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The CONCERTO spectral-imaging instrument was installed at the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) 12-meter telescope in April 2021. It has been designed to look at radiation emitted by ionised carbon atoms, [CII], and use the “intensity Mapping” technique to set the first constraints on the power spectrum of dusty star-forming galaxies. The instrument features two arrays of 2152 pixels constituted of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKID) operated at cryogenic temperatures, cold optics and a fast Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). To readout and operate the instrument, a newly designed electronic system hosted in five microTCA crates and composed of twelve readout boards and two control boards was designed and commissioned. The architecture and the performances are presented in this paper.

As stricter regulations on air quality are imposed on automotive manufacturers, simulation is playing a more important role in the electric vehicles design and production. Virtual testing helps reduce the costs of assessing vehicle performances and flaws which can be corrected early on, before the real testing is begun. This paper presents the validation, using Simcenter Amesim, of a virtual battery electric vehicle model with real measured data from the real Renault Zoe vehicle on track. The validated models give confidence in future reuse for other virtual testing scenarios, allowing to perform the tests in the digital domain, early in the development cycle, without the need of expensive and time-consuming real testing platforms.

Objectives The Society for Vascular Surgery has proposed the Wound, Ischaemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system as a prognostic tool for the one year amputation risk and the added value of revascularisation in patients with chronic limb threatening ischaemia (CLTI). This systematic review summarises the current evidence on the prognostic value of the WIfI classification system in clinical practice. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. Materials The Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to June 2018. Methods All studies using the WIfI classification for patients with CLTI were eligible. Outcomes of interest were major amputation, limb salvage, and amputation free survival in relation to WIfI clinical stage. The methodological quality of studies was appraised with the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. If possible, data were pooled and analysed using a random effects model. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were carried out by two authors independently. Results The search yielded 12 studies comprising 2669 patients, most of whom underwent endovascular or open revascularisation. Overall study quality was moderate. All but one were retrospective studies, including a variety of subpopulations of patients with CLTI, such as only haemodialysis dependent, diabetic or non-diabetic patients. The WIfI classification was derived from chart data or prospectively maintained databases, both documented before the WIfI classification was published. Estimated one year major amputation rates from four studies comprising 569 patients were 0%, 8% (95% CI 3–21%), 11% (95% CI 6–18%) and 38% (95% CI 21–58%), for WIfI stages I–IV, respectively. Conclusions The likelihood of an amputation after one year in patients with CLTI increases with higher WIfI stages, which is important prognostic information. Prospective evaluations are needed to determine its role in clinical practice.

Altres ajuts: these projects are co-funded by European regional development fund (ERDF / FEDER, 2007-2013). Recent studies suggest that carbon (C) is stored in the topsoil of pastures established after deforestation. However, little is known about the long-term capacity of tropical pastures to sequester C in different soil layers after deforestation. Deep soil layers are generally not taken into consideration or are underestimated when C storage is calculated. Here we show that in French Guiana, the C stored in the deep soil layers contributes significantly to C stocks down to a depth of 100 cm and that C is sequestered in recalcitrant soil organic matter in the soil below a depth of 20 cm. The contribution of the 50-100 cm soil layer increased from 22 to 31 % with the age of the pasture. We show that long-term C sequestration in C4 tropical pastures is linked to the development of C3 species (legumes and shrubs), which increase both inputs of N into the ecosystem and the C:N ratio of soil organic matter. The deep soil under old pastures contained more C3 carbon than the native forest. If C sequestration in the deep soil is taken into account, our results suggest that the soil C stock in pastures in Amazonia would be higher with sustainable pasture management, in particular by promoting the development of legumes already in place and by introducing new species.

International audience; Feed production is the main contributor to several environmental impacts of livestock. To decrease environmental impacts of feed, those of feedstuffs should be considered during formulation. In particular, multiobjective feed formulation (MOF) can help reduce several environmental impacts simultaneously while keeping any increase in feed price moderate. The objective of this study was to assess environmental benefits of MOF at the farm gate for fattening pigs and broilers. For pigs, three feeding strategies were tested: classic 2-phase (2P), 2-phase with lower net energy content (2P −), and multiphase (MP). For broilers, two strategies were tested: classic 3-phase (3P) and 3-phase with higher digestible amino acid contents and lower metabolisable energy content (3P+). Diets were formulated using both least-cost formulation (LCF) and MOF, yielding six pig scenarios and four broiler scenarios. Environmental impacts at the farm gate were estimated using a modelling approach based on life cycle assessment. Indicators for six impact categories were then calculated: climate change (CC), cumulative non-renewable energy demand (CEDNR), acidification (AC), eutrophication (EU), land occupation (LO), and phosphorus demand (PD). As expected, MOF had lower farm-gate impacts than LCF (as much as −13%), but the degree of decrease varied by feeding strategy and impact. For pigs, MOF was equally effective in all strategies at reducing PD (− 6 to − 9%) and AC (− 2%). In contrast, MOF was more effective in 2P and 2P− at decreasing CC (−5% to −7%), LO (−9% to −13%) and EU (− 6% to − 8%) than in MP (CC: −2%; LO: − 4%; EU: − 3%). The benefit of MOF was found greater in 2P (− 7%) than in other pig strategies for CEDNR (− 3 to + 0%). For broilers, MOF was equally effective in both strategies tested at decreasing PD (− 12%), AC (−2%), and EU (−4%). For CC and CEDNR, MOF was more effective in 3P (CC: −9%; CEDNR: −11%) than 3P+ (−6% for both impacts), but not for LO (+3% in 3P vs −1% in 3P+). These differences were due mainly to differences in animal performance (especially feed conversion ratio) among the strategies tested. Finally, in all scenarios, gross margin at the farm gate decreased with MOF comparatively to LCF (pigs: −3% to −11%); broilers: −7% to −11%). These results demonstrate the importance of comprehensive economic and environmental optimisation of feeding strategies by simultaneously considering feed impacts, animal performance, and manure management. To do so, further research is therefore required to develop new modelling tools.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an international method that allows an estimation of a set of environmental impacts of products. A growing number of studies have used LCA to assess environmental impacts of agricultural products, but available LCA data mainly concern conventional agriculture. The ACV-Bio project has created LCA data for arable crops, grassland, forages, grapes, cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry in France. For most products, contrasting production systems were assessed to explore a diversity of organic systems. The web-based MEANS-InOut software was used to facilitate and streamline the generation of LCA data, and their external review by independent experts. Impact values were calculated for nine indicators. The InOut software was enhanced to allow assessment of intercrops and cropping systems, which are important elements of organic systems and of agro-ecological systems in general. Eco-design scenarios of pig and grape production systems allowed impact reductions of 0 - 22%, depending on the impact considered.

International audience; The automotive industry is shifting to mass production of electrified vehicles. Simulation is a key step for developing these new vehicles. System simulation tools as Simcenter Amesim includes ready-to-use multi-physics libraries in that perspective. A new library is being created based on the Energetic Macroscopic Representation formalism to speed-up the battery electric vehicles (BEV) development process. The paper presents the BEV multi-level simulation where the simulations were done using 3 different levels for the battery models. By using “plug & play” method different BEV model configurations can be built in a fast, precise and systematic way.

The software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop tests of battery management system require to have a real-time compatible electro-thermal battery pack model. In our study, a numerically complex electrochemical-thermal model has been characterized from experimental data of a nickel-rich, silicongraphite 18650-type lithium-ion cell. While it represents accurately the electro-thermal battery behavior, it’s hardly suitable for real-time application due to its intensively numerical solving effort and related calculation time if no huge numerical efforts are applied to reduce the model. The objective of this paper is to present a simple method to derive a reduced order electro-thermal cell model from the complex electrochemicalthermal cell model and build a real-time compatible battery pack model with the reduced order cell model.

The software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop tests of a battery management system require a real-time compatible electro-thermal battery pack model. In our study, a numerically complex electrochemical-thermal model has been characterized from experimental data of a nickel-rich, silicon-graphite 18650-type lithium-ion cell. While it accurately represents the electro-thermal battery behavior, it is hardly suitable for real-time application due to its intensively numerical solving effort and related calculation time if no huge numerical efforts are applied to reduce the model. The objective of this paper is to present a simple method to derive a reduced-order electro-thermal cell model from the complex electrochemical-thermal cell model and build a real-time compatible battery pack model with the reduced-order cell model.

European Union (EU)Horizon 2020; International audience; The development of electric vehicles has been spectacular over the last 20 years, so the automotive industry has started to shift mass production of electrified vehicles. However, new electrified vehicles are required to face the needs of the users. Simulation is a key step for development of new vehicle. Organization tools, such as Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), have therefore been developed to improve and speed-up the development of virtual electric vehicle models. The paper presents a comparison between functional and a structural representation on EV simulation under Simcenter Amesim. This paper studies the impact of the two representations on the simulation results and time. For this purpose, an EMR library for the Simcenter Amesim simulation tool has been developed.

Le secteur de l’élevage est aujourd’hui confronté à une demande croissante de produits animaux à laquelle il doit répondre en limitant au maximum ses impacts environnementaux et en assurant sa durabilité. Parmi ces impacts, la pollution de l’air est une préoccupation majeure. Pour faire face au changement climatique et contribuer à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air, les émissions de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre doivent être mieux caractérisées et maîtrisées afin de les prendre en compte dans l’évolution des pratiques d’élevage (alimentation, gestion des effluents, etc.). Des acteurs de la recherche et du développement se sont donc associés afin de développer une base de données appelée ELFE (ELevages et Facteurs d’Emission), compilant les valeurs publiées dans la littérature internationale des émissions d’ammoniac, de gaz à effet de serre, de particules et d’odeurs, sur toute la chaîne de gestion des effluents des élevages bovins, porcins et avicoles ainsi que leurs métadonnées associées. Parmi les 1 000 références bibliographiques collectées, environ 350 ont été intégrées à ce jour à la base de données, fournissant ainsi, un peu plus de 5 200 valeurs d’émission. La base de données ELFE permet de déterminer des moyennes d’émission associées à leurs écarts-types prenant en compte la diversité des systèmes d’élevage. Ces données pourront ainsi alimenter les inventaires nationaux d’émissions en proposant des facteurs d’émissions ajustés à des systèmes d’élevage définis et également, permettre d’évaluer la mise en place de pratiques de réduction des émissions. Cette base de données représente aussi une source d’information pour la réalisation d’évaluations multicritères permettant notamment, de préciser l’influence des métadonnées sur les niveaux d’émissions (climat, type de bâtiment, etc.). De plus, cette base propose une classification de chaque valeur d’émission en fonction du nombre de métadonnées renseignées dans les références bibliographiques (>50 % ; 30-50 %, The increasing demand for animal products is a major challenge for the livestock sector that must reduce its environmental impacts and ensure its sustainability. This sector has been identified as an important contributor to polluting gas emissions. Improving the knowledge on the origin and the magnitude of air pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions from livestock sector is essential to address climate change and to contribute to improve air quality with the evolution of breeding practices (feeding strategy, manure management, etc.). A consortium involving research and extension services partners was created to build a database called ELFE (ELevages et Facteurs d’Emission) with international data from literature references focusing on emissions of ammonia, greenhouse gases, particles and odors on the different steps of manure management of cattle, pig and poultry productions systems and their associated key variables. Around 350 publications (among 1 000 publications collected) are integrated into the database and provide more than 5 200 emission values. The ELFE database allows calculating average of emission and their standard deviation taking into account the diversity of livestock systems. These data can be used to provide emission factor for national inventories for specific livestock systems and also, to evaluate practices on gas emissions mitigation. This database can also be used to analyze the influence of key variables on the emission factor variability using multicriteria assessment (climate, building type, etc.). Moreover, this database propose a classification of emission factor into three classes according to the degree on which information about their most influential key variables was complete (>50 % ; 30-50 %

ELFE, a database to determine greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions factors from livestock. 20. Nitrogen Workshop. Coupling C-N-P-S cycles

L’alimentation du bétail est au cœur des problématiques environnementales des élevages. Pour les porcs et les volailles, elle explique entre 50 et 98% de leurs impacts environnementaux au portail de la ferme. Pour les bovins, leurs concentrés représentent 17% des 12.3 millions de tonnes d’aliments composés produits dans le Grand Ouest. Ainsi, cette étude évalue les bénéfices environnementaux associés à la production d’éco-aliments, c’est-à-dire d’aliments avec des impacts environnementaux réduits. Une base de données a été créée sur les impacts environnementaux de 150 intrants alimentaires du bétail calculés par Analyse de Cycle de Vie. Ces données ont été mobilisées dans une fonction multiobjectif pour formuler les aliments en prenant en compte des critères environnementaux en plus du critère prix habituel. Des bénéfices environnementaux et des coûts liés à ces éco-aliments ont été obtenus pour différentes stratégies alimentaires de porc à l’engrais, de poulet de chair, de vaches laitières et de jeunes bovins, à la tonne d’aliment et au kilogramme de produit. Une mise en œuvre à l’échelle du Grand Ouest considérant tous les aliments composés fabriqués et toutes les filières animales montre, à la tonne d’aliment moyen, une réduction possible du changement climatique de 7% pour un surcoût de 2%., Feeding is central for the environmental aspects of animal production. For pig and poultry, feeds explain between 50 and 98% of the environmental impacts of animal product at farm gate. For cattle, the concentrated feeds account for 17% of the 12.3 million tons of compound feeds produced in the West of [br/] France. This study looked at the environmental benefit of eco-feeds which are feeds with lower environmental impacts. A database was built concerning the environmental impacts of 150 feedstuffs calculated by Life Cycle Assessment. Those data were used in a multiobjective function in order to formulate feed with environmental criteria and the usual cost criteria. The environmental benefits and the costs due to eco-feed were obtained for different feeding strategies of fattening pigs, broilers, dairy cows and young cattle at the scale of the ton of feed and the kilogram of animal product. An implementation at territory scale was also performed in the West of France by considering all the feeds and the animal productions: the results showed for instance a possible reduction of 7% for the impact climate change of the average ton of compound feed for an extra cost of 2%.

International audience; First of all, we recall that the message conveyed in our paper is that Amazonian forest and old tropical pastures act as C sinks by accumulating recurrently (continuously) C in biomass and soil. We do not support the idea that deforestation increases soil C as suggested in the title of Schipper and Smith comment. In our study, pasture C sink was estimated by two independent methods: eddy covariance measurements (Eddy) and a 36-years chronosequence analyzing soil organic C stock to a depth of 100 cm (Chrono). Both methods provide evidence that pastures ≥24 years can restore all or part of C sink of Amazonian forest if sustainable management is applied. Realizing that old pastures accumulate C is crucial in the Amazonian context where pastures are currently replaced by intensive crops (e.g. soybean) inducing a possible loss of this C sink.

Amazonian forests continuously accumulate carbon (C) in biomass and in soil, representing a carbon sink of 0.420.65 GtC yr(-1). In recent decades, more than 15% of Amazonian forests have been converted into pastures, resulting in net C emissions (similar to 200 tC ha(-1)) due to biomass burning and litter mineralization in the first years after deforestation. However, little is known about the capacity of tropical pastures to restore a C sink. Our study shows in French Amazonia that the C storage observed in native forest can be partly restored in old (>= 24 year) tropical pastures managed with a low stocking rate (+/- 1 LSU ha(-1)) and without the use of fire since their establishment. A unique combination of a large chronosequence study and eddy covariance measurements showed that pastures stored between >= 1.27 +/- 0.37 and -5.31 +/- 2.08 tC ha(-1) yr(-1) while the nearby native forest stored -3.31 +/- 0.44 tC ha(-1) yr(-1). This carbon is mainly sequestered in the humus of deep soil layers (20-100 cm), whereas no C storage was observed in the 0- to 20-cm layer. C storage in C4 tropical pasture is associated with the installation and development of C3 species, which increase either the input of N to the ecosystem or the C: N ratio of soil organic matter. Efforts to curb deforestation remain an obvious priority to preserve forest C stocks and biodiversity. However, our results show that if sustainable management is applied in tropical pastures coming from deforestation (avoiding fires and overgrazing, using a grazing rotation plan and a mixture of C3 and C4 species), they can ensure a continuous C storage, thereby adding to the current C sink of Amazonian forests.

The New Iram Kid Arrays-2 (NIKA2) instrument has recently been installed at the IRAM 30 m telescope. NIKA2 is a state-of-art instrument dedicated to mm-wave astronomy using microwave kinetic inductance detectors (KID) as sensors. The three arrays installed in the camera, two at 1.25 mm and one at 2.05 mm, feature a total of 3300 KIDs. To instrument these large array of detectors, a specifically designed electronics, composed of 20 readout boards and hosted in three microTCA crates, has been developed. The implemented solution and the achieved performances are presented in this paper. We find that multiplexing factors of up to 400 detectors per board can be achieved with homogeneous performance across boards in real observing conditions, and a factor of more than 3 decrease in volume with respect to previous generations., Comment: 21 pages; 16 figures

The range of Electric Vehicles is highly influenced by the electric power consumed by auxiliaries, a huge part of this power being used for cabin heat-up and cool-down operations in order to ensure an acceptable level of thermal comfort for the passengers. Driving range decreases with low temperatures in particular because cabin heating system requires an important amount of electric power. Range also decreases with high ambient temperatures because of the air conditioning system with electrically-driven compressor. At the same time, batteries and electric motors operates at their maximal efficiency in a certain range of temperature. The reduced EV driving range under real life operating cycles, which can be a barrier against market penetration, is an issue for further development in the future towards sophisticated cabin heating and cooling systems, as well as battery warmer. The aim of this paper is to highlight the benefits of a system simulation approach, based on LMS Imagine.Lab AMESim, in order to estimate the impact of various technologies of cabin heating and cooling on both the cabin temperature and the driving range. In this paper, a battery electric vehicle including a cabin heating with PTC device and a R134a refrigerant loop is simulated under various ambient temperatures on a given driving cycle with the same required cabin temperature target. Simulation outputs include the cabin temperature evolution, the battery state of charge and as a consequence the driving range.

La présence d’un parcours est un élément majeur caractérisant les productions de volailles sous signes de qualité Label Rouge et Biologique. Pour assurer la durabilité de ces modes de production, il est nécessaire d’optimiser la gestion des parcours, afin de concilier au mieux les besoins des volailles et une gestion environnementale pertinente, tout en permettant d’évaluer les possibilités de production d’un revenu supplémentaire pour l’éleveur. Pour cela, il était nécessaire de connaître la diversité des parcours existants et des pratiques de gestion des éleveurs, ainsi que d’apporter des références environnementales quant aux impacts des plantations sur le stockage du carbone, les émissions de GES, la participation à la biodiversité, au paysage. L’ensemble de ces travaux et la synthèse des connaissances acquises ont permis d’élaborer des préconisations concrètes pour les éleveurs et techniciens., The presence of a course is a major feature characterizing poultry with signs of quality such as Label Rouge and organic labels. To insure the sustainability of these modes of production, it is necessary to optimize the course management, in order to better reconcile animal needs and relevant environmental management, and to search possibilities of producing extra income for the farmer. For this purpose, it was first of all necessary to know the diversity of the existing courses and farmers practices to provide environmental references on the impacts of tree plantations on the storage of carbon, GHG emissions, contribution to biodiversity and landscape quality. All these works and synthesis of knowledge helped to develop practical recommendations for breeders and technicians.

The STEREO experiment will search for a sterile neutrino by measuring the anti-neutrino energy spectrum as a function of the distance from the source, the ILL nuclear reactor. A dedicated electronic system, hosted in a single microTCA crate, was designed for this experiment. It performs triggering in two stages with various selectable conditions, processing and readout via UDP/IPBUS of 68 photomultiplier signals continuously digitized at 250 MSPS. Additionally, for detector performance monitoring, the electronics allow on-line calibration by driving LED synchronously with the data acquisition. This paper describes the electronics requirements, architecture and the performances achieved., Topical Workshop on Electronics for Particle Physics (TWEPP) 2015, Lisboa. 9 pages, 9 figures

International audience; Mesurer les émissions gazeuses en élevage : gaz à effet de serre, ammoniac et oxydes d‘azote

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Measuring the emissions of thousands of animal houses is needed to obtain representative emission factors and relevant categories of animal farms for emission inventories. This scale is also necessary to develop a comprehensive understanding of all facotrs that influence ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions at the farm scale. A robust and low-cost method was developed in France to measure emissions from poultry, bovine and swine houses. A database and associated software is presented here that helps to apply this method to a large number of houses, while protecting the data when the database is used by different companies or institutions. It is based on freeware: an Ubuntu system, OpenOffice for testing equations, PostgreSQL and PgAdmin for database management with “user-only” or “project-only” restricted access to data, and C++ with CodeBlocks and wxWidgets for the calculation and interface modules developed. As for typical Ubuntu software, all messages in the interfaces developed can be translated into several languages using PoEdit. All systems, software and data can be stored on a bootable USB flash drive or SD card with at least two partitions, one for the system (FAT32) compressed into a squashfs file, and one for the modified files (EXT2). The data are divided into three categories: national references (e.g. manure composition), farm references (e.g. specific house characteristics), and observations (e.g. gas concentrations). Training is recommended to begin using the software more quickly. Further development is required to adapt this tool to monitor the results of mitigation strategies and improve their efficiency.

In the ten years before the EMILI 2012 symposium, g aseous losses from animal farms became increasingly important in the m edia. The paradox of this tendency was the great number of publications, scientific or not, even though the emissions of most animal farms had never been measured. Therefor e, the development of reference tools to measure greenhouse gas and ammonia emissio ns was important. Such tools allow recognition and remuneration of the best pract ices and equipment. Accordingly, ADEME funded an international project associating sev eral research and development organizations involved with the animal production c hain. The project proposed an initial set of 18 procedures to measure ammonia and greenho use gas emissions from animal houses and manure stores. These were adapted to the diversity of animal farms found throughout the world. Some methods were compared duri ng a “building” and a “liquid manure” experiment. Results showed a high difference among methods (ca. 80%), much higher than the estimated uncertainty. Associat ing independent emission measurements, together with a mass balance of the sy stem, is necessary for the reliability of further results. However, previously p ublished references lack uncertainty estimates of measurements that conform to GUM 2008. I n the coming years, this is one of the major concerns for measuring emission factor s. Uncertainty estimates should depend on the measurand (temporal: hourly, per batc h, yearly; spatial: animal, house, national) and include the uncertainties associated with system representativity and temporal interpolation.

La déforestation pour la mise en place de prairies constitue une perturbation majeure et brutale en zone tropicale avec des enjeux importants sur les impacts et services environnementaux liés aux écosystèmes herbagers. C’est le cas en Guyane et plus généralement en Amazonie où le développement de l’élevage doit se raisonner dans le cadre de la protection du patrimoine forestier et des mesures actuelles d'atténuation de GES. L’étude analyse la dynamique temporelle du carbone (C) dans les sols d’une chronoséquence composée de 17 prairies âgées de 6 mois à 41 ans issues de la déforestation et de 5 sites de forêt témoins sur des sols ferralitiques en Guyane française. L’analyse isotopique du C (δ13C) a été utilisée pour déterminer l’origine du C des sols des prairies (issu de la forêt ou des graminées de la prairie). Elle montre que le C forestier est progressivement remplacé par le C issu des prairies au cours du temps et que les prairies non dessouchées avec brûlis progressifs perdent moins de C forestier. Globalement, les prairies guyanaises fonctionnent comme des puits de C environ 20 ans après leur mise en place. Au-delà de 30 ans, elles peuvent stocker plus de C que les sols forestiers (30% de C de plus dans les sols des prairies âgées de 32 à 41 ans). La caractérisation du C par son degré de dégradation dans le sol montre que le C est essentiellement stocké sous forme récalcitrante.