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Endolichenic fungi, nonobligate microfungi that live in lichen, are promising as new bioresources of pharmacological compounds. We found that norlichexanthone isolated from the endolichenic fungus in Pertusaria laeviganda exhibited high antioxidant activity. Norlichexanthone produced by endolichenic fungus had the antioxidant activity with same level of ascorbic acid. This is the first report of high antioxidant activity of norlichexanthone. Abbreviations: AAPH: 2,2ʹ-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FL: fluorescein sodium salt; HPLC-PDA: high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array; LC-ESI-MS: liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; PB: phosphate buffer; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TLC: thin-layer chromatography

Lichen is a symbiotic organism consisting of a photobiont (green algae or cyanobacterium) and a mycobiont (fungal). A taxonomic study of the crustose lichens in the forest of TAHURA R. Soeryohad been conducted based on morphological, anatomical, and chemical characters. In this research, we used the method of descriptive exploration to identify the crustose lichens and to study the distribution of the species in the forest of TAHURA R. Soeryo. Twenty species of crustose lichens with one unidentified species and one specimen identified to the group of family are reported. They are Graphina, Graphis, Phaeographis, Pertusaria, Pachyphiale, Phlyctis, Lepraria, Lecanora, Lecania, Cyphellium, and Megalospora. This research also found the new record species of Megalospora kalbii in Java. Crustose lichens are found in the areas with high light intensity of ≥ 1000 lux, average humidity of ≤ 90%, average temperature of18-190C, and at altitudes of ±1640 dpl. Graphina ruiziana could only be found at the altitude of ± 1780 dpl. The identification key to its species and distributions of other species are presented also in the article.

Pertusaria jurana var. confluens Erichsen (1935 [1936]: 678) Type:���[Switzerland] SCHWEIZ, Jura, Neuenburg, an Wegulmen bei Buttes, 800 m., 03.10.1928, leg. E. Frey (367) (holotype HBG!). Figure 3. The thallus of the type specimen of Pertusaria jurana var. confluens in HBG is quite thick, whitish-grey and sorediate, with a whitish to brownish prothallus. Soralia are grey-whitish, abundant, orbicular to irregular, discrete, and separated from each other (see Sipman 2006) (Figure 3). The presence of variolaric acid has been detected by TLC. The type specimen Pertusaria jurana var. confluens is morphologically and chemically concordant with Ochrolechia turneri (Smith 1801: 857) Hasselrot (1945: 130) (Kukwa 2011). Therefore it should be treated as a synonym of the latter name (Turland et al. 2018). According to Kukwa (2011) there are two other corticolous and sorediate Ochrolechia species with variolaric acid, O. alboflavescens (Wulfen, in Jacquin 1791 [1789]: 111) Zahlbruckner (1927 [1926]: 94) and O. microstictoides R��s��nen (1936: 226), which resemble O. turneri. Ochrolechia albofavescens has often well-separated soralia, like O. turneri, but it contains in addition to variolaric acid also fatty acids, lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acids. Ochrolechia microstictoides is very variable in thallus morphology, but in general its soralia are irregular and often confluent, but can be distinguished by the presence of lichesterinic acid, which is produced in addition to variolaric acid (Kukwa 2011). Another species which may produce variolaric acid is Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Fl��rke 1815: 6) I. Schmitt & Lumbsch in Schmitt et al. (2012: 29). The species is characterized by the pale bluish-grey tinged thallus with an often broad white margin and conspicuous, paler or concolorous, convex soralia. It can be, however, easily differentiated by the presence of lecanoric acid giving C+ carmine red reaction of soralia (T��nsberg 1992; Chambers et al. 2009; Schmitt et al. 2012)., Published as part of Oset, Magdalena, 2021, On the identity of some taxa of Pertusaria (lichens) described by C. F. E. Erichsen, pp. 165-171 in Phytotaxa 497 (2) on page 169, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5423923, {"references":["Erichsen, C. F. E. (1935 [1936]) Pertusariacae. In: Zahlbruckner, A. (ed.) Dr. L. Rabenhorsts Kryptogamenflora von Deutchland, Osterreich und der Schweiz. Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. 9 (5) [1]: 321 - 701.","Erichsen, C. F. E. (1936) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flechtengattung Pertusaria. Feddes Repertorium 41: 77 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19360410105","Sipman, H. J. M. (2006) Compiled identification key to the genus Pertusaria and some confusable taxa in Europe and the Mediterranean. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universitat Berlin.","Smith, J. E. (1801) English Botany, or Coloured Figures of British Plants with their Essential Characters, Synonymes and Places of Growth; to which will be added occasional remarks by James Edward Smith. The figures by James Sowerby. Vol. 12. London, Taylor & Co, pp. 793 - 864.","Hasselrot, T. E. (1945) Fynd av sallsynta eller forbisedda lavar i Vastergotland. Svensk Botanisk Tidskriften 39: 125 - 136.","Kukwa, M. (2011) The lichen genus Ochrolechia in Europe. Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdaniskiego, Gdansk, 309 pp.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Jacquin, N. J. (1791 [1789]) Collectanea ad Botanicam, Chemiam et historiam naturalem spectantia, cum tab. aen. Vol. III. Vienna.","Zahlbruckner, A. (1927 [1926]) Beitrage zur Flechtenflora Niederosterreichs. VIII. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in O ¨ sterreich 76: 76 - 101.","Rasanen, V. (1936) Lichenes Fenniae Exsiccati a Museo Botanico Universitati Helsingiensis editi. Schedae ad fasciculos IV - VII (nr. 151 - 350). Helsinki, Botanical Museum of University of Helsinki.","Florke, H. G. (1815) Deutsche Lichenen 2: 6 (no. 29). Berlin.","Schmitt, I., Otte, J., Parnmen, S., Lucking, R., Lumbsch, H. T. (2012) A new circumscription of the genus Varicellaria (Pertusariales, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 4: 23 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 4.3545","Tonsberg, T. (1992) The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia 14: 1 - 331.","Chambers, S. P., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W., Aptroot, A. & Purvis, O. W. (2009) Pertusaria DC. (1805). In: Smith, C. W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W. & Wolseley, P. A. (Eds.) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, the Natural History Museum, London, pp. 673 - 687."]}

Pertusaria inopinata Erichsen (1936: 99) Type:���[GERMANY, Schleswig-Holstein] Bramsted, erratische Bl��cke bei Bim��hlen, auf einer Weide, 27.05.1915, leg. Erichsen (lectotype HBG ���designated here, Mycobank MB 10000452). Figure 1. The type specimen of Pertusaria inopinata is characterized by a hardly rimose, dark grey to olive-greenish, not areolated thallus, with numerous irregular, rounded, 0.2���0.3 mm wide, grey-whitish to olive-greenish soralia (Figure 1). According to Erichsen (1936) the thallus reacts P+ yellow, K+ yellow, C���and I���. Norstictic acid and traces of lecanoric and gyrophoric acids were detected by own chemical analyses. This name was reported from Denmark (S��chting & Alstrup 2002), Germany (Erichsen 1936) and Poland (Alstrup & Olech 1992). The type of Pertusaria inopinata is morphologically and chemically concordant with Lepra excludens (Nylander 1885: 296) Hafellner, in Hafellner & T��rk (2016: 172) (syn. Pertusaria excludens Nyl.). Therefore P. inopinata should be considered as a synonym of L. excludens. During herbarium studies three original specimen of P. inopinata were found in HBG, one collected by Erichsen and annotated as ���Typus��� consists of two pieces of stone with the same thallus (Figure 1). The other two were cited in the protologue, but collected by Lettau and Schade. All samples studied correspond in morphological and anatomical characters with the description provided by Erichsen (1936). The chemistry of the type specimen annotated as ���typus��� and other samples were checked by P. James and norstictic acid and traces of lecanoric and gyrophoric acid were detected (Hanko 1983). The presence of these secondary metabolites is confirmed by own research. Hanko (1983) cited as a ���typus��� the specimen collected by Schade (��� DDR. Sachsen: Leusitzer Niederung 7.1936, Schade, HBG-1213���), but the data presented by Hanko (1983: 201) do not match those given in the protologue by Erichsen (1936: 99), therefore, his typification cannot be considered effective, and consequently, a new lectotype of P. inopinata is designated (Turland et al. 2018). Syntypes of P.inopinata examined. [Germany] Th��ringen: Manebach im Th��ringer Wald, auf Porphyrsteinchen eines begrasten Waldweges, 750 m, leg. G. Lettau (HBG). [Sachsen] Krs. Bischofswerder, Oberputzkau, 325 m, 29.12.1936, leg. G. Schade (HBG)., Published as part of Oset, Magdalena, 2021, On the identity of some taxa of Pertusaria (lichens) described by C. F. E. Erichsen, pp. 165-171 in Phytotaxa 497 (2) on pages 166-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5423923, {"references":["Erichsen, C. F. E. (1936) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flechtengattung Pertusaria. Feddes Repertorium 41: 77 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19360410105","Sochting, U. & Alstrup, V. (2002) Danish lichen checklist. Ver. 2. Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.","Alstrup, V. & Olech, M. (1992) Checklist of the lichens of the Tatra National Park, Poland. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego, Prace botaniczne 24: 185 - 206.","Nylander, W. (1885) Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam europaeam. Contin. XLIV. Flora 68 (15): 295 - 301.","Hafellner, J. & Turk, R. (2016) Die lichenisierten Pilze Osterreichs-eine neue Checkliste der bisher nachgewiesenen Taxa mit Angaben zur Verbreitung und Substratokologie. Stapfia 104 (1): 1 - 216.","Hanko, B. (1983) Die Chemotypen der Flechtengattung Pertusaria in Europa. Bibliotheca Lichenologic 19: 1 - 297.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

The study of biodiversity of lichens in Hokkaido, Japan, revealed seven species of genus Pertusaria s. l., sixof which are new to the island or whole Japan. The full list of species of Pertusaria s. str. and Lepra known from Hokkaidocomprises 18 species.

Turkonalassus mavi M. Nabozhenko & B. Keskin, sp. n. and Odocnemis rufocruralis M. Nabozhenko & B. Keskin, sp. n., two distinctive darkling beetle species of the tribe Helopini, are described from the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey, based on both their external morphology and genital structures. Turkonalassus mavi sp. n. differs from all congeners by the bluish dorsal surface of the body, the pronotum widest before middle, and wide merged baculi of the median lobe of the aedeagus. Odocnemis rufocruralis sp. n. belongs to the praelonga species-group. Odocnemis rufocruralis sp. n. is similar to O. torosica Nabozhenko & Keskin, 2016, O. terminassianae (Nabozhenko, 2011) and O. kakunini Nabozhenko & Keskin, 2016 but differs from all three taxa by the reddish-brown body with red legs, male apical maxillary palpomere wider than in female, elevate and narrowly separate male protrochanters, and the structure of the very long and narrow apical piece of the aedeagus. New data on distribution, bionomics, and trophic relations of several species of Helopini from Turkey are given. Host lichens are determined for nine species. The majority of studied adult beetles feed on lichens from the families Physciaceae and Parmeliaceae. Some examined taxa feed on Cladoniaceae. Feeding on crustose lichens is registered for the first time for Coleoptera, specifically Odocnemis rufocruralis sp. n. was observed to feed on Pertusaria sp. (on Prunus) in Mardin Province., Russian Foundation for Basic Research; RPF [19-54-25001]; TUBITAK 1001 Project [119Z102]; basic research project of Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources of the Daghestan Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences [AAAA-A17-117081640018-5], The study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and RPF (project No. 19-54-25001) and TUBITAK 1001 Project No 119Z102, and partly by the basic research project of Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources of the Daghestan Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, registration number AAAA-A17-117081640018-5. Authors thank Dr Wolfgang Schawaller (SMNS) for loan material, Konstantinos Ntatsopoulos and Loudmila Jelinscaia Lagou (University of Cyprus) for information about habitats and host lichens of Catomus hesperides in Cyprus. We also thank two reviewers, Marcin Jan Kamiski (Purdue University, West Lafaette, USA and Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland) and Harold Labrique (Musee des Confluences, Lyon, France) for valuable comments and corrections.

The crustose lichen genus Pertusaria comprises over ca. 800 species worldwide. In total, 20 Pertusaria species were localized to the Mt. Sorak and Jeju-do in Korea. To date, information regarding the distribution of Pertusaria species in the South Korean peninsula is scarce. In this study, we collected Pertusaria species across South Korea and identified them based on morphological, chemical, and molecular characteristics. Of the 387 samples collected, we identified 24 taxa and 1 variety, of which 17 were previously recorded, and 6 taxa were newly found in South Korea (P. leioplaca, P. leucosora var. violascens, P. texana, P. thiospoda, P. thwaitesii, and P. xanthodes), 2 known species were transferred to Varicellaria (Varicellaria lactea and V. velata), one species was transferred to Variolaria as a new record (Variolaria multipunctoides) and one was a new species (P. jogyeensis J. S. Park & J.-S. Hur, sp. nov.). Characteristics of the newly discovered species, P. jogyeensis, are as follows: smooth to bumpy thallus, scattered to crowded poriform apothecia, blackish ostioles, definitely sunken, thin yellowish green rims around ostioles, 8-spored ascus, and the presence of perlatolic acid and thiophaninic acid (chlorinated xanthone). Phylogenetic studies on P. jogyeensis based on the mitochondrial small subunit sequence revealed proximity to P. flavicans and P. texana, and supported its classification as a new species within the genus Pertusaria. Additionally, we describe the chemical composition and morphology of all listed species in detail and provide an artificial key for identification.

Seven new species, Pertusaria albula, P. dharugensis, P. ochrodigitula, P. pinnaculata, P. placocarpa, P. puttyensis and P. scabrida from New South Wales are reported as new to science.

A new revised checklist of lichenized fungi in Thailand is presented, including 1,292 species. Recent work on the taxonomy of these organisms in Thailand resulted in an enormous increase in our knowledge of the lichen biota of the country – the current checklist includes more than twice as many species as the previous catalogue published 15 years ago – and phylogenetic studies resulted in numerous changes in the generic classification of lichenized fungi. Hence, a new checklist is here presented summarizing the current knowledge of lichens in Thailand. Six new records are reported, viz. Acanthothecis salazinica, Bactrospora metabola, Buellia parastata, Diploschistes cinereocaesius, Rolfidium coccocarpioides, and Trapelia placodioides. Five previously recorded species, namely Lecanora carpinea, Platismatia glauca, P. lacunosa, P. tuckermanii and Roccella phycopsis are shown to be based on misidentifications and are excluded from the checklist. Three new combinations of species previously placed in Pertusaria to Lepra are proposed: L. bulolensis (A.W.Archer, Elix & Streimann) Schmitt & Lumbsch, L. patellifera (A.W.Archer) Schmitt & Lumbsch, and L. subventosa (Malme) Schmitt & Lumbsch. Asia, biodiversity, lichens, new records, taxonomy

Pertusaria lacerocarpa Q. Ren (diagnostic characters for the species are a grey or ash-grey thallus corticolous; disciform apothecia with pink discs of which are slightly pruinose; a K– epihymenium; 1-spored asci with cylindric or ellipsoid spores, the walls of which are smooth and not trimmed; and the presence of hypothamnolic acid), P. montana Q. Ren (diagnostic characters for the species are a white or whitish-grey thallus muscicolous; disciform apothecia with pink discs of which are epruinose or slightly pruinose; a K– epihymenium; 1-spored asci with ellipsoid or cylindric spores, the walls of which are smooth and trimmed; and the presence of gyrophoric acid) and P. yulongensis Q. Ren (diagnostic characters for the species are a grey to black-grey thallus corticolous; verruciform apothecia with concave and black apices; a K+ violet epihymenium; 8-spored asci with dominantly biseriate spores, the walls of which are smooth and not trimmed; and the presence of fumarprotocetraric acid) from high mountains in China are described and illustrated as new to science.

This paper contributes to studies on the lichen biota of Arctic regions. The research was carried out in the forelands of eight glaciers and in the mature tundra surrounding them. Study areas were located in two parts of Svalbard: in the Kongsfjord (forelands of Austre Brøggerbreen, Vestre Brøggerbreen, Austre Lovénbreen, Midtre Lovénbreen, and Vestre Lovénbreen) and in the Isfjord (forelands of Rieperbreen, Svenbreen, and Ferdinandbreen). In each foreland and in the mature tundra surrounding it, a series of 1-m2 plots was established, within which a percentage cover for each species was determined. In total, 133 lichens and one lichenicolous fungus were recorded. Nineteen species were recorded for the first time in Svalbard: Agonimia allobata, Atla wheldonii, Bacidia herbarum, Catolechia wahlenbergii, Epigloea soleiformis, Lecanora behringii, Lepraria subalbicans, Leptogium arcticum, Pertusaria pseudocorallina, Placidiopsis custnani, Protothelenella corrosa, Pyrenidium actinellum, Spilonema revertens, Stereocaulon saxatile, Thelocarpon sphaerosporum, Toninia coelestina, Verrucaria elaeina, Verrucaria murina, and Verrucaria xyloxena. The lichen richness was the lowest in the Ferdinandbreen foreland (24 species) and the highest in the Rieperbreen foreland (82 species). Significant differences in species composition were found among the forelands studied, except for Austre and Vestre Brøggerbreen whose lichen composition was similar. The differences in lichen composition between mature tundra in the vicinity of the following forelands were identified: Vestre Brøggerbreen and Svenbreen, Austre Brøggerbreen and Svenbreen, and Austre Brøggerbreen and Ferdinandbreen. The most dominant group of lichens in both forelands and mature tundra were chlorolichens, not cyanolichens.

Five new species, Pertusaria dayi, P. glabra, P. heinari, P. montoensis, P. stenospora and a new combination, Pertusaria aphelospora, are reported from Australia. In addition, Pertusaria phulhuangensis described from Thailand, P. karkarensis, described from Papua New Guinea, and P. virensica, described from Florida, are reported from Australia for the first time.

Data on about 27 new for South Korea species of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, including one new for science genus Verseghya and 11 new for science species, i.e.: Agominia loekoesii, Lecanora pseudosambuci, Nectriopsis verseghyklarae, Polysporina golubkovae, Protoparmeliopsis zerovii, Psoroglaena chirisanensis, Pyrenopsis chejudoensis, Ropalospora chirisanensis, Thelopsis chirisanensis, Trapelia coreana, and Verseghya klarae, as well as 27 taxa newly recorded for the country (Biatora aff. subduplex, Buellia cf. uberior, Caloplaca kedrovopadensis, Catillaria chalybaea, Coenogonium isidiatum, Dibaeis yurii, Halecania australis, H. lobulata, Intralichen christiansenii, Ivanpisutia oxneri, Lecania cf. olivacella, Lecanora lojkahugoi, L. sulphurea, Lecidella mandshurica, Lichenoconium erodens, Micarea lithinella, M. aff. stipitata, Muellerella pygmaea var. pygmaea, Oxneria alfredii, Pertusaria aff. flavocorallina, Phaeosporobolus alpinum, Polycoccum innatum, Porina fluminea, Rinodina xanthophaea, Ropa...

A new chlorinated phenolic compound, methyl-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-pentylbenzoate (1) and 4 known compounds (2-5) were isolated from the Antarctic lichen, Pertusaria dactylina ( Pertusariaceae). The structure of the new compound was determined by means of One-dimensional and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) and high-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (HRFABMS) experiments. The antimicrobial activities of compounds 1 to 5 against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were evaluated. The results showed that compound 1 exhibited a weak inhibitory effect against C. albicans with an IC50 value of 67 ± 7 μg/mL.

This revision of Pertusaria in the Galapagos Islands documents twenty-four species, twenty-two being new to the archipelago. Secondary chemistry correlates well with morphology and anatomy and is particularly useful in distinguishing these taxa. Eight species are described as new to science, and seven are known only from the Galapagos: Pertusaria albineoides, P. cerroazulensis, P. darwiniana, P. medullamarilla, P. stictica, P. thioisidiata and P. xanthoisidiata. Pertusaria lueckingii is new, but it also occurs in Central America (El Salvador). Three new endemic varieties are described based on their chemistry: Pertusaria thioisidiata var. isidiogyrophorica, P. tejocotensis var. stictica and P. xantholeucoides var. thamnolica. In contrast with previous studies on other genera where rates of endemism of 8–10% were observed, in Pertusaria 30–37% of all species and 41–46% of all taxa are considered endemic.

The first account of the lichen genus Pertusaria (Pertusariaceae) on the island of Rarotonga (Cook Islands) is given. A total of 8 taxa are recorded, of which 5 are new to science viz: Pertusaria atroguttata, P. homilocarpa, P. megacarpa, P. rarotongensis and P. rarotongensis var. stictica. A key to the species is provided.

Standardized lichen surveys were conducted on 849 trees in 132 ecological long-term observation plots in the Swiss Plateau and Pre-Alps: 262 lichen taxa were identified, 64 (24%) of them sorediate crustose species. Their mean percentage of the flora on individual trees and in individual plots was even higher. The mean percentage of crustose lichen species with vegetative propagules, such as soredia, was per plot significantly higher in the Pre-Alps than in the Plateau, higher in forest than in non-forest areas, and, according to the vegetation belts, lowest in the colline-submontane zone. It was found that the biodiversity of lichens could not be determined without considering the sorediate crustose lichens. Furthermore, by performing standardized surveys of all taxa, the occurrence of the following species in Switzerland was confirmed for the first time: Cliostomum leprosum, Fuscidea arboricola, Fuscidea pusilla, Hypocenomyce leucococca, Hypocenomyce sorophora, Lecanora norvegica, Lepraria eburnea, Lepraria elobata, Lepraria jackii, Lepraria obtusatica, Lepraria rigidula, Pertusaria boreahs and Rinodina griseosoralifera. Seven taxa that displayed distinctive chemistry, could not yet be identified.

Pertusarialean lichens include more than 300 species belonging to several independent phylogenetic lineages. Only some of these phylogenetic clades have been comprehensively sampled for molecular data, and formally described as genera. Here we present a taxonomic treatment of a group of pertusarialean lichens formerly known as "Pertusaria amara-group", "Monomurata-group", or "Variolaria-group", which includes widespread and well-known taxa such as P. amara, P. albescens, or P. ophthalmiza. We generated a 6-locus data set with 79 OTUs representing 75 species. The distinction of the Variolaria clade is supported and consequently, the resurrection of the genus Lepra is followed. Thirty-five new combinations into Lepra are proposed and the new species Lepra austropacifica is described from mangroves in the South Pacific. Lepra is circumscribed to include species with disciform ascomata, a weakly to non-amyloid hymenial gel, strongly amyloid asci without clear apical amyloid structures, containing 1 or 2, single-layered, thin-walled ascospores. Chlorinated xanthones are not present, but thamnolic and picrolichenic acids occur frequently, as well as orcinol depsides. Seventy-one species are accepted in the genus. Although the distinction of the genus from Pertusaria is strongly supported, the relationships of Lepra remain unresolved and the genus is tentatively placed in Pertusariales incertae sedis.

As a result of a field trip organised by the Spanish Lichen Society in Serranía de Ronda, south Spain, a catalogue of 360 taxa is presented (336 lichens, 24 lichenicolous fungi). The list includes three new records for the Iberian Peninsula: Arthonia paretinaria, Micarea myriocarpa and Niesslia keissleri, 51new ones for the Autonomous Andalusian Community, and three and 81 new ones for the province of Cádiz and of Málaga, respectively. After these results, the total updated number of the province of Málaga rises to 556 lichens and lichenicolous fungi. The best represented lichen genus is Cladonia (18) with the most species, unlike Lecanora (15), Pertusaria (12), Physconia (12) and Collema (9). As regard habitat, most lichen species are mainly corticolous (55%), as opposed to saxicolous (24%), terricolous (14%) as the species growing on other lichens as lichenicolous fungi (7%). The percentages of lichen growth forms are mainly foliose (50%) and crustose (31%), while fruticose (7%), crustose squamulose (6%) and dimorphic (6%) are less represented. The lichen wit Como resultado de la exploración llevada a cabo por la Sociedad Española de Liquenología en la Serranía de Ronda, sur de España, se presenta un catálogo de 360 taxones (336 líquenes y 24 hongos liquenícolas). La lista incluye tres nuevas citas para la Península Ibérica: Arthonia paretinaria, Micarea myriocarpa y Niesslia keissleri, 51 nuevas para la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, 3 nuevas para la provincia de Cádiz y 81 para la de Málaga. Con estos resultados el número total de líquenes y hongos liquenícolas para la provincia de Málaga asciende a 556. Los géneros con mayor número de especies son Cladonia (18) con el número de especies más alto, Lecanora (15), Pertusaria (12), Physconia (12) y Collema (9). En relación al hábitat las especies corticícolas son las más abundantes (55%) seguido por saxícolas (24%), terrícolas (14%) y las que viven sobre los líquenes como hongos liquenícolas (7%). Respecto a los porcentajes de formas de crecimiento, la mayoría de los líquenes tienen biotipo foliáceo (50%) y crustáceo (31%), mientras que los talos fruticulosos (7%), escuamulosos (6%) y dimórficos (6 %) están menos representados. Predominan los líquenes con Chlorophyta como fotobionte (84%) mientras que las cianobacterias (15%) están muy poco representadas.

Gasparyan A., Sipman H. J. M. & Brackel W. von: A contribution to the lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi flora of Armenia. — Willdenowia 44: 263–267. 2014. — Version of record first published online on 11 July 2014 ahead of inclusion in August 2014 issue; ISSN 1868-6397; © 2014 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.44.44208 Twenty-one lichen-forming and two lichenicolous fungi species are reported as new to Armenia. Four of these, Arthopyrenia cerasi, Chaenothecopsis treicheliana, Melaspilea ochrothalamia and Punctelia jeckeri, are new for the whole of SW Asia. One genus, Bacidina, is also new for Armenia. Short discussions are added for Anaptychia roemeri, Arthopyrenia cerasi, Bacidia polychroa, Caloplaca polycarpoides, Candelariella antennaria, C. lutella, Chaenothecopsis treicheliana, Cladonia rei, Lecanora impudens, Melaspilea ochrothalamia, Pertusaria constricta, Punctelia jeckeri and Stigmidium congestum. The lichenicolous fungus Chaenothecopsis treicheliana, earlier con...

During the lichen exploration in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh several interesting lichen taxa were collected of which 10 species are reported here as new records for the state. The species includes Biatorella conspersa (Biatorellaceae), Caloplaca bassiae, C. poliotera (Teloschistaceae), Dimelaena tenuis (Physciaceae), Lecanora chlarotera, L. helva, L. interjecta, L. psuedistera (Lecanoraceae), Pertusaria melastomella (Pertusariaceae) and Porina tetracerae (Porinaceae). These taxa / species have been enumerated along with their characteristic features and distributional notes.

Two new species, Pertusaria marcellii and P. saxatilis are reported from Brazil and the new combination Pertusaria ferax (Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer & Elix is made.

The consumption of lichens by Constrictotermes cyphergaster termites is suggested in the literature, but not yet with concrete evidence. We examined the use and richness of lichens consumed by C. cyphergaster during both the dry and rainy seasons in a semiarid environment in northeastern Brazil by monitoring the foraging of five termite colonies for ten consecutive days during each period. Twenty-nine species of corticolous lichens were consumed by C. cyphergaster, with seasonal variations in the richness of their ingestion. Chrysothrix xanthine, Pertusaria flavens, and Dirinaria confluens were the lichen species most consumed. TLC analyzes of termite gut contents revealed twelve secondary lichen compounds ingested in both seasons, while staining showed fragments of fungal hyphae, green algae, and typical lichen spores. This study represents the first systematic survey of the abundances of lichens that compose the diet of C. cyphergaster and indicates the seasonal selectivity of that resource related to the chemical compositions of the lichen stalks.

Fuscidea multispora Flakus, Kukwa & Rodr. Flakus and Malmidea attenboroughii Kukwa, Guzow-Krzeminska, Kosecka, Jablonska & Flakus are described as new to science based on morphological, chemical and molecular characters. Lepra subventosa var. hypothamnolica is genetically and chemically distinct from L. subventosa var. subventosa and a new name, Lepra pseudosubventosa Kukwa & Guzow-Krzeminska, is proposed due to the existence of Lepra hypothamnolica (Dibben) Lendemer & R.C. Harris . Pertusaria muricata , recently transferred to Lepra , is kept in the genus Pertusaria due to the highest similarity of ITS sequence with members of Pertusaria . The occurrence of Micarea hedlundii in the Southern Hemisphere is confirmed based on molecular evidence from Bolivian population. Lepra pseudosubventosa and Pertusaria muricata are reported as new to South America, and 20 taxa as new to Bolivia. Lepraria stephaniana , previously known only from the type locality, is reported from two more sites. An ascosporic state is reported for the first time for Lepra amaroides , as are new chemotypes. Molecular markers were used to place some sterile, sorediate crustose lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The phylogenetic positions of some sterile Malmidea specimens within Malmidaceae are also discussed.

Details of 11 lichen and 1 lichenicolous fungus taxa occurring in Belarus are presented, of which 6 lichens (Cliostomum leprosum, Fellhanera gyrophorica, Lecanora thysanophora, Lepraria eburnea, L.jackii, L.neglecta) and 1 lichenicolous fungus (Tremella hypogymniae) are newly reported for the country; new localities of recently reported Lepraria elobata and L. incana s.str. are presented and the occurrence of Chrysothrix candelaris, Loxospora elatina and Pertusaria coronata is confirmed. The taxonomy of Chrysothrix candelaris is briefly discussed and localities of Cliostomum leprosum from Poland are reported.

Four new species, Pertusaria ambigua, P. humilis, P. queenslandica and P. submalvinae, are reported from Australia and two new species, Pertusaria allosorodes and P. wirthii, are reported from New Zealand.

Aptroot, A. 2012. Changes in the epiphytic flora on four Tilia trees in Belgium over 59 years. Herzogia 25(1): 39–45. Aptroot, A. 2012. Lichens of St. Helena. SCES Publications, Kew. 116 pp. Aptroot, A. 2012. Xanthoria parasitizing Pertusaria or Physcia: a response to Linda in Arcadia. Bulletin British Lichen Society 110: 52. Aptroot, A. & E. Arnolds. 2012. Veranderingen in de korstmossen en mossen in Schepping, een particulier natuurontwikkelingsterrein bij Beilen [Changes in lichens and mosses in Schepping, a private nature area in Beilen]. Buxbaumiella 91: 42–48. [In Dutch.] Aptroot, A. & H. Cornelissen. 2012. Onderzoek naar bossen uit de tijd van de dinosariers [Research on forests from the time of the dinosaurs]. Blijdenstein Nieuws 28: 4–5. [In Dutch.] Aptroot, A. & S. H. Iqbal. 2012. Annotated checklist of the lichens of Pakistan, with reports of new records. Herzogia 25(2): 211–229. Aptroot, A. & F. Schumm. 2012. A new terricolous Trapelia and a new Trapeliopsis (Trapeliaceae, Baeomycetales) from Macaronesia. Lichenologist 44(4): 449–456. [New species: Trapelia rubra Aptroot & Schumm and Trapeliopsis gymnidiata Aptroot & Schumm.] Aptroot, A., C. M. van Herk & L. B. Sparrius. 2012. Basisrapport voor de Rode Lijst korstmossen [Basic report for the Red List of lichens]. Buxbaumiella 92: 1–117. [in Dutch.] Armstrong, R. A. 2013. Development of areolae and growth of the peripheral prothallus in the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum: an image analysis study. Symbiosis 60(1): 7–16. Balaji, P., M. Sakthivadivel, P. Bharath & G. N. Hariharan. 2012. Larvicidal activity of various solvent extracts of lichen Roccella montagnei against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Drug Discovery 2(6): 36–39. Baloniu, L., I. Costache & D. Radutoiu. 2011. Contributions to the knowledge of the lichens from Rinca Area. Acta horti botanici bucurestiensis 38: 17–25. Beck, A. & C. Mayr. 2012. Nitrogen and carbon isotope variability in the green-algal lichen Xanthoria parietina and their implications on mycobiont-photobiont interactions. Ecology and Evolution 2(12): 3132–3144. Bertuzzi, S. & M. Tretiach. 2013. Hydrogen sulphide inhibits PSII of lichen photobionts. Lichenologist 45(1): 101–113. Bjerke, J. W. 2011. Winter climate change: Ice encapsulation at mild subfreezing temperatures kills freeze-tolerant lichens. Environmental and Experimental Botany 72(3): 404–408. Bjerke, J. W., S. Bokhorst, M. Zielke, T. V. Callaghan & G. K. Phoenix. 2011. Contrasting sensitivity to extreme winter warming events of dominant sub-Arctic heathland bryophyte and lichen species. Journal of Ecology 99(6): 1481–1488. Bjerke, J. W. & A. Elvebakk. 2011. Ascomata of the powdery mildew fungus Phyllactinia guttata on Usnea lichens. Agarica 31: 77–83. Bokhorst, S., J. W. Bjerke, H. Tommervik, C. Preece & G. K. Phoenix. 2012. Ecosystem response to climatic change: the importance of the non-growing season. Ambio 41(Supp. 3): 246–255. Bokhorst, S., H. Tommervik, T. V. Callaghan, G. K. Phoenix & J. W. Bjerke. 2012. Vegetation recovery following extreme winter warming events in the sub-Arctic estimated using NDVI from remote sensing and handheld passive proximal sensors. Environmental and Experimental Botany 81(1): 18–25. Braidwood, D. & C. J. Ellis. 2012. Bioclimatic equilibrium for lichen distributions on disjunct continental landmasses. Botany 90(12): 1316–1325. Burkin, A. A., T. Y. Tolpysheva & G. P. Kononenko. 2012. Preservation of secondary fungal metabolites in herbarium lichen specimens. Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin 67(3–4): 121–125. Calvino-Cancela, M., M. E. Lopez De Silanes, M. Rubido-Bara & J. Uribarri. 2013. The potential role of tree plantations in providing habitat for lichen epiphytes. Forest Ecology and Management 291: 386–395. Cansaran-Duman, D., S. Aras, O. Atakol & I. Atasoy. 2012. Accumulation of trace elements and the assessment of the genotoxicity in the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea transplanted to a polluted site in Ankara. Ekoloji 85: 1–14. Choi, H., S.-K. Park, B.-N. Lee & M. Kim. 2012. Risk assessment of lead and cadmium through mushrooms. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology 44(6): 666–672. Colbert, J. T. 2011. Current status of lichen diversity in Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 118(1): 16–23. 3 Corresponding author’s email: brendan.hodkinson@gmail.com The cumulative database for this series is available in searchable form on the World Wide Web at http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/ lav/RLL/RLL.HTM with full abstracts of electronically available articles. We owe thanks to the following: Einar Timdal for his work on the RLL database, Bill Buck for highlighting the more obscure sources, Jim Bennett for sharing his Scopus alerts, and the authors who send reprints or electronic versions of their works to us for inclusion. DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-116.3.316

The new species Pertusaria elizabethae is reported from Brazil. The chemistry and morphology of this species are discussed.