303 results on '"Piccolo, John"'
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2. Ecological and social justice should proceed hand-in-hand in conservation
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Washington, Haydn, Piccolo, John, Kopnina, Helen, O’Leary Simpson, Fergus, Washington, Haydn, Piccolo, John, Kopnina, Helen, and O’Leary Simpson, Fergus
- Abstract
We highlight the need for ecological justice and ecological ethics to go hand in hand with social justice in conservation science. We focus on the importance of ecocentric (non-anthropocentric) worldviews for advancing both social and ecological justice. While acknowledging the need to “decolonize” conservation, we question whether conservation a whole may be justifiably termed “colonial”; noting that colonialism in the name of profit and political power has long been a main driver of both human rights abuses and biodiversity loss. Moreover, modern conservation science explicitly strives for social justice and equity while protecting biological diversity and thus ought not to be conflated with colonialism’s long and unjust history. We suggest that efforts to portray modern conservation science as patriarchal, racist, and colonial are shortsighted, disregarding longstanding efforts by conservationists to reconcile social and ecological values. Such critiques may adopt a patronizing approach to Indigenous and local peoples, portraying them as idealized guardians. Such views may obscure the complex socio-economic conditions that leave indigenous and local communities vulnerable to resource exploitation; these factors must be understood if these groups are to fulfil their vital role as conservation allies. We conclude that the conservation community should shift focus toward targeting the main political actors and economic structures that oppress both humans and non-humans alike. A more nuanced appreciation of the shared history of colonialism and conservation may illuminate how social and ecological values converge in the mission of sustaining the ecological life support system on which every human and non-human being depends.
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- 2024
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3. Three major steps toward the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity
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Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline, Marker, Jeffery, Maliao, Ronald J., Hansen, Henry, Juhász, Erika, Lõhmus, Asko, Altanov, Vassil Y., Horká, Petra, Larsen, Annegret, Malm-Renöfält, Birgitta, Runnel, Kadri, Piccolo, John, Magurran, Anne E., Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline, Marker, Jeffery, Maliao, Ronald J., Hansen, Henry, Juhász, Erika, Lõhmus, Asko, Altanov, Vassil Y., Horká, Petra, Larsen, Annegret, Malm-Renöfält, Birgitta, Runnel, Kadri, Piccolo, John, and Magurran, Anne E.
- Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems and their bordering wetlands and riparian zones are vital for human society and biological diversity. Yet, they are among the most degraded ecosystems, where sharp declines in biodiversity are driven by human activities, such as hydropower development, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Because freshwater ecosystems are characterized by strongly reciprocal linkages with surrounding landscapes, human activities that encroach on or degrade riparian zones ultimately lead to declines in freshwater–riparian ecosystem functioning. We synthesized results of a symposium on freshwater, riparian, and wetland processes and interactions and analyzed some of the major problems associated with improving freshwater and riparian research and management. Three distinct barriers are the lack of involvement of local people in conservation research and management, absence of adequate measurement of biodiversity in freshwater and riparian ecosystems, and separate legislation and policy on riparian and freshwater management. Based on our findings, we argue that freshwater and riparian research and conservation efforts should be integrated more explicitly. Best practices for overcoming the 3 major barriers to improved conservation include more and sustainable use of traditional and other forms of local ecological knowledge, choosing appropriate metrics for ecological research and monitoring of restoration efforts, and mirroring the close links between riparian and freshwater ecosystems in legislation and policy. Integrating these 3 angles in conservation science and practice will provide substantial benefits in addressing the freshwater biodiversity crisis.
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Three major steps toward the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity.
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Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline H. T., Marker, Jeffery, Maliao, Ronald J., Hansen, Henry H., Juhász, Erika, Lõhmus, Asko, Altanov, Vassil Y., Horká, Petra, Larsen, Annegret, Malm‐Renöfält, Birgitta, Runnel, Kadri, Piccolo, John J., and Magurran, Anne E.
- Subjects
FRESHWATER biodiversity ,BIODIVERSITY conservation ,ECOLOGICAL restoration monitoring ,RIPARIAN areas ,TRADITIONAL ecological knowledge ,BIODIVERSITY - Abstract
Copyright of Conservation Biology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2024
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- View/download PDF
5. Three major steps toward the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity
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Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline H. T., primary, Marker, Jeffery, additional, Juhász, Erika, additional, Larsen, Annegret, additional, Lõhmus, Asko, additional, Maliao, Ronald J., additional, Hansen, Henry H., additional, Horka, Petra, additional, Malm‐Renöfält, Birgitta, additional, Altanov, Vassil Y., additional, Runnel, Kadri, additional, Piccolo, John J., additional, and Magurran, Anne E., additional
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- 2023
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6. Why conservation scientists should re-embrace their ecocentric roots
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Piccolo, John J., Washington, Haydn, Kopnina, Helen, and Taylor, Bron
- Published
- 2018
7. Increased Temperature and Discharge Influence Overwinter Growth and Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in a Hydropeaking River: Simulating Effects of Climate Change Using Individual-Based Modelling
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Watz, Johan, primary, Schill, Joel, additional, Addo, Louis, additional, Piccolo, John J., additional, and Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, additional
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- 2023
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8. Implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation
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Gallo-Cajiao, Eduardo, primary, Dolšak, Nives, additional, Prakash, Aseem, additional, Mundkur, Taej, additional, Harris, Paul G., additional, Mitchell, Ronald B., additional, Davidson, Nick, additional, Hansen, Birgita, additional, Woodworth, Bradley K., additional, Fuller, Richard A., additional, Price, Melissa, additional, Petkov, Nicky, additional, Mauerhofer, Volker, additional, Morrison, Tiffany H., additional, Watson, James E. M., additional, Chowdhury, Sayam U., additional, Zöckler, Christoph, additional, Widerberg, Oscar, additional, Yong, Ding Li, additional, Klich, Daniel, additional, Smagol, Vitaliy, additional, Piccolo, John, additional, and Biggs, Duan, additional
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- 2023
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9. Growth and mortality of sympatric Atlantic salmon and brown trout fry in fluctuating and stable flows
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Addo, Louis, Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Piccolo, John, Watz, Johan, Addo, Louis, Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Piccolo, John, and Watz, Johan
- Abstract
Sub-daily fluctuations in streamflow may have adverse effects on the biota downstream of dams in hydropeaking-regulated rivers. Although the stranding of salmonid fry is one documented effect of hydropeaking, little is known about the species-specific behavioural and subsequent growth effects of sub-daily flow fluctuations. We investigated the effects of sub-daily flow fluctuation on growth, mortality and behaviour of sympatric Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) fry (29–34 mm) in a laboratory experiment. The fluctuating flow treatment negatively affected growth and increased mortality for trout but not for salmon. The level of aggressive behaviour was similar in the fluctuating- and stable-flow treatments. Within the fluctuating flow treatment, there was a trend that more fishes were visibly active above the substrate during low than high flow. These findings suggest that hydropeaking-induced flow fluctuations may affect fry of different salmonid species in different ways and that brown trout fry may be more vulnerable to hydropeaking effects than Atlantic salmon fry. It can therefore be important to consider the possibility of divergent reactions by different fish species under hydropeaking situations and to incorporate species-specific strategies to conserve culturally and economically relevant riverine fish species.
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- 2023
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10. Modifying and parameterizing the individual-based model inSTREAM for Atlantic salmon and brown trout in the regulated Gullspång River, Sweden
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Lund Bjørnås, Kristine, Railsback, Steven F., Piccolo, John, Lund Bjørnås, Kristine, Railsback, Steven F., and Piccolo, John
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We modified, parameterized, and applied the individual-based model inSTREAM version 6.1 for lake-migrating populations of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in a residual flow stretch of the hydropower-regulated Gullspång River, Sweden. This model description is structured according to the TRACE model description framework. Our aim was to model responses in salmonid recruitment to alternative scenarios of flow release and other environmental alterations. The main response variable was the number of large out-migrating juvenile fish per year, with the assumption that individuals are more inclined to out-migrate the larger they get, and that migration is an obligatory strategy. Population and species-specific parameters were set based on local electrofishing surveys, redd surveys, physical habitat surveys, broodstock data as well as scientific literature. • Simulations were set to run over 10 years, with sub-daily time steps, in this spatially and temporally explicit model. • Model calibration and validation of fish growth was done using data on juvenile fish from electrofishing. • The results were found to be sensitive to parameter values for aggregated fish, i.e., “superindividuals” and for the high temperature limit to spawning., The article was included as a manuscript entitled "Modifying and parameterizing the individual-based model inSTREAM for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the regulated Gullspång River, Sweden" in Lund Bjørnås's (2020) doctoral thesis ' Modeling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) responses to river habitat alteration'
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- 2023
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11. Increased Temperature and Discharge Influence Overwinter Growth and Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in a Hydropeaking River : Simulating Effects of Climate Change Using Individual-Based Modelling
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Watz, Johan, Schill, Joel, Addo, Louis, Piccolo, John, Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Watz, Johan, Schill, Joel, Addo, Louis, Piccolo, John, and Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh
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Climate change causes warming of rivers and may increase discharge, particularly during winter. Downstream of hydropower plants, fluctuating water temperature and flow create dynamic overwintering conditions for juvenile salmonids. We used inSTREAM 7.2-SD to simulate the effects of increased temperature (+2 & DEG;C) and discharge (+10%) on the overwinter growth and mortality of one-summer- and two-summer-old Atlantic salmon and brown trout in a river with a hydropeaking flow regime in a 2 x 2 design with replicated simulations. Water temperature had a major positive relationship with growth for both species and year classes, whereas increased flow alone had no major general effect on overwinter growth. For one-summer-old trout experiencing the high temperature regime, however, increased flow resulted in reduced growth. There were no major effects from temperature and flow on the survival rate of the two-summer-old fishes. On the other hand, there were significant interaction effects for the one-summer-olds, indicating that the effect of flow depended on temperature. For one-summer-old salmon, high flow resulted in increased survival in the low temperature regime, whereas it resulted in reduced survival in high temperature. In contrast, for one-summer-old trout, high flow resulted in reduced survival in the low temperature regime and increased survival in the high temperature. Different hydropower operation alternatives may interact with warming, affecting the relative competitive abilities of stream salmonids. Ecological models that predict the effects of different environmental conditions, such as temperature and flow regimes, may offer insight into such effects when in situ experiments are not feasible.
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- 2023
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12. Implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation
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Gallo-Cajiao, Eduardo, Dolšak, Nives, Prakash, Aseem, Mundkur, Taej, Harris, Paul G., Mitchell, Ronald B., Davidson, Nick, Hansen, Birgita, Woodworth, Bradley K., Fuller, Richard A., Price, Melissa, Petkov, Nicky, Mauerhofer, Volker, Morrison, Tiffany H., Watson, James E. M., Chowdhury, Sayam U., Zöckler, Christoph, Widerberg, Oscar, Yong, Ding Li, Klich, Daniel, Smagol, Vitality, Piccolo, John, Biggs, Duan, Gallo-Cajiao, Eduardo, Dolšak, Nives, Prakash, Aseem, Mundkur, Taej, Harris, Paul G., Mitchell, Ronald B., Davidson, Nick, Hansen, Birgita, Woodworth, Bradley K., Fuller, Richard A., Price, Melissa, Petkov, Nicky, Mauerhofer, Volker, Morrison, Tiffany H., Watson, James E. M., Chowdhury, Sayam U., Zöckler, Christoph, Widerberg, Oscar, Yong, Ding Li, Klich, Daniel, Smagol, Vitality, Piccolo, John, and Biggs, Duan
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Maintaining peace and conserving biodiversity hinge on an international system of cooperation codified in institutions, but Russia’s invasion of Ukraine brings recent progress to a crossroads. Against this backdrop, we address some implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation both within and beyond Russia. The Russian invasion of Ukraine threatens the governance system for biodiversity conservation, as it pertains to Russia and beyond, due to three interacting factors: (i) isolation of Russia from the international system, (ii) halt and delay of international cooperation, and (iii) changes in international and domestic policy priorities. We recommend making the existing international system of governance for conserving biodiversity more resilient and adaptable, while aligning security agendas with biodiversity conservation goals.
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- 2023
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13. Sustaining insect biodiversity through Action Competence — An educational framework for transformational change
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Lampert, Peter, Goulson, Dave, Olsson, Daniel, Piccolo, John, Gericke, Niklas, Lampert, Peter, Goulson, Dave, Olsson, Daniel, Piccolo, John, and Gericke, Niklas
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Insect decline, i.e. the rapid loss of insect biodiversity and species abundance, is an imminent crisis that mirrors the global loss of biodiversity and biological annihilation. Conservation scientists have therefore called for effective public education on how to mitigate insect decline. In this paper, we develop the framework “Action Competence for Insect Conservation (ACIC)” as a tool for improving education and citizen action for insect biodiversity conservation. The ACIC is an educational framework to develop peoples' abilities to take actions that sustain insect biodiversity, connecting insect conservation science with social science. This framework is applicable in various contexts and settings in both formal (e.g. schools, universities) and informal (e.g. outreach) education. It can be used to design and improve educational approaches, develop social interventions for insect conservation more generally, and develop instruments to assess such interventions. ACIC builds on the educational concept of Action Competence that goes beyond traditional education, which has focused on theoretical knowledge. Instead, the ACIC aims to foster peoples' action-oriented knowledge, confidence in their actions and willingness to take action. This explicit focus on actions contributes to overcoming gaps between knowledge and action implementation. The ACIC covers not only actions in private greenspaces, but also highlights the importance of actions that address other people in the community along with relevant stakeholders. We believe that the ACIC framework can contribute to identifying and developing effective intervention approaches, which have the potential to support transformational change in sustaining insect biodiversity.
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- 2023
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14. Three major steps toward the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity
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Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline H. T., Marker, Jeffery, Maliao, Ronald J., Hansen, Henry H., Juhász, Erika, Lõhmus, Asko, Altanov, Vassil Y., Horká, Petra, Larsen, Annegret, Malm-Renöfält, Birgitta, Runnel, Kadri, Piccolo, John J., Magurran, Anne E., Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline H. T., Marker, Jeffery, Maliao, Ronald J., Hansen, Henry H., Juhász, Erika, Lõhmus, Asko, Altanov, Vassil Y., Horká, Petra, Larsen, Annegret, Malm-Renöfält, Birgitta, Runnel, Kadri, Piccolo, John J., and Magurran, Anne E.
- Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems and their bordering wetlands and riparian zones are vital for human society and biological diversity. Yet, they are among the most degraded ecosystems, where sharp declines in biodiversity are driven by human activities, such as hydropower development, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Because freshwater ecosystems are characterized by strongly reciprocal linkages with surrounding landscapes, human activities that encroach on or degrade riparian zones ultimately lead to declines in freshwater–riparian ecosystem functioning. We synthesized results of a symposium on freshwater, riparian, and wetland processes and interactions and analyzed some of the major problems associated with improving freshwater and riparian research and management. Three distinct barriers are the lack of involvement of local people in conservation research and management, absence of adequate measurement of biodiversity in freshwater and riparian ecosystems, and separate legislation and policy on riparian and freshwater management. Based on our findings, we argue that freshwater and riparian research and conservation efforts should be integrated more explicitly. Best practices for overcoming the 3 major barriers to improved conservation include more and sustainable use of traditional and other forms of local ecological knowledge, choosing appropriate metrics for ecological research and monitoring of restoration efforts, and mirroring the close links between riparian and freshwater ecosystems in legislation and policy. Integrating these 3 angles in conservation science and practice will provide substantial benefits in addressing the freshwater biodiversity crisis.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Individual-based modelling of hydropeaking effects on brown trout and Atlantic salmon in a regulated river
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Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Addo, Louis, Watz, Johan, Steven F., Railsback, Piccolo, John, Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Addo, Louis, Watz, Johan, Steven F., Railsback, and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
We developed an individual-based model (IBM) to understand the effects of hydropeaking on growth, survival and distribution of age 0+ to 1+ juveniles for high-conservation value populations of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) in River Gullspång, Sweden. We parameterized and applied inSTREAM (7.2-SD) and calibrated the model by comparing predicted versus observed growth under the current hydropeaking regime (n= > 1,200 model fish for 365 days). Our objective was to model growth, survival and distribution under flow scenarios with and without hydropeaking. We observed that hydropeaking generally resulted in modest (~10%) negative effects on growth and survival of both species. Survival was more affected than was growth, smaller fish more affected than larger fish. On-peak (high) hydropeaking flows resulted in less profitable feeding conditions (less growth) and higher predation (lower survival). Thus, inSTREAM 7.2-SD appears to capture ecologically-relevant behavioral patterns under hydropeaking, e.g., habitat selection, in response to rapid flow changes. Understanding such patterns for large rivers via manipulative field studies, even if possible, would be time-consuming and costly. Our study demonstrates the potential of IBMs as powerful tools for testing research questions and assessing and prioritizing alternative management strategies in regulated rivers.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Three major steps toward the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity
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Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline H.T., Marker, Jeffery, Maliao, Ronald J., Hansen, Henry H., Juhász, Erika, Lõhmus, Asko, Altanov, Vassil Y., Horká, Petra, Larsen, Annegret, Malm-Renöfält, Birgitta, Runnel, Kadri, Piccolo, John J., Magurran, Anne E., Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline H.T., Marker, Jeffery, Maliao, Ronald J., Hansen, Henry H., Juhász, Erika, Lõhmus, Asko, Altanov, Vassil Y., Horká, Petra, Larsen, Annegret, Malm-Renöfält, Birgitta, Runnel, Kadri, Piccolo, John J., and Magurran, Anne E.
- Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems and their bordering wetlands and riparian zones are vital for human society and biological diversity. Yet, they are among the most degraded ecosystems, where sharp declines in biodiversity are driven by human activities, such as hydropower development, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Because freshwater ecosystems are characterized by strongly reciprocal linkages with surrounding landscapes, human activities that encroach on or degrade riparian zones ultimately lead to declines in freshwater–riparian ecosystem functioning. We synthesized results of a symposium on freshwater, riparian, and wetland processes and interactions and analyzed some of the major problems associated with improving freshwater and riparian research and management. Three distinct barriers are the lack of involvement of local people in conservation research and management, absence of adequate measurement of biodiversity in freshwater and riparian ecosystems, and separate legislation and policy on riparian and freshwater management. Based on our findings, we argue that freshwater and riparian research and conservation efforts should be integrated more explicitly. Best practices for overcoming the 3 major barriers to improved conservation include more and sustainable use of traditional and other forms of local ecological knowledge, choosing appropriate metrics for ecological research and monitoring of restoration efforts, and mirroring the close links between riparian and freshwater ecosystems in legislation and policy. Integrating these 3 angles in conservation science and practice will provide substantial benefits in addressing the freshwater biodiversity crisis.
- Published
- 2023
17. Modifying and parameterizing the individual-based model inSTREAM for Atlantic salmon and brown trout in the regulated Gullspång River, Sweden
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Bjørnås, Kristine Lund, primary, Railsback, Steven, additional, and Piccolo, John, additional
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- 2023
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18. Harmony in Conservation
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Washington, Haydn, primary, Gomez-Baggethun, Erik, additional, Piccolo, John J., additional, Kopnina, Helen, additional, and Alberro, Heather, additional
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- 2022
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19. A freshwater perspective on the United Nations decade for ecosystem restoration
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Cooke, Steven J., primary, Frempong‐Manso, Acacia, additional, Piczak, Morgan L., additional, Karathanou, Eirini, additional, Clavijo, Cristhian, additional, Ajagbe, Stephen O., additional, Akeredolu, Excellence, additional, Strauch, Ayron M., additional, and Piccolo, John, additional
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- 2022
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20. Hur mycket vatten behöver havsöringen? En jämförelse av en korrelativ och en individbaserad modell för att förutsäga effekter av flöden på strömlevande fiskar : How much water do sea trout need? A comparison between a correlative and an individual-based model to predict effects of flow on stream fish populations
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Watz, Johan, Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Addo, Louis, Calles, Olle, Nordblom, Ola, Tielman, Johan, Piccolo, John, Watz, Johan, Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Addo, Louis, Calles, Olle, Nordblom, Ola, Tielman, Johan, and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
Modeller för att simulera effekter av flöde på strömlevande fiskpopulationer är kraftfulla verktyg för att avväga miljönytta och kostnad i samband med åtgärder för att minimera vattenkraftens miljöpåverkan. Vi jämförde en korrelativ och en individbaserad fiskhabitatmodell med avseende på vilka flöden respektive modell bedömde var gynnsammast för en potentiell havsöringspopulation i naturfåran vid Blankaströms kraftverk i Emån. Den korrelativa modellen förutspådde att ett optimalt flöde för att maximera arean med högkvalitativt öringhabitat låg mellan 2 och 3 m3/s. Den individbaserade modellen fann att flöde spelade mindre roll för överlevnad hos den yngsta årsklassen (0+), samt att tillväxten hos dessa var som högst vid 3 m3/s. Högre flöden krävdes dock för lyckad reproduktion och att överlevnaden och tillväxten hos äldre juveniler (1+) gynnades av flöden mellan 5 och 8 m3/s. Korrelativa modeller kan vara användbara, då de är enkla att använda, men det är möjligt att de framförallt förutsäger habitatförekomst för 0+-öringar och sämre speglar de miljöförhållanden som krävs för 1+-öringars uppväxt samt lekfiskars reproduktionsframgång. Individbaserade modeller, å andra sidan, är något mer komplicerade, men genererar mångfacetterad data för olika livsstadier, ger mekanistiska förklaringar till observerade fenomen och kan anpassas till dynamiska flöden.
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- 2022
21. Individual-based modelling of hydropeaking effects on brown trout and Atlantic salmon in a regulated river
- Author
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Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Addo, Louis, Watz, Johan, Steven F., Railsback, Piccolo, John, Hajiesmaeili, Mahboobeh, Addo, Louis, Watz, Johan, Steven F., Railsback, and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
We developed an individual-based model (IBM) to understand the effects of hydropeaking on growth, survival and distribution of age 0+ to 1+ juveniles for high-conservation value populations of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) in River Gullspång, Sweden. We parameterized and applied inSTREAM (7.2-SD) and calibrated the model by comparing predicted versus observed growth under the current hydropeaking regime (n= > 1,200 model fish for 365 days). Our objective was to model growth, survival and distribution under flow scenarios with and without hydropeaking. We observed that hydropeaking generally resulted in modest (~10%) negative effects on growth and survival of both species. Survival was more affected than was growth, smaller fish more affected than larger fish. On-peak (high) hydropeaking flows resulted in less profitable feeding conditions (less growth) and higher predation (lower survival). Thus, inSTREAM 7.2-SD appears to capture ecologically-relevant behavioral patterns under hydropeaking, e.g., habitat selection, in response to rapid flow changes. Understanding such patterns for large rivers via manipulative field studies, even if possible, would be time-consuming and costly. Our study demonstrates the potential of IBMs as powerful tools for testing research questions and assessing and prioritizing alternative management strategies in regulated rivers.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. A freshwater perspective on the United Nations decade for ecosystem restoration
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Cooke, Steven J., Frempong-Manso, Acacia, Piczak, Morgan L., Karathanou, Eirini, Clavijo, Cristhian, Ajagbe, Stephen O., Akeredolu, Excellence, Strauch, Ayron M., Piccolo, John, Cooke, Steven J., Frempong-Manso, Acacia, Piczak, Morgan L., Karathanou, Eirini, Clavijo, Cristhian, Ajagbe, Stephen O., Akeredolu, Excellence, Strauch, Ayron M., and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
Globally, ecosystems have suffered from anthropogenic stressors as we enter the sixth mass extinction within the Anthropocene. In response, the UN has declared 2020-2030 the Decade for Ecosystem Restoration, aiming to mitigate ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss. Freshwater ecosystems are disproportionately impacted relative to marine or terrestrial systems and ecological restoration is needed to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. Paradoxically, freshwater is among Earth's most vital ecosystem services. Here we identify meaningful considerations from a freshwater perspective that will lead to progression toward the restoration of freshwater ecosystems: work across terrestrial and freshwater boundaries during restoration, emulate nature, think and act on a watershed scale, design for environmental heterogeneity, mitigate threats alongside restoration, identify bright spots, think long term (a decade is not long enough), and embrace social-ecological systems thinking. Further, we reflect upon the three implementation pathways identified by the UN to translate these considerations into practice in hopes of "bending the curve" for freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems. Pathway 1, building a global movement, could create a network to share experiences and knowledge promoting vicarious learning, ultimately leading to more effective restoration. Pathway 2, generating political support, will be necessary to institutionalize ecosystem protection and restoration by demonstrating the value of freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity. Pathway 3, building technical capacity, aims to improve the current and often ineffective restoration toolbox by incorporating evidence syntheses (i.e., appraisal of evidence base) and Indigenous ways of knowing (i.e., two eyed seeing). Given that freshwater ecosystems are in dire need of repair, it is our hope that these considerations and implementation pathways will contribute to an actionable and productive Decade for Ecosyst
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- 2022
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23. “Nature's contributions to people” and peoples' moral obligations to nature
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Piccolo, John, Taylor, B., Washington, H., Kopnina, H., Gray, J., Alberro, H., Orlikowska, E., Piccolo, John, Taylor, B., Washington, H., Kopnina, H., Gray, J., Alberro, H., and Orlikowska, E.
- Abstract
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has become influential in biodiversity conservation. Its research is published widely and has been adopted by the United Nations and the Convention for Biological Diversity. This platform includes discussion about how values relate to biodiversity conservation. The IPBES emphasizes “relational values”, connecting these with living a “good life,” and “nature's contributions to people” (NCP); building upon ecosystem services (ES), which have dominated nature valuation for 15+ years. Although the IPBES acknowledges instrumental and intrinsic natural values, they purport that by adopting relational values, conservation will become more socially- and culturally- inclusive, moving beyond the “unhelpful dichotomy” between instrumental and intrinsic values. We wholeheartedly agree that conservation should become more inclusive – it should, in fact, morally include nonhuman nature. We argue that far from being half of an unhelpful dichotomy, intrinsic natural values are incontrovertible elements of any honest effort to sustain Earth's biodiversity. We find NCP to be mainly anthropocentric, and relational values to be largely instrumental. The “good life” they support is a good life for humans, and not for nonhuman beings or collectives. While passingly acknowledging intrinsic natural values, the current IPBES platform gives little attention to these, and to corresponding ecocentric worldviews. In this paper we demonstrate the important practical implications of operationalizing intrinsic values for conservation, such as ecological justice, i.e., “peoples' obligations to nature”. We urge the IPBES platform, in their future values work, to become much more inclusive of intrinsic values and ecocentrism.
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- 2022
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24. Atlantic salmon in regulated rivers: Understanding river management through the ecosystem services lens
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Watz, Johan, Aldvén, David, Andreasson, Patrik, Aziz, Khadija, Blixt, Marco, Calles, Olle, Lund Bjørnås, Kristine, Olsson, Ivan, Österling, Martin, Stålhammar, Sanna, Tielman, Johan, Piccolo, John, Watz, Johan, Aldvén, David, Andreasson, Patrik, Aziz, Khadija, Blixt, Marco, Calles, Olle, Lund Bjørnås, Kristine, Olsson, Ivan, Österling, Martin, Stålhammar, Sanna, Tielman, Johan, and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
Known as the “king of fishes”, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Salmonidae) is an iconic freshwater species whose contribution to human wellbeing has long been recognized, as have widespread declines in its abundance, partly due to river regulation. To understand how salmon conservation has been addressed within the ecosystem services (ES) framework, we synthesized the peer-reviewed literature on ES provided by salmon in regulated rivers. We developed a search string to capture allusions to provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural ES and assessed the results to identify knowledge gaps. The effects of hydropower on fisheries catches and on modelled populations were shown is several publications. Overall, few studies focused explicitly on ES from salmon and hydropower; this is surprising given the considerable body of literature on salmon in regulated rivers. Wild salmon as a food source and other provisioning services are less important today than historically. Because predators such as salmon are important for facilitating biodiversity by cycling nutrients and controlling food webs, there is a scope of work for future assessments of these regulating and supporting services. Few papers explicitly addressed cultural ES, despite the salmon’s longstanding iconic status; this is a knowledge gap for future ES assessments in relation to hydropower. The influence of ES assessments for policy makers is growing through the Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and the post-2020 biodiversity strategy. Explicitly addressing ES poses an opportunity for river managers to raise awareness of aquatic conservation efforts and well-informed decision-making for sustaining ES.
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- 2022
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25. Harmony in Conservation
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Washington, Haydn, Gomez-Baggethun, Erik, Piccolo, John, Kopnina, Helen, Alberro, Heather, Washington, Haydn, Gomez-Baggethun, Erik, Piccolo, John, Kopnina, Helen, and Alberro, Heather
- Abstract
Many authors have noted the role that anthropocentrism has played in creating humanity’s dysfunctional relationship with the natural world. As human hubris (excessive pride or self-confidence) is an ailment that contributes to the anthropogenic sixth mass extinction of Earth’s biodiversity, we argue instead for ‘harmony with nature’. In recent decades, even the conservation discourse has become increasingly anthropocentric. Indeed, justification for nature conservation has in part shifted from nature’s intrinsic value to ‘ecosystem services’ for the benefit of people. Here we call for a transformation to a more harmonious human-nature relationship that is grounded in mutual respect and principled responsibility, instead of utilitarianism and enlightened self-interest. Far from what Tennyson called ‘red in tooth and claw’, we argue nature is a mixture of cooperation as well as competition. We argue that the UN’s ‘Harmony with Nature’ program is an innovative and refreshing path for change. If we are to achieve harmony with nature, modern industrial society will need to abandon its anthropocentric ‘human supremacy’ mindset and adopt an ecocentric worldview and ecological ethics. We conclude it is thus both appropriate (and essential) for conservationists to champion harmony with nature.
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- 2022
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26. Protecting Half the Planet and Transforming Human Systems Are Complementary Goals
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Crist, Eileen, primary, Kopnina, Helen, additional, Cafaro, Philip, additional, Gray, Joe, additional, Ripple, William J., additional, Safina, Carl, additional, Davis, John, additional, DellaSala, Dominick A., additional, Noss, Reed F., additional, Washington, Haydn, additional, Rolston, Holmes, additional, Taylor, Bron, additional, Orlikowska, Ewa H., additional, Heister, Anja, additional, Lynn, William S., additional, and Piccolo, John J., additional
- Published
- 2021
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27. The Trouble with Anthropocentric Hubris, with Examples from Conservation
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Washington, Haydn, primary, Piccolo, John, additional, Gomez-Baggethun, Erik, additional, Kopnina, Helen, additional, and Alberro, Heather, additional
- Published
- 2021
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28. Ice cover alters the behavior and stress level of brown trout Salmo trutta
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Watz, Johan, Bergman, Eva, Calles, Olle, Enefalk, Åsa, Gustafsson, Stina, Hagelin, Anna, Nilsson, P. Anders, Norrgård, Johnny R., Nyqvist, Daniel, Österling, E. Martin, Piccolo, John J., Schneider, Lea D., Greenberg, Larry, and Jonsson, Bror
- Published
- 2015
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29. Modeling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) population responses and interactions under increased minimum flow in a regulated river
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Lund Bjørnås, Kristine, Railsback, Steven F., Calles, Olle, Piccolo, John, Lund Bjørnås, Kristine, Railsback, Steven F., Calles, Olle, and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
Describing and understanding the relationship between streamflow and ecological processes is a classic problem in stream ecology and river management. We applied the individual-based model inSTREAM to describe the relationship between the dynamic river habitat and emergent population responses in sympatric landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and lake-migrating brown trout (Salmo trutta). This application explicitly describes the environmental conditions in the Gullspang Rapids, a residual flow stretch in the hydropower-regulated Gullspang River, Sweden (Svenskt elfiskeregister - SERS, 2019) etween September 2008 and September 2018. We simulated three static minimum flow scenarios and three variable natural flow regimes, contrasting highly artificial conditions with more natural dynamics. Our main response variable was the number of large (>= 12 cm) out-migrants of salmon and trout, a proxy for successful population recruitment. The baseline model predicted an average production of 455 salmon and 532 trout out-migrants per year during 2008-2018 in this 11,700 m(2) spawning and rearing area. The only alternative scenario producing more out-migrants was when the minimum flow was raised by a factor of three, as this led to a modest increase in trout out-migrants. Interestingly, none of the flow alternatives produced more salmon out-migrants than the baseline model, suggesting a competitive disadvantage originating from spawning later than trout. Density-dependent population regulation, a well-known phenomenon in salmonids, was reproduced by the model. Both intra- and interspecific competition was evident. While the number of out-migrants varied with flow regime, sensitivity analyses showed that other model input, specifically velocity shelter availability and stream temperature, were just as important. Increased availability of velocity shelters (in-stream structures that reduces the swimming speed of drift-feeding fish) was the only environmental factor that in, Additional funder: Fortum ABThe article was published as manuscript in Lund Bjørnås licentiate thesis (2020): Modeling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) responses to river habitat alteration
- Published
- 2021
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30. Stewardship and management of freshwater ecosystems : From Leopold's land ethic to a freshwater ethic
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Cooke, Steven J., Lynch, Abigail J., Piccolo, John, Olden, Julian D., Reid, Andrea J., Ormerod, Steve J., Cooke, Steven J., Lynch, Abigail J., Piccolo, John, Olden, Julian D., Reid, Andrea J., and Ormerod, Steve J.
- Abstract
1. In 1949, Aldo Leopold formalized the concept of the 'land ethic', in what emerged as a foundational and transformational way of thinking about natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and stewardship in terrestrial systems. Yet, the land ethic has inherent linkages to aquatic ecosystems; Leopold himself conducted research on rivers and lakes, and freshwater ecosystems figured widely in his writing. 2. We reflect on the land ethic and other aspects of Leopold's scholarship to identify key messages that provide insight into the stewardship and management of freshwater ecosystems around the globe. We also frame what we call the 'freshwater ethic' around Leopold's legacy. Although Leopold could not have envisaged the stressors affecting modern aquatic ecosystems, his core principles remain salient. These apply not only to ecosystem protection, but also to the ethics of modern conservation economics, sustainability, and the protection of natural capital, in which lakes, rivers, and wetlands now figure prominently. 3. We identify key 'Aldo-inspired' recommendations for protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems in the Anthropocene that emanate directly from his writings (e.g. adopt an ecosystem approach, identify win-win-win scenarios, recognize the irreplaceability of wild waters, and strive for freshwater optimism). 4. In an epoch where links between people and nature are becoming more explicit in environmental management, policy, and governance, we suggest that Aldo Leopold's work illustrates how inspirational, seminal thinkers have offered leadership in this domain. We contend that today there is still much that can be learned from Leopold, especially by the next generation of environmental practitioners, to ensure the effective stewardship of our aquatic ecosystems. 5. We submit that the adoption of a freshwater ethic in parallel with Leopold's land ethic will enhance the stewardship of the world's increasingly threatened fresh waters by raising
- Published
- 2021
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31. Modeling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) population responses and interactions under increased minimum flow in a regulated river
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Bjørnås, Kristine L., primary, Railsback, Steven F., additional, Calles, Olle, additional, and Piccolo, John J., additional
- Published
- 2021
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32. Social behaviour of European grayling before and after flow peaks in restored and unrestored habitats
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Watz, Johan, Alvdén, David, Brouziotis, Antonis Apostolos, Carlsson, Niclas, Karathanou, Eirini, Lund Bjørnås, Kristine, Lundqvist, Gustav, Österling, Martin, Piccolo, John, Calles, Olle, Watz, Johan, Alvdén, David, Brouziotis, Antonis Apostolos, Carlsson, Niclas, Karathanou, Eirini, Lund Bjørnås, Kristine, Lundqvist, Gustav, Österling, Martin, Piccolo, John, and Calles, Olle
- Abstract
Cost‐effective implementation of fish‐friendly hydropower flow operation and habitat restoration measures require an understanding of their effects on fitness‐related behaviours of stream fish. Here, we investigated how changes in flow and bottom structure influence the social behaviour of European grayling, using large experimental flumes (700 L s−1), with and without added boulders (i.e., restored and unrestored habitat). Grayling increased their distance to nearest neighbour at the start of flow ramping up and after a flow peak compared to stable base flow. At the start of ramping up the flow, grayling made less position changes (movements >1 m) than at stable base flow and after a flow peak. In the unrestored habitat, the proportion of time grayling spent actively swimming was lower before a flow peak than it was both at the start of ramping up the flow and after the peak, an effect not found in the restored habitat. In addition, we compared two static flows, and habitat restoration mediated their effect on distance to nearest neighbour. Grayling in the restored habitat were positioned closer to each other in the low (~10 cm s−1) than in the intermediate static flow (~40 cm s−1), whereas in the unrestored habitat, grayling showed the opposite pattern. Moreover, grayling reduced their number of position changes in the intermediate static flow, which was reflected by a reduction in active swimming. Stomach analysis after the trials revealed that foraging success was higher in variable than in the stable flow treatment. These results show that flow magnitude, flow changes and instream structure play important roles in the behaviour of stream fishes.
- Published
- 2020
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33. Celebrating Aldo Leopold's land ethic at 70
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Piccolo, John and Piccolo, John
- Published
- 2020
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34. The need for ecocentrism in biodiversity conservation
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Taylor, Bron, Chapron, Guillaume, Kopnina, Helen, Orlikowska, Ewa, Gray, Joe, Piccolo, John, Taylor, Bron, Chapron, Guillaume, Kopnina, Helen, Orlikowska, Ewa, Gray, Joe, and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
Over the past 5 decades, scientists have been documenting negative anthropogenic environmental change, expressing increasing alarm, and urging dramatic socioecological transformation in response. A host of international meetings have been held, but the erosion of biological diversity continues to accelerate. Why, then, has no effective political action been taken? We contend that part of the answer may lie in the anthropocentric ethical premises and moral rhetoric typically deployed in the cause of conservation. We further argue that it is essential to advance moral arguments for biodiversity conservation that are not just based on perceived human interests but on ecocentric values, namely, convictions that species and ecosystems have value and interests that should be respected regardless of whether they serve human needs and aspirations. A broader array of moral rationales for biodiversity conservation, we conclude, would be more likely to lead to effective plans, adopted and enforced by governments, designed to conserve biological diversity. A good place to start in this regard would be to explicitly incorporate ecocentric values into the recommendations that will be made at the conclusion of the 15th meeting of the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, scheduled to be held in October 2020.
- Published
- 2020
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35. Recreational trolling effort and catch of Atlantic salmon and brown trout in Vänern, the EU's largest lake
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Andersson, Anders, Greenberg, Larry, Bergman, Eva, Su, Z., Andersson, M, Piccolo, John, Andersson, Anders, Greenberg, Larry, Bergman, Eva, Su, Z., Andersson, M, and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
Recreational fishing has grown substantially worldwide; for some recreational fisheries both catch and economic value now exceeds that of commercial fisheries. Monitoring of recreational fisheries effort and catch is therefore important for sustainable fisheries management. We developed and implemented an angler survey to estimate effort and catch for the recreational trolling fishery for landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in Lake Vänern, Sweden. Major challenges were the large spatial scale and dispersed fishing effort, a lack of revenue from fishing licence sales, and a lack of catch reporting requirements. We developed a complemented roving/mail-in survey to estimate effort and catch during the main fishing periods, spring and fall, 2014. Instantaneous counts from major access sites were used for effort estimates, and mail-in surveys were used for catch rates. Our results show that Vänern supports a salmon and trout fishery of some 28.7 ± 3.3 tonnes per year. Fishing effort was higher in the spring than in the fall, and there were seasonal differences in catch rates for trout but not for salmon. Estimates show that the recreational trolling fishery now harvests more salmon and trout annually than do the commercial and subsistence fisheries combined. This highlights the importance of continuing an angler survey program for Vänern as a key element for sustainable fisheries management, and can serve as a model for other recreational fisheries at large spatial scales.
- Published
- 2020
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36. The need for ecocentrism in biodiversity conservation
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Taylor, Bron, primary, Chapron, Guillaume, additional, Kopnina, Helen, additional, Orlikowska, Ewa, additional, Gray, Joe, additional, and Piccolo, John J., additional
- Published
- 2020
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37. Celebrating Aldo Leopold's land ethic at 70
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Piccolo, John J., primary
- Published
- 2020
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38. Intrinsic values in nature: Objective good or simply half of an unhelpful dichotomy?
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Piccolo, John J.
- Subjects
Ecology ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Published
- 2017
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39. Foregrounding ecojustice in conservation
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Washington, Haydn, Piccolo, John J., Guillaume, Chapron, Gray, Joe, Kopnina, H.N. (Helen), and Curry, Patrick
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sociale ecologie ,social justice ,F800 ,ecologische aspecten ,sociale rechtvaardigheid ,social ecology ,environment ,D900 - Abstract
Justice for nature remains a confused term. In recent decades justice has predominantly been limited to humanity, with a strong focus on social justice, and its spin-off – environmental justice for people. We first examine the formal rationale for ecocentrism and ecological ethics, as this underpins attitudes towards justice for nature, and show how justice for nature has been affected by concerns about dualisms and by strong anthro-pocentric bias. We next consider the traditional meaning of social justice, alongside the recent move by some scholars to push justice for nature into social justice, effectively weakening any move to place ecojustice centre-stage. This, we argue, is both unethical and doomed to failure as a strategy to protect life on Earth. The dominant meaning of ‘environmental justice’ – in essence, justice for humans in regard to environmental issues – is also explored. We next discuss what ecological justice (ecojustice) is, and how academia has ignored it for many decades. The charge of ecojustice being ‘antihuman’ is refuted. We argue that distributive justice can also apply to nature, including an ethic of bio-proportionality, and also consider how to reconcile social justice and eco-justice, arguing that ecojustice must now be foregrounded to ensure effective conservation. After suggesting a ‘Framework for implementing ecojustice’ for conservation practitioners, we conclude by urging academia to foreground ecojustice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.011 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
- Published
- 2018
40. Local and landscape drivers of aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies in riparian ecosystems : A worldwide meta-analysis
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Lafage, Denis, Bergman, Eva, Eckstein, Rolf Lutz, Österling, Martin, Sadler, J. P., Piccolo, John, Lafage, Denis, Bergman, Eva, Eckstein, Rolf Lutz, Österling, Martin, Sadler, J. P., and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
Cross-boundary fluxes of organisms and matter, termed “subsidies,” are now recognized to be reciprocal and of roughly equal importance for both aquatic and terrestrial systems, even if terrestrial input to aquatic ecosystems has received most attention. The magnitude of aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies is well documented, but the drivers behind these subsidies and their utilization by terrestrial consumers are characteristically local-scale studies, limiting the inferences that can be drawn for broader geographic scales. We therefore built and analyzed a database of stable isotope data extracted from 21 studies worldwide, to identify both landscape-scale (catchment) and local-scale (100-m riparian zone) variables that may affect the diet of terrestrial predators in riparian ecosystems. Our meta-analysis revealed a greater magnitude of aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies (>50%) than previously reported, albeit with large geographic and inter-annual variations. Moreover, we demonstrated a large effect of landscape-scale factors on aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies, particularly anthropogenic land use and tree cover. Local human population was the only relevant factor at the local scale. We also found that studies on landscape-scale and anthropogenic land use effects on aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies are strongly under-represented in the ecological literature, which limits the general inferences that can currently be drawn about landscape effects. We suggest that landscape-scale studies could improve our understanding of how land use and environmental change might influence future patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem function.
- Published
- 2019
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41. Perceptions of a curriculum vitae clinic for conservation science students
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Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie R., Mantel, Sukhmani K., Barber-James, Helen M., Celi, Jorge, Olden, Julian D., Piccolo, John, Hermoso, Virgilio, Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie R., Mantel, Sukhmani K., Barber-James, Helen M., Celi, Jorge, Olden, Julian D., Piccolo, John, and Hermoso, Virgilio
- Abstract
We led a curriculum vitae (CV) clinic aimed at student participants attending the 28th International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB 2017) in Cartagena, Colombia. The CV Clinic was a pilot program consisting of resources to assist with developing an effective CV and involving preconference and at-conference reviews of student attendees' CVs. Here, we explore our experiences in organizing the CV Clinic as well as nonparticipant and participant perceptions of the clinic. We used an online standardized interview form to gather qualitative data on nonparticipant and participant perceptions of the CV Clinic, and to explore how such a CV Clinic program could best align with student needs. Most respondents who submitted their CV for review ahead of ICCB 2017 (n = 9) found the template and guidance useful. Half of the respondents who did not participate in the CV Clinic perceived the clinic as duplicating services provided by their academic institutions. Both participant and nonparticipant respondents perceived value in such a CV Clinic, but also believed that adjustments could be made to make the CV review part of a broader professional development program lead by Society for Conservation Biology (SCB). Key lessons learned from the CV Clinic include the need to: (a) document and evaluate professional development initiatives within SCB; (b) better understand and account for the diversity of student needs before program creation; and (c) pilot and evaluate appropriateness of different locations, frequency, and duration of professional development programs.
- Published
- 2019
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42. Future rivers, dams and ecocentrism.
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Piccolo, John, Durtsche, Richard D., Watz, Johan, Österling, Martin, Calles, Olle, Piccolo, John, Durtsche, Richard D., Watz, Johan, Österling, Martin, and Calles, Olle
- Abstract
In this article the authors look at the subject of ecocentrism and future rivers, focusing mainly on the effects of hydroelectric production. Although rivers also have been dammed for irrigation and flood control in addition to hydroelectricity, the production of ‘carbon-free’ energy has recently been touted as a major solution to climate change. The trade-off between clean energy and the negative impacts of hydropower offers much food for thought for ecocentric theory – how much biodiversity loss are we justified in allowing now, for example, to avert complete ecosystem collapse in the future if we continue to rely on fossil fuel? The authors intend this article to be a starting point for discussion of rivers and ecocentrism in general, and they conclude with some specific suggestions regarding rivers and hydropower.
- Published
- 2019
43. Perceptions of a curriculum vitae clinic for conservation science students
- Author
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Januchowski‐Hartley, Stephanie R., primary, Mantel, Sukhmani K., additional, Barber‐James, Helen M., additional, Celi, Jorge, additional, Olden, Julian D., additional, Piccolo, John J., additional, and Hermoso, Virgilio, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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44. Anthropocentrism : More than just a misunderstood problem
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Kopnina, Helen, Washington, Haydn, Taylor, Bron, Piccolo, John, Kopnina, Helen, Washington, Haydn, Taylor, Bron, and Piccolo, John
- Abstract
Anthropocentrism, in its original connotation in environmental ethics, is the belief that value is human-centred and that all other beings are means to human ends. Environmentally -concerned authors have argued that anthropocentrism is ethically wrong and at the root of ecological crises. Some environmental ethicists argue, however, that critics of anthropocentrism are misguided or even misanthropic. They contend: first that criticism of anthropocentrism can be counterproductive and misleading by failing to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate human interests. Second, that humans differ greatly in their environmental impacts, and consequently, addressing human inequalities should be a precondition for environmental protection. Third, since ecosystems constitute the "life-support system" for humans, anthropocentrism can and should be a powerful motivation for environmental protection. Fourth, human self-love is not only natural but helpful as a starting point for loving others, including nonhumans. Herein we analyze such arguments, agreeing with parts of them while advancing four counter-arguments. First, redefining the term anthropocentrism seems to be an attempt to ignore behavior in which humans focus on themselves at the risk of the planet. Second, if addressing human inequalities is a precondition for environmental protection, biodiversity protection will remain out of the scope of ethical consideration for an indefinite period of time. Third, anthropocentric motivations can only make a positive contribution to the environment in situations where humans are conscious of a direct benefit to themselves. Fourth, 'self-love' alone is an inadequate basis for environmental concern and action. We also explore the question of agency, shared responsibility, and a fair attribution of blame for our environmental predicaments.
- Published
- 2018
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45. Valuing and understanding fish populations in the Anthropocene : Key questions to address
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Obregón, C., Lyndon, A. R., Barker, J., Christiansen, H., Godley, B. J., Kurland, S., Piccolo, John, Potts, R., Short, R., Tebb, A., Mariani, S., Obregón, C., Lyndon, A. R., Barker, J., Christiansen, H., Godley, B. J., Kurland, S., Piccolo, John, Potts, R., Short, R., Tebb, A., and Mariani, S.
- Abstract
Research on the values of fish populations and fisheries has primarily focused on bio-economic aspects; a more nuanced and multidimensional perspective is mostly neglected. Although a range of social aspects is increasingly being considered in fisheries research, there is still no clear understanding as to how to include these additional values within management policies nor is there a cogent appreciation of the major knowledge gaps that should be tackled by future research. This paper results from a workshop held during the 50th anniversary symposium of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles at the University of Exeter, UK, in July 2017. Here, we aim to highlight the current knowledge gaps on the values of fish populations and fisheries thus directing future research. To this end, we present eight questions that are deeply relevant to understanding the values of fish populations and fisheries. These can be applied to all habitats and fisheries, including freshwater, estuarine and marine.
- Published
- 2018
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46. Heavy loads of parasitic freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) larvae impair foraging, activity and dominance performance in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)
- Author
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Filipsson, Karl, Petersson, Tina, Hojesjo, Johan, Piccolo, John, Naslund, Joacim, Wengstrom, Niklas, Österling, Martin, Filipsson, Karl, Petersson, Tina, Hojesjo, Johan, Piccolo, John, Naslund, Joacim, Wengstrom, Niklas, and Österling, Martin
- Abstract
The life cycle of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) includes a parasitic larval phase (glochidia) on the gills of a salmonid host. Glochidia encystment has been shown to affect both swimming ability and prey capture success of brown trout (Salmo trutta), which suggests possible fitness consequences for host fish. To further investigate the relationship between glochidia encystment and behavioural parameters in brown trout, pairs (n = 14) of wild-caught trout (infested vs. uninfested) were allowed to drift feed in large stream aquaria and foraging success, activity, agonistic behaviour and fish coloration were observed. No differences were found between infested and uninfested fish except for in coloration, where infested fish were significantly darker than uninfested fish. Glochidia load per fish varied from one to several hundred glochidia, however, and high loads had significant effects on foraging, activity and behaviour. Trout with high glochidia loads captured less prey, were less active and showed more subordinate behaviour than did fish with lower loads. Heavy glochidia loads therefore may negatively influence host fitness due to reduced competitive ability. These findings have implications not only for management of mussel populations in the streams, but also for captive breeding programmes which perhaps should avoid high infestation rates. Thus, low levels of infestation on host fish which do not affect trout behaviour but maintains mussel populations may be optimal in these cases.
- Published
- 2018
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47. Intrinsic values in nature : Objective good or simply half of an unhelpful dichotomy?
- Author
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Piccolo, John
- Subjects
Biologiska vetenskaper ,Biological Sciences - Abstract
Two generations of conservationists and philosophers have built a strong case for intrinsic values in nature; they are the basis of the normative postulates of conservation biology. I argue that the recognition of intrinsic natural value is a fundamental and non-negotiable aspect of an eco-evolutionary worldview. Recently, relational values, "preferences, principles, and virtues associated with relationships", have been proposed as a third category of values in nature, which may help to resolve the debate between instrumental and intrinsic valuation. By depicting intrinsic values as part of an unhelpful dichotomy between anthropocentric and ecocentric values, the current assessment of relational values fails to adequately account for the modern philosophical view of intrinsic natural value. The recognition of intrinsic natural value is not merely an academic exercise, but rather a vital aspect of conservation of the biosphere; recognition of value entails the obligation to do what is right, i.e., protect the good. Any attempt to reframe the discussion about values and environmental protection through more formal recognition of relational values will need to more clearly address how relational and intrinsic values coexist and how they can jointly form the basis for nature conservation. (C) 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier GmbH.
- Published
- 2017
48. Why ecocentrism is the key pathway to sustainability
- Author
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Washington, Haydn, Bron, Taylor, Kopnina, H.N. (Helen), Cryer, Paul, and Piccolo, John J.
- Subjects
milieu ,social justice ,ecologische aspecten ,ecology ,ethiek ,ecosystems ,ecosystemen ,environment ,ethics ,rechtvaardigheid - Abstract
Ecocentrism is the broadest term for worldviews that recognize intrinsic value in all lifeforms and ecosystems themselves, including their abiotic components. Anthropocentrism, in contrast, values other lifeforms and ecosystems insofar as they are valuable for human well-being, preferences and interests. Herein, the authors examine the roots of ecocentrism and discuss its mixed history of international recognition. They argue that non-human nature has intrinsic value irrespective of human preferences or valuation, and they refute the claim that ecocentrism is misanthropic. They then summarize four key examples from the academic literature in which anthropocentrism fails to provide an ethic adequate for respecting and protecting planet Earth and its inhabitants. The authors conclude that ecocentrism is essential for solving our unprecedented environmental crisis, arguing its importance from four perspectives: ethical, evolutionary, spiritual and ecological. They contend that a social transformation towards ecocentrism is not only an ethical but a practical imperative, and they urge support for ecocentric understanding and practices. https://www.ecologicalcitizen.net/article.php?t=why-ecocentrism-key-pathway-sustainability https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
- Published
- 2017
49. Foraging Behaviour of Brown Trout : A Model Species For Linking Individual Ecology to Population Dynamics?
- Author
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Piccolo, John, Watz, Johan, Piccolo, John, and Watz, Johan
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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50. The Land Ethic and conservation of native salmonids
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Piccolo, John and Piccolo, John
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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