the asulcate side; alary spines spaced widely at their bases on the intrasulcar region and at medial portion of hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus bifurcates on the proximal third of organ; each sulcus spermaticus branch with centrolinear orientation, extending to lobe apices; sulcus spermaticus moderately laterally expanded before division and narrowed after bifurcation; margins bordered lacking spinules along almost all entire extension; basal naked pocket indistinct; basal region of hemipenis with longitudinal plicae and small spinules irregularly distributed (Fig. 10A). Meristic and morphometric variation. Largest male SVL 218 mm, TL 26 mm; largest female SVL 300 mm, TL 25 mm; tail 10.9���14.2% SVL (mean = 12.3; SD = 0.4; n = 21) in males, 8.2���10.9% SVL (mean = 9.0; SD = 1.0; n = 6) in females; ventrals 145���178 (mean = 158.7; SD = 10.6; n = 21) in males, 167���186 (mean = 176.2; SD = 7.2; n = 9) in females; subcaudals 22���35 (mean = 27.5; SD = 3.1; n = 21) in males, 20���26 (mean = 22.5; SD = 2.4; n = 8) in females; dorsals at the level of second subcaudal 7���9 (mean = 8.5; SD = 0.6; n = 60 sides); midbody diameter 2.0��� 4.4 mm (mean = 3.6; SD = 0.8; n = 9); maxillary teeth 5 (n = 8 sides) or 6 (n = 28 sides). Distribution. Amazon rainforest eastern of the Andes from In��rida (03 �� 48���N, 67 �� 50���W), department of Guain��a, Colombia, south to Coronel Portillo (08 �� 23���S, 74 �� 35���W) department of Ucayali, Peru; and east to Uruc�� River (ca. 0 4 �� 31���S, 64 �� 23���W), state of Amazonas, Brazil. Atractus collaris occurs from 100���700 m elevation (Fig. 12). Martins & Oliveira (1993) report a specimen of A. alphonsehogei from Presidente Figueiredo (01 �� 26���S, 60 �� 01���W), state of Amazonas, Brazil. Although this specimen (a male, FMT 405) was not available to us, we have examined other specimen from Presidente Prudente (MPEG 17545) and confirmed its identification as Atractus collaris. Therefore, based on the data available in the Martins & Oliveira (1993) and also on the above species record, we tentatively consider FMT 405 as A. collaris. Remarks. Recently, Wallach et al. (2014) pointed out that the holotype of Leptocalamus limitaneus��� as well as many other types of Neotropical snakes taxa ��� was lost in the tragic fire accident that consumed most of the herpetological collection of the Instituto Butantan (see Kumar 2010; Warrel et al. 2010; Franco 2012). However, this and other types of Atractus remain intact and available to examination because such specimens were loaned to the senior author when the accident happened. In addition, we emphasize that other type specimens kept on the metallic cabinets survived (with some degree of damage) from the fire due to oxygen consumption inside the compacted racks (P. Passos pers. observ.). Therefore, authors of future studies must make sure to consult the curator in charge of the Instituto Butantan collection regarding the whereabouts of the types of interest for comparisons before proposing neotype designations based on the provisions of ICZN (1999)., Published as part of Passos, Paulo, Prudente, Ana L. C., Ramos, Luciana O., Caicedo-Portilla, Jos�� Rances & Lynch, John D., 2018, Species delimitations in the Atractus collaris complex (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), pp. 491-520 in Zootaxa 4392 (3) on pages 499-503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1196169, {"references":["ICZN (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE) (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences. INTERNATIONAL TRUST FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE, LONDON, 306 PP."]}

Atractus gaigeae Savage, 1955 Figures 3D, 7 Rhabdosoma maculatum BOCOURTI 1883: 540. [ZMB LECTOTYPE FROM ECUADOR; SEE SAVAGE (1955, 1960)] (IN PART). Atractus bocourti��� BOULENGER 1896:645 (IN PART). Atractus gaigeae SAVAGE, 1955:12. Atractus collaris gaigeae ���DIxON & SOINI 1977:34. Atractus gaigeae ��� LEHR 2002:204 [INDIRECTLY, BY RESTORING THE SPECIFIC RANK FOR THE FORMER SPECIES, Atractus collaris]. Holotype. Adult male (UMMZ 82887) collected by Clarence Altenberg and Bancroft G. Buttler on 1935 without a precise location in the province of Zamora-Chinchipe (formerly Santiago-Zamora), Ecuador. The specimen has a midventral incision exposing some viscera (Fig. 7). Paratypes. All specimens from the provinces of Napo and Pastaza, Ecuador: male (AMNH 35891) from a locality between Ba��os (01 �� 25���S, 78 �� 33���W) and Canelos; female (CAS-SU 15619) and male (CAS-SU 15620) from Canelos (01 �� 35���S, 77 �� 45���W; ca. 490 m); male (CAS-SU 15621) from headwaters of Bobonaza River (01 �� 28���S, 53 �� 40���W; ca. 250 m); male EPN 8693 (formerly EPN 48) from Bobonaza River, Sarayacu (01 �� 44���S, 77 �� 29���W; ca. 400 m); and EPN female 5272 (formerly EPN 46) from Bobonaza River, Chichirota (02 �� 32���S; 76 �� 39���W; ca. 250 m). Diagnosis. Atractus gaigeae is distinguished from all congeners, except for those species of the A. collaris species group (see below the distinction among these members), by having one (usually) or two (rarely) apical pits on dorsal scales of both sexes and supracloacal tubercles on cloacal region of mature males (Passos et al. 2013b). Additionally, the following combination of morphological characters is unique from the species and also distinguishes it from any other species of Atractus: (1) dorsal scale rows 17/17/17 with apical pits on both sexes and supracloacal tubercles in mature males; (2) postoculars usually one in female and two in males; (3) loreal moderately long, contacting first three supralabials (4) temporals 1+2; (5) seven supralabials, third and fourth contacting eye; (6) infralabials six or seven, first three contacting chinshield; (7) maxillary teeth usually five or six; (8) gular scale rows usually four; (9) preventrals four; (10) ventrals 200���214 in females, 184���198 in males; (11) subcaudals 23���28 in females, 33���40 in males; (12) dorsum of head dark brown with an incomplete occipital light collar, dorsal ground color of body brown with paired paravertebral black spots and longitudinal stripes (rarely with vertebral but usually with dorsolateral lines); (13) belly almost immaculate cream, except for lateral edges of ventral scales dark brown forming paraventral lines; (14) small body size, females reaching 295 mm SVL, males 266 mm SVL; (15) small tail length in females (7.1���12.5% SVL), moderately long in males (11.7���15.9% SVL); (16) hemipenis moderately bilobed, non-capitate and non-calyculated. Comparisons. Atractus gaigeae differs from all members of the A. collaris species group, except for A. alphonsenhogei and A. collaris, in having first supralabial contacting loreal (vs. first supralabial not contacting loreal in A. caxiuana, A. hoogmoedi, A. surucucu, and A. zidoki). A. gaigeae differs from both species in having 200���214 ventrals in females, 184���198 in males (vs. 163���176 in females, 150���162 in males of A. alphonsehogei; and 167���186 in females, 145���178 in males of A. collaris). Description. Head slightly distinct from body, twice as long as wide, and arched in lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal view and truncated in lateral view; rostrum-orbit distance about half of head length; nostril-orbit distance equivalent to pre-frontal length; interorbital distance equivalent to parietal length; rostral subpyramidal in frontal view, wider than high, and visible in dorsal view; internasals slightly wider than long; internasal suture sinistral with respect to prefrontal suture; prefrontal as wide as long; supraocular subtrapezoidal in dorsal view, about two times as long as wide; frontal subpyramidal, as long as wide; parietal about twice as long as wide; nasal divided; nostril between prenasal and postnasal; prenasal about twice as high as long; postnasal shorter than prenasal, as high as long; loreal long, contacting first three supralabials; pupil round; usually one postocular (73% on both sides and 91% only on one side) in females (n = 22 sides) and two postoculars (n = 38 sides); upper postocular slightly longer than lower postocular; temporals 1+2; first temporal about two times as long as high; upper posterior temporals usually fused in a single shield, about five times as long as wide; supralabials seven, third and fourth contacting eye; first four supralabials similar in height; sixth supralabial taller and seventh supralabial longer than remaining supralabials; symphysial subtriangular, about three times as wide as long; fist pair of infralabials preventing symphysial/chinshields contact; infralabials seven, first three contacting chinshields; chinshields three times longer than wide; gular scales in four series; preventrals usually four; dorsal scale rows 17/17/17; dorsal scales usually with one apical pit (rarely two) on both sexes and supracloacal tubercles in mature males; terminal spine large (longer than last subcaudal), robust and slightly acuminate. Maxilla arched in dorsal view with five or four prediastemal teeth and one postdiastemal tooth; first two teeth moderately spaced (smaller than teeth size); spaces among each one of third and fourth teeth longer (similar to the teeth size); prediastemal teeth, posteriorly curved, angular, robust at base and narrowed in the apices; teeth decreasing posteriorly in size; diastema longer than size of postdiastemal tooth; postdiastemal tooth half-sized of predistemal ones; lateral maxillary process little developed, lacking posterior projection. Color pattern variation in preservative. Dorsum of head dark brown, usually with darker pigments restricted to the suture of cephalic shields and snout region, rostral, internasals and anterior prefrontals cream colored; cream spots or irregular blotches restricted to the center of each scale/shield or covering mostly of snout dorsally; posterior region of head with an incomplete conspicuous cream collar (two scales long); light collar extends from occipital region to lateroposterior end of parietals; parietals mostly dark borwn, precluding contact between each branch of the incomplete cream collar; lateral surface of head dark brown to dorsal edge of supralabials; supralabials mostly cream, except for posterior region of third and anterior region of fourth and anterior portion of sixth and seventh supralabials almost entirely dark brown; occasionally, suture between each supralabial scale dark brown with its central portion cream; temporal and occipital regions covered by cream collar, decreasing in length towards parietals; symphysial and infralabials with cream ground color sometimes covered with dark brown spots concentrated on the posterior regions of infralabials and anterior portion of chinshields; symphysial and infralabials rarely almost entirely brown pigmented; chinshields and gular region uniformly cream or with a few dark brown dots; ventral surface of body cream with conspicuous black spots on the lateral margins of ventral and subcaudal scales; black spots forming a conspicuous longitudinal stripe on the paraventral region of body; dorsum of body with dark brown to black band on neck (usually three scales long) forming an inverted ���V��� shaped collar; more rarely, dark collar discontinuous with each branch separate above vertebral region; dorsal ground color brown with a black vertebral line (one scale wide), paired black paravertebral spots (one or two scales long and wide), and dorsolateral stripes; paired spots located between sixth and seventh scales rows and dorsolateral stripes (one scale wide) covering second scale rows and, eventually, above ventral portion of third scale row between both series of scales; paraventral line originating from lateral margins of ventral scales usually extending dorsally to ventral edge of first scale row (half-scale wide); first scale row usually lighter (pale brown), contrasting among both dark lateral stripes. Color pattern variation in life. Dorsum of head dark brown with cream to creamish red spots covering snout region; eye with brown to black iris; center of supralabials and infralabials cream; belly cream colored, except for black pigmented lateral margins of ventral scales; ventral surface of tail cream with dispersed black dots or spots, sometimes concentrated on the scales sutures; dorsal background of body brown, with black spots and stripes; paravertebral spots not bordered by light pigments; light dorsolateral stripes beige (Fig 3D). Microdematoglyphics. Scales of Atractus gaigeae presents cell borders at midapical portion closer to each other (rarely exceeding 2.5 ��m of distance) and more conspicuous pores at cell surface compared to A. collaris (Fig. 9B). Hemipenis morphology. Retracted organ extends at level of eighth to ninth subcaudal and bifurcates at level of seventh to eighth subcaudal (n = 3). Fully everted and almost maximally expanded hemipenis (n = 1, USNM 217627) renders a moderately bilobed, non-capitate and non-calyculate; lobes centrolinearly oriented distally and slightly distinct from hemipenial body; distal portion of lobes clavate with nearly rounded apices; lobular region do not distinct from the hemipenial body (similar ornamentation and capitular groove absent); lobes and hemipenial body uniformly covered by alary spines (sensu Passos et al. 2013d); alary spines increasing in size below lobular region, forming irregular barely defined flounces at distal portion of hemipenial body on the asulcate side; alary spines irregular on the intrasulcar region and at medial portion of hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus centrolinear, bifurcating at half length of organ and extending to lobe apices; sulcus spermaticus wide laterally expanded along all its extension; margins lacking spinules along almost all its extension; basal naked pocket indistinct; basal region of hemipenis with longitudinal plicae and small spinules irregularly distributed (Figs. 10B). Meristic and morphometric variation. Largest male 266 mm SVL, 34 mm CL; largest female 295 mm SVL, 21 mm CL; tail 11.7���15.9% SVL(mean = 14.0; SD = 1.3; n = 15) in males, 7.1���12.5% SVL (mean = 9.0; SD = 1.5; n = 10) in females; ventrals 184���198 (mean = 189.3; SD = 3.7; n = 18) in males, 200���214 (mean = 204.8; SD = 4.5; n = 10) in females; subcaudals in males 33���40 (mean = 36.1; SD = 1.7; n = 4), 23���28 (mean = 25.8; SD = 1.4; n = 10) in females; gular scale rows 3 (n = 3 sides) or 4 (n = 56 sides); postocular 1 (n = 7 sides) or 2 (n = 39 sides) in males, 1 (n = 14 sides) or 2 (n = 6 sides) in females; dorsal scale rows at level of second subcaudal 8���10 (x = 8.9; SD = 0.5; n = 58 sides); midbody diameter 2.0��� 5.7 mm (mean = 3.6; SD = 0.8; n = 25); maxillary teeth 5 (n = 26 sides), 6 (n = 26 sides) or 7 (n = 2). Distribution. From Cuyabeno (ca., 0 0 �� 25���27������S, 76 �� 06���09������W), province of Subumb��os, southeast to Chichirota (0232���S, 7638���W), and southwest to Taisha (02 �� 09���53������S, 77 �� 39���32������W) provence of Morona Santiago, along the Amazonian versant of Ecuador. Atractus gaigeae occurs between 200���750 m asl (Fig. 12)., Published as part of Passos, Paulo, Prudente, Ana L. C., Ramos, Luciana O., Caicedo-Portilla, Jos�� Rances & Lynch, John D., 2018, Species delimitations in the Atractus collaris complex (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), pp. 491-520 in Zootaxa 4392 (3) on pages 503-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1196169

This paper presents a study on the parallel association of power semiconductors. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the parallel association of lower rated power semiconductors can be more advantageous than the use of a single higher rated power semiconductor, both economically and in terms of dynamic performance, i.e., switching behavior and semiconductor temperature. In this context, two different power semiconductor technologies were tested: (1) Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs); and (2) Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). For each technology, the adopted methodology consisted of verifying the dynamic performance of a single higher rated power semiconductor, comparing it with the dynamic performance of a set of five parallel-connected lower rated power semiconductors, focusing on the current sharing between the devices. The obtained experimental results demonstrate that the parallel connection of lower rated power semiconductors can be advantageous over the use of a single higher rated power semiconductor above certain power levels, offering better switching characteristics and lower cost., INCT-EN -Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (SFRH/BD/134353/2017)

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e de Computadores, A microgeração e a utilização de veículos elétricos estão cada vez mais presentes no quotidiano e representam dois importantes fatores no caminho do desenvolvimento das smart grids e smart homes, que visam a gestão dos dispositivos eletrónicos ligados à rede elétrica ou à habitação. Assim sendo, a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, assim como a otimização de topologias já existentes, no sentido de melhorar o carregamento de baterias dos veículos elétricos, a produção de energia a partir de fontes de energia renováveis e o melhoramento da qualidade da energia elétrica, é cada vez mais relevante. No âmbito desta dissertação pretende-se desenvolver um equipamento que surge como uma solução para a realização da interface entre veículos elétricos, painéis fotovoltaicos e a rede elétrica, além de compensar, dinamicamente, problemas de qualidade da energia elétrica. A solução tradicional utiliza dois conversores de potência para realizar a interface entre o veículo elétrico e a rede elétrica e mais dois conversores de potência para a interface da fonte de energia renovável e a rede elétrica). Esta topologia apresenta uma desvantagem no carregamento direto das baterias do veículo elétrico a partir da fonte de energia renovável, pois requer o uso de quatro conversores de potência e a rede elétrica como intermediários. Para colmatar esta desvantagem, a configuração adotada utiliza apenas um conversor CA-CC e um barramento CC comum aos dois conversores CC-CC que interligará os três conversores. Assim, obtêm-se as vantagens de utilizar apenas um conversor para realizar a interface do carregador do veículo elétrico e a fonte de energia renovável com a rede, a possibilidade de realizar o carregamento das baterias diretamente dos painéis fotovoltaicos, sem usar a rede como intermediário, e ainda a contribuição para a melhoria dos problemas de qualidade de energia. Nesta dissertação, foi desenvolvido um conversor CA-CC (em colaboração com outra dissertação), o mais reduzido possível (usando SiC - Silicon Carbide, como semicondutores controlados), variando assim as suas caraterísticas de forma a se obter a redução de tamanho e a realizar a interface com os outros dois conversores de potência (CC-CC). Após um estudo cuidado do estado da arte, foi desenvolvido um modelo computacional em PSIM e foi desenvolvido um protótipo laboratorial (conversor CA-CC e CC-CC), onde o conversor CC-CC realiza a interface com a fonte de energia renovável (com algoritmo de controlo de maximum power point tracker (MPPT)). Com recurso ao sistema desenvolvido foram obtidos resultados experimentais que comprovam a solução adotada., Microgeneration and the use of electric vehicles are increasingly present in our daily lives and they represent two major factors in the development of smart grids and smart homes, which aim to manage electronic devices connected to the power grid or to the house. Therefore, the need to develop new technologies as well as improving the existing ones in order to improve battery charging of electric vehicles, the production of energy from renewable power sources and the improvement of energy quality is increasingly relevant. This dissertation intends to develop an equipment that emerges as a solution for the interface between electric vehicles, photovoltaic panels and the power grid as it also dynamically compensates for problems of power quality. The traditional solution uses two power converters to interface between the electric vehicle and the power grid (one ac/dc converter and another dc/dc converter) and two more power converters for the renewable power source (one ac/dc converter and another dc/dc converter). This traditional topology has a disadvantage in the direct charging of the electric vehicle batteries from the renewable energy source as it requires the use of four power converters and the power grid as intermediates. To overcome this drawback, the adopted configuration uses only one ac/dc converter and one common dc link to interface the two dc/dc converters with the ac/dc converter. This gives the advantages of using only one converter to interface the electric vehicle charger and the renewable power source with the power grid. It also allows the ability to charge the batteries directly from the photovoltaic panels without using the power grid as an intermediary further contributing to improve issues related to the quality of power. Through this dissertation, when combined with another dissertation, an AC/DC converter, compacted as much as possible will be developed, thus varying its characteristics in order to obtain the size reduction. This will interface with the other two power converters (dc/dc). Posteriorly and individually, a dc/dc converter will be developed that will interface with the renewable power source, where a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) control algorithm is applied in order to extract as much power as possible from the photovoltaic panel., Este trabalho de dissertação está enquadrado no projeto de IC&DT “newERA4GRIDs – New Generation of Unified Power Conditioner with Advanced Control, Integrating Electric Mobility, Renewables, and Active Filtering Capabilities for the Power Grid Improvement”, financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, com a referência PTDC/EEI‑EEE/30283/2017., Este trabalho de dissertação está enquadrado no projeto de IC&DT “DAIPESEV – Development of Advanced Integrated Power Electronic Systems for Electric Vehicles”, financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, com a referência PTDC/EEI EEE/30382/2017.

Submitted by Paulo Pinhão Nunes (pnunes@ispa.pt) on 2018-10-26T10:12:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AP_19(3)_471.pdf: 8250 bytes, checksum: 40dfdf72a79e10b1e0740b2f48da2ee1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-26T10:12:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AP_19(3)_471.pdf: 8250 bytes, checksum: 40dfdf72a79e10b1e0740b2f48da2ee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion