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The synthesis of natural products 2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (1) and 2-(2,6-dibromo-3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (2) and as well as their derivatives 25 and 26 were carried out by substitution, hydrolysis and demethylation reactions of the corresponding four benzyl bromides. The antioxidant potentials of benzylic acid-derived bromophenols were, for the first time, appraised by several outstanding bioanalytical methods. Besides these, we estimated the antioxidant effects which were studied using the methods of DPPH center dot, ABTS center dot+ scavenging activities, ferric (Fe3+) and cupric (Cu2+) ions and Fe3+-TPTZ reducing capacities. Benzylic acid-derived bromophenols were found as effective DPPH center dot, and ABTS center dot+ scavengers. The potential antioxidant activities of bromophenol derivatives 1, 2 and 17-28 were compared to standard antioxidants including BHA, BHT, alpha-Tocopherol, and Trolox, which is a water-soluble analog of vitamin E. We expect that this innovative work will direct future studies exploring the antioxidant properties of food, medicinal, and industrial applications.

Coumestrol (3,9-dihydroxy-6-benzofuran [3,2-c] chromenone) as a phytoestrogen and polyphenolic compound is a member of the Coumestans family and is quite common in plants. In this study, antiglaucoma, antidiabetic, anticholinergic, and antioxidant effects of Coumestrol were evaluated and compared with standards. To determine the antioxidant activity of coumestrol, several methods-namely N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride radical (DMPD center dot+)-scavenging activity, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS(center dot+))-scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH center dot)-scavenging activity, potassium ferric cyanide reduction ability, and cupric ion (Cu2+)-reducing activity-were performed. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Trolox, alpha-Tocopherol, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used as the reference antioxidants for comparison. Coumestrol scavenged the DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 25.95 mu g/mL (r(2): 0.9005) while BHA, BHT, Trolox, and alpha-Tocopherol demonstrated IC50 values of 10.10, 25.95, 7.059, and 11.31 mu g/mL, respectively. When these results evaluated, Coumestrol had similar DPPH center dot-scavenging effect to BHT and lower better than Trolox, BHA and alpha-tocopherol. In addition, the inhibition effects of Coumestrol were tested against the metabolic enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and alpha-glycosidase, which are associated with some global diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), glaucoma, and diabetes. Coumestrol exhibited K-i values of 10.25 +/- 1.94, 5.99 +/- 1.79, 25.41 +/- 1.10, and 30.56 +/- 3.36 nM towards these enzymes, respectively., TUBA; King Saud University, Saudi Arabia [RSP-2022/59], Ilhami Gulcin is a member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA). He would like to extend his sincere appreciation to the TUBA for financial support. Saleh Alwasel would like to extend his sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP-2022/59), King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

The wild asparagus Asparagus acutifolius L. is common in the Mediterranean Basin. Wild asparagus spears are an important food source within their native range, and can be used as a sustainable nutrition source. In addition, interest has risen in wild relative species of Asparagus as a source of genetic improvement in Asparagus officinalis L. In this study, the quality traits (spear colour, total soluble solid content, dry matter content and chlorophyll and sugar fractions) and health-related compounds (total phenolics and antioxidant capacity) of fresh spears of wild and cultivated asparagus grown in Turkey were compared using the same three harvest periods for two consecutive years. The results of this study indicated that spears of wild asparagus contained a higher level of greenness (–a*), hue angle, total soluble solid, dry matter, chlorophyll, sugars, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, compared to cultivated asparagus. Although there was no significant difference in the total soluble solid, glucose, sucrose and antioxidant activity in the contents of the spears of both species throughout the season, the colour, dry matter, chlorophyll, fructose, total sugar and total phenolic content were subject to seasonal variations. Colour, chlorophyll and total phenolic content showed some minor fluctuations over the course of the season, but the patterns of fructose and total sugar differed, which tended to increase throughout the harvest season. The present work suggests greater quality traits and biochemical compounds of the spears of A. acutifolius compared with those of commonly cultivated species.

In the first stage of the manuscript, we aimed to examine antioxidant capacity and anticholinergic properties of avocado (Folium perseae) leaves. Avocado leaf was extracted by water (WEFP) and ethyl alcohol (EEFP) and antioxidant activity was determined using by several antioxidant assays including DPPHGreek ano teleia and ABTS(center dot+)radical scavenging assays, Cu2+-Cu(+)reducing, Fe3+-Fe(2+)reducing, and FRAP reducing activities. Avocado leaf extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity and anticholinergic activities, while alpha-tocopherol, BHT, trolox, and BHA were used as positive antioxidant controls. In the second part of this study, the inhibition effects of WEFP and EEFP were valuated against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes, which catalyze the breakdown of choline esters (i.e. neurotransmitters). This study obviously showed that avocado leaf extracts had effective antioxidant, antiradical, and anticholinergic influences., King Saud University, Saudi Arabia [RSP-2019/59], S. Alwasel would like to extend his sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP-2019/59), King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, for support. No conflict of interest associated with this work.

WOS:000412937200011 Parsley (Petroselinum hortense L.) plants cultivated under controlled conditions were exposed to different doses of cadmium to investigate the antioxidant capacity and cadmium accumulation in the samples. Two-months-old parsley seedlings were treated with four different concentrations of CdCl2 (0, 75, 150, and 300 mu M) for fifteen days. Cadmium level in leaves increased significantly by increasing the Cd contamination in the soil. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid content declined considerably with Cd concentration. Cd treatment caused a significant increase lipid peroxidation in tissue of leaf. Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) increased partially at 75 and 150 mu M CdCl2 concentrations whereas the activity decreased at 300 mu M CdCl2. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activities were reduced by Cd application. Total phenolic compound amount increased significantly with increasing Cd concentration, as ferric reduction power, superoxide anion radical, and DPPHE (TM) free radical scavenging activities elevated slightly by the concentration. These results suggest that antioxidant enzymes activities were repressed depending on accumulation of cadmium in leaves of parsley while the non-enzymatic antioxidant activities slightly increased. Gaziosmanpasa University Unit for Scientific Research Projects [2005/25] This work was supported by the Gaziosmanpasa University Unit for Scientific Research Projects, project no. 2005/25.

Corrosive processes in acidic medium reduce the performance and durability of metallic materials, causing problems to several industries. Corrosion inhibitors are commonly used to decrease these effects. As these inhibitors must be ecologically friendly currently, this work evaluated the anticorrosive effect of natural extracts of coffee husks (Coffea arabica L.) in the protection of carbon steel in 1 mol L-1 HCl solution. Extractions were performed using water as the extraction solvent. The polyphenols content increased with the extraction temperature, and the extracts were produced using 100 oC. Extract concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 % v/v were analyzed as inhibitors for carbon steel in acid medium, using weight loss and electrochemical tests, as well as scanning electron microscopy. There was an increase in the inhibition efficiency as the extract concentration increased, reaching values around 97 % using 30 %v/v of extract for the weight loss tests.

新潟県が開発した紫黒糯米品種「紫宝」の収量,玄米品質・成分,ポリフェノール含呈および餅加工特性の高位安定栽培技術を検討するため,2006~2007年に新潟県内で栽培試験と現地調査を行った.その結果,「紫宝」は,施肥窒素成分量が多く,出穂期が早く,登熟気温が高いほど,穂数が多く多収となった.餅加工特性は登熟気温が高いほど高かったが,ポリフェノール含量は登熟気温が高いほど低かったことから,収量および餅加工特性とポリフェノール含量とを同時に高めることは,栽培技術的に困難と考えられた.ポリフェノール含量を重視した「紫宝」の栽培では,その収量性と餅加工特性は低くなる可能性が高いという知見を現場に周知する一方,餅生地が硬くなりにくいという特性を活かした加工利用が重要と考えられた.「紫宝」の農業形質や玄米成分,餅加工特性には栽培地域間で差異が認められ,病害虫の種類や被害程度も多様であったことから,地域の気象条件や農法に応じた栽培指針を早急に整備する必要があると考えられた., The black-kerneled glutinous rice cultivar ‘Shiho’ was recently released in Niigata Prefecture, but the relationships among yield, polyphenol content and characteristics for rice cake processing have not been discussed precisely. We carried out the cultivation experiment under different conditions at several locations in Niigata Prefecture in 2006 and 2007, and examined various agronomic characters and grain properties of ‘Shiho’. Higher yield of ‘Shiho’ was attained by increasing the number of panicles per unit area by heavy manuring and the higher temperature during the ripening period. The higher temperature during the ripening period also resulted in the superior characteristics for rice cake processing, however lower content of polyphenol. Thus, it is difficult to find an appropriate cultivation method for satisfying simultaneously both yield and grain characteristics of ‘Shiho’ in higher order. It should be announced previously to rice farmers and the rice cake processed food company that ‘Shiho’ with higher polyphenol content could result in lower yield and inferior characteristics for rice cake processing. It may be important to develop of products characterized by keeping softness for a long period. ‘Shiho’ cultivated in different areas in Niigata prefecture showed marked differences in agronomic traits, ingredient of kernel and characteristics for rice cake processing, and damage by various diseases and pests. The cultivation methods need to be improved for various climatic conditions and farming systems in the mountainous region.

Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek (Celastraceae), conhecida popularmente por espinheira-santa, é nativa e cultivada, principalmente, no sul do Brasil. Suas folhas apresentam triterpenos e substâncias polifenólicas (flavonóides e taninos) relacionadas ao efeito antiulcerogênico. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção de massa seca, altura, ramificação, e o teor de polifenóis totais em plantas de M. ilicifolia que se desenvolveram sob duas condições de luminosidade, após dois tratamentos distintos de poda. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos cazualizados com plantas desenvolvidas sob sombra e a pleno sol, e com plantas manejadas por poda parcial e rasa, com quatro repetições. No tratamento de poda rasa a maior altura das plantas foi observada nas plantas cultivadas a sombra em comparação com as conduzidas a pleno sol. No tratamento de poda parcial o número de ramos terciários aumentou significativamente nas plantas conduzidas a pleno sol. As plantas cultivadas a pleno sol apresentaram diferença significativa na concentração de polifenóis totais em relação às plantas produzidas à sombra alcançando valores de 10,29 ± 0,20% (CV=1,94%) e 7,16 ± 0,09% (CV=1,30%) respectivamente. The Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek (Celastraceae), traditionally known as "espinheira-santa" in Portuguese, is native and cultivated in South Brazil. Its leaves contain triterpenes and polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins), which are related to the antiulcerogenic effect. The aim of this work was to evaluate the dried biomass production (g), height (m), ramification, and also the total content in polyphenol compounds of the leaves from the M. ilicifolia specie, which were developed under two different light conditions after two different pruning treatments. The design of the experiment was randomized blocks with two levels of light (shadow or full sunlight) and two levels of prune (partial and drastic), with four replications. The height of the plants grown in the shadow was greater for the treatment of drastic pruning than in plants in full sunlight. The ramification increased significantly with drastic prune in full sunlight. The plants grown in full sunlight showed a significant higher content in total polyphenols than the plants grown in the shadow, 10.29±0.20% (RSD=1.94%) and 7.16±0.09% (RSD=1.30%) respectively.