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Retention of volunteers and participants is a critical concern for programs that rely on their manpower, but limited empirical research exists, especially on youth volunteers. This descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study examined the influence of volunteer motivation, participation, and science project type on the retention of 4-H youth volunteers ages 12 to 19 years participating in science projects in 3 states. An instrument was created for this study that included both existing survey scales and researcher-developed items based on combined research from the citizen science, volunteer development, and youth development fields. The research revealed that consistency and engagement were correlated with the predictors of retention, but race was not. 4-H science programs have a significantly higher likelihood of retaining youth participants than 4-H citizen science programs. Suggestions for youth educators to develop retention strategies are discussed based on the findings and future research into youth volunteer engagement is proposed.

Traffic forecasters may find value in expressing the uncertainty of their forecasts as a range of expected outcomes. Traditional methods for estimating such uncertainty windows rely on assumptions about reasonable ranges of travel demand forecasting model inputs and parameters. Rather than relying on assumptions, we demonstrate how to use empirical measures of past forecast accuracy to estimate the uncertainty in future forecasts. We develop an econometric framework based on quantile regression to estimate an expected (median) traffic volume as a function of the forecast, and a range within which we expect 90% of traffic volumes to fall. Using data on observed versus forecast traffic for 3912 observations from 1291 road projects, we apply this framework to estimate a model of overall uncertainty and a full model that considers the effect of project attributes. Our results show that the median post-opening traffic is 6% lower than forecast. The expected range of outcomes varies significantly with the forecast volume, the forecast method, the project type, the functional class, the time span and the unemployment rate at the time forecast is made. For example, consider a 5-year forecast for an existing arterial roadway made in 2019 when the state unemployment rate was 4% using a travel model. If a travel model predicted 30,000 Average Daily Traffic (ADT) on this road, our results suggest that 90% of future traffic volumes would fall between 19,000 and 36,000 ADT. A forecaster can apply the resulting equations to calculate an uncertainty window for their project, or they can estimate new quantile regression equations from locally collected forecast accuracy data. Aided by decision intervals, such uncertainty windows can help planners determine whether a forecast deviation would change a project decision.

Variation orders are an on-going phenomenon in construction and industry projects worldwide, particularly in the province of Sulaimani, where the project's damage from cost and schedule overrun because of variation orders. However, the effect on project costs and time overrun of variation order has yet to be identified. This study evaluates the impact of variation orders on the cost and time off in the Sulaimani governorate. Two hundred twenty-eight projects from various construction sectors built between 2007-2012 were adopted to calculate the contract cost and schedule overruns due to variation orders. Data analysis was applied in the study were descriptive statistics. One-way ANOVA was also applied to determine whether the overrun of project cost and schedule significantly varied depending on project type, size, duration, location, and awarded years. The findings indicated that cost overruns are very common due to variation orders. 95.6% of the projects were studied being impacted, and overrun in project cost are also huge, with 16%. Time also overruns more common than cost overruns due to the variation orders. 98.7% of the projects were studied in Sulaimani were affected by time overrun with an average of 46.3% of initial duration observed. Findings also indicated that two out of five parameters measured in the analysis had a significant correlation with project cost overruns. Three out of five considered variables correlated with construction time overruns.

La Investigación se propone identificar la situación actual del proceso de reclutamiento y selección del personal obrero de la Universidad Politécnica Territorial Alonso Gamero. Se desarrolló desde el paradigma cuantitativo, y se acopla dentro de los parámetros de tipo de investigación científica de campo y el diseño de investigación de tipo proyecto factible, observación y análisis documental. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó como técnica la encuesta y observación directa, y el instrumento que se manejó fue el cuestionario. El diagnóstico realizado permitió conocer la ausencia de criterios en el proceso de reclutamiento y selección del personal obrero y se puede concluir que en la universidad no se establece la gestión por competencias, como herramienta para la captación del personal obrero.

The scientific response to the COVID-19 pandemic has elicited commentaries on the quickening of biomedical research,1–3 contrasting with literature on prolonged time to publication for clinical research projects.4–6 We investigated research project duration for three clinical departments (emergency medicine, family medicine, and pediatrics) with centralized research leadership in a community-based US medical school. Following institutional review board (IRB) approval, we identified original research reports published or accepted in academic year 2019–2020, originating at our institution, and involving faculty from these departments. Of 39 eligible publications, we reconstructed study timelines (table 1) for 17 publications based on departmental records, and 10 publications based on a survey of corresponding authors. View this table: Table 1 Data points on project stages, by project type The median overall project duration was 18 months (IQR 10–26). Median durations of …

Changes in construction projects are very frequent and are expected to occur at any stage of the project. These changes modify the original scope of work and affect the project in various aspects. To minimize these effects, there is a need to implement a systematic change management system during the construction process. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of change management implementation, identify the main causes of change management, and assess their impacts in the Congolese construction industry. A comprehensive literature review was conducted for a thorough understanding of change management, and a structured survey was conducted. The collected survey data were analyzed using the relative importance index (RII), and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) methods. The results conclude that the change management implementation situation in the Congolese construction industry is significantly high, and the project cost and the project type play a major role in the implementation of change management in the construction projects. The study further revealed that the main causes of changes were the project, contractor, materials, equipment, and other causes. These changes impact the project significantly in terms of organization, owner and contractor, project, materials, and equipment.

One of the main issues addressed in this article is the use of new library information technologies and automation processes in libraries. For the first time in the history of library work in the country, topical issues, large-scale tasks and tasks in this area are examined in detail. The State Program emphasizes the problem of updating the libraries of the republic, raising them to the level of the most modern electronic libraries in the world, and the Presidential Library was noted as the executor of many tasks. The article analyzes the activities of the Presidential Library of the Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the field of new technologies, the creation of an electronic library and provides a brief overview of the created innovative full-text resources of the project type in this library.

Background/purpose: The licensed dentists in Taiwan should join the post-graduate year training program for dentists (PGYD) since 2010. This study aimed to analyze the project types and the geographical distribution of the PGYD training institutions in Taiwan from 2010 to 2018. Materials and methods: From 2010 to 2018, 735 hospitals and clinics participated in four types of PGYD project including hospital as the single training institution (project A), clinic as the single training institution (project B), hospital as the main training institution in the joint training group (project C), and clinic as the main training institution in the joint training group (project D). The project types and the geographical distribution of the training institutions were analyzed. Results: The 735 PGYD training projects were proposed by the 735 dental institutions. The project number grew from 119 in 2010 to 195 in 2018. The most common project type was project B (307, 41.8%), followed by the project A (249, 33.9%), the project D (101, 13.7%), and the project C (78, 10.6%). Geographically, these 735 main training institutions were located most commonly in northern region of Taiwan (379, 51.6%), followed by the central region of Taiwan (171, 23.3%), southern region of Taiwan (156, 21.2%), and eastern region of Taiwan (29, 3.9%). Conclusion: Hospital or clinic as the single training institution is the two most common PGYD project types in Taiwan from 2010 to 2018. These single or main dental training institutions are mainly located in the northern, central, and southern regions of Taiwan. Keywords: Post-graduate year training program for dentists, Clinical dental training project, Clinical dental training institution, Collaborating dental training institution

Investing in capital projects accelerates the development of business entities and increases the effectiveness of business. The Aim is to invest in the appropriate new growth and development with less cost. In order to pay the investment to pay off, you must take care of the selection of the project type and purpose and the source It will be funded from. The Development of science has followed the needs of business, but since the connection between science and practice should be mutual, business entities have practically implemented scientific achievements and provide feedback to science. Thanks to this relationship, science has come to the indicators that facilitate business entities, including the beneficiaries of budget funds, to make regular decisions when choosing projects to invest in. The Proper selection of capital investments is the starting point of further activity of each beneficiary budget, which should positively affect economic growth and development, as well as to satisfy the general and common needs of society.

While previous studies have identified several factors that influence funders’ investment behavior in crowdfunding, few have explored the underlying mechanisms, particularly the potential boundary conditions in which the effect of funders’ trust varies. This paper examines two contextual variables: project type and funding level, which moderate the relationships between key antecedents and investment decisions. The research model based on the trust theory and dual-process perspective was developed and evaluated with a web-based experiment using actual crowdfunding projects chosen from a real crowdfunding site. Our findings provide new insight into the role of trust and its antecedents in different contexts.

E-business projects (eBPs) can be described as endeavors which transform traditional business functions into digital and mostly automated, inter-organizational e-business functions. Although studies exist which already increased the understanding of such endeavors, there is still no conceptualization that defines eBPs as their own kind of project, summarizing and categorizing all of their characteristic topics, problem areas, and tasks. This study attempts to close this gap by exploring the conceptual nature of eBPs. A large number of practical project reports was evaluated, using a latent semantic analysis for the exploratory summarization of the textual database. As a result, the study provides a comprehensive theoretical conceptualization including 12 core concepts and 74 specific sub-concepts, structured within the context of a system development life cycle. Such a project conceptualization provides a contribution to the practical management of eBPs, as well as a theoretical framework for further establishing eBPs as a unique project type.

This paper discusses the factors that contribute to influence Architecture students with the deconstruction trend in their projects. This was achieved through reviewing different projects for Architecture students from several universities in the KSA. By determining the stage of the design process in which students get influenced by de-constructivism in their projects some selected projects were put in comparison with respect to different factors such as project type, studio level, theoretical background, instructor’s ideology, and verticality/ horizontality of buildings. Through a critical insight and data analysis it was possible to conclude the relationship between the stage of the design process in which Architecture students in Saudi Universities get influenced by and the factors that contribute to be influenced by de-constructivism. تتناول الدراسة الحالية العوامل التي تساهم في التأثير على تعامل طلاب العمارة مع اتجاه التفکيکية وتطبيقاته في مشاريعهم التصميمية. وقد تم ذلک من خلال استعراض مشاريع مختلفة لطلاب الهندسة المعمارية في عدد من الجامعات في المملکة العربية السعودية. من خلال محاولة التعرف على أي من مراحل عملية التصميم التي ظهر فيها تأثر الطلاب بالتفکيکية في مشاريعهم، وذلک من خلال دراسة مقارنة لبعض المشاريع المختارة وفقا لمجموعة من العوامل مختلفة مثل نوع المشروع، ومستوى الاستوديو، والخلفية النظرية، أيديولوجية المعلم، وطبيعة توجه المباني. ومن خلال التحليل النقدي لعينة الدراسة من طلاب الهندسة المعمارية في الجامعات السعودية تم التوصل لتصور حول التوقيت الأنسب لطرح تطبيق مفاهيم التفکيکية وتحديد مراحل عملية التصميم الأکثر تأثرا والعوامل التي تسهم في تعظيم استفادة الطلبة من التطبيق.

International audience; Mining is the source and target of various risks, that generally exceed the mine-site perimeter, and have impacts at larger scales. Consequently, mining risk analysis should be informed both by the structured characterization of mining projects and by a holistic understanding of the system where mining projects are located and interact. This is rarely the case in practice. In French Guiana (FG) gold exploitation plays a critical role within territory dynamics, and this activity takes a great variety of forms. However, no structured description of mining projects is available in scientific literature regarding FG. This paper proposes a multi-criteria classification of gold mining projects in FG with the objective to develop standardized gold mining project types for risk assessment at the territory level. First, the different types of mining projects are briefly presented and their specifities described. Then, a classification is proposed, based on the data obtained from different sources and validated by local experts. Finally, for each project type, an overview of the main potential impacts at the territory level is presented. This is a first step for the development of a systematic methodology for mining risk assessment in FG. It may be extended to other countries and commodities.

In summer 2018, we conducted two week-long professional development workshops for 116 middle and high school teachers interested in infusing computational thinking (CT) into their classrooms. Teachers learned to program in Snap!, connect CT to their disciplines, and create infused CT learning segments for their classes. This paper investigates the extent to which teachers were able to successfully infuse CT skills of pattern recognition, abstraction, decomposition, and algorithms into their learning products.In this work, we analyzed 58 teacher-designed programming products to look for common characteristics, such as project type, intended coding requirements for their students, and code features/functionality. Teacher-created products were classified into five types: animation, interactive story, quiz, intended game, and simulation/exploration tools. Coding requirements varied from using and/or explaining provided code, modifying existing code, programming with starter code, to building entire programs. Products were classified according to the extent to which they involved sprite manipulation, questions/answers, event handling, drawing, and control blocks. We found that teachers from different disciplines created products that vary in type, coding requirements, and features to suit their specific needs. Moreover, we found relationships between discipline, project type, and the required coding teachers expected students to do.Our results inform future Infusing Computing Professional Development (PD) to provide more targeted training to support different teacher needs.

Screening is one of the most critical stages in environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, there is no consensus about best approaches to screen development proposals, particularly in large territories with multiple jurisdictions. This study explored the challenges of harmonizing EIA screening criteria across jurisdictions, using Brazilian states as the empirical context. It set out to answer the following question: what would be the screening decisions of approved development projects if they had been licensed in different states? This study selected four cases of projects that had obtained environmental licenses in the state of Minas Gerais, and, based on their data, simulated license applications in other three states in south-eastern Brazil. Interviews helped to determine likely screening decisions. Screening approaches, while similar, varied significantly in terms of choices of threshold criteria across the four states. With the exception of one project type, the projects would face very...

Reinforcing steel is one of the major construction materials which produces significant CO 2 emission. In addition, reinforcing steel is also the main material in various construction Project type. Type of construction project which uses large amounts of reinforcing steel is high-rise buildings. The growth of high-rise buildings almost all over the world tend to increase. The tendency can be shown in Indonesia which has a total of 621 high-rise buildings. With this amount, Indonesia is one of 10 countries which have a significant tendency in the growth of high-rise buildings. Furthermore, the large and small of CO 2 emission of reinforcing steel is indicated sourced from the supply chain as well. Hereafter, the reinforcing steel on the site needs some heavy equipment such as bar bending, bar cutter and transportation using tower cranes. The contribution of CO 2 emission from the supply chain and install on site becomes important as it contributes in shaping cycles within the construction project. The existence of such cycles can be shown by the source and the amount of CO 2 emission produced by each step. By using LCA, the source and amount of CO 2 emission from each step can be found. The scope developed in this research is cradle to install. The result of the research shows that the size of CO 2 emission in the cradle section range from 99 kg.CO 2 /m 3 -171 kg.CO 2 /m 3 . Furthermore, the size of CO 2 emission in the supply chain section ranges from 10 kg.CO2 / m 3 -21 kg.CO 2 /m 3 . The size of CO 2 emission ranges between 1 kg.CO 2 /m 3 -5 kg.CO 2 /m 3 . The result of the research is that reinforcing steel cradle is the biggest source of CO 2 emission. The CO 2 emission on the site is the smallest compared to the cradle and supply chain, but they cannot be ignored because they also contribute to and make a big determinant of CO 2 emission in the construction project.

© 2019 The Author(s). Published by VGTU Pr. Infrastructure plays a major role in the economic development of countries, especially in Asia which has experienced tremendous growth in recent years. The procurement of infrastructure continues to be characterized by cost overruns resulting in significant academic interest and theoretical propositions on the influential factors. This study contributes to this issue through adoption of pragmatic research methodology involving deterministic statistical analysis of real project data from reports as well as a qualitative analysis of these reports to unearth underlying issues from a thematic analysis. Furthermore, the study design takes a multi-country view towards establishing the role of contextual and geographical influences on cost overrun. An evaluation of 102 major infrastructure projects was performed covering railways, roadways and energy sectors in different regions in Asia. Findings reveal that differences in the propensity for cost overrun are mostly dependent on a type of infrastructure with rail projects being the most likely to overrun budget. Theoretically, propositions on the influence of project contextual factors are tested highlighting the influence of project size, project type, geographical locations, and the length of implementation period of a project as well as factors related to political, economic, strategic, and competence in infrastructure delivery which vary across countries.

Los retrasos y sobrecostos en proyectos de construcción son objeto de constante preocupación por parte de los desarrolladores de proyectos, ya que incluso pueden afectar la viabilidad de estos. Por esto, es necesario estudiar las causas, especialmente en Colombia donde las causas generadoras de este tipo de desviaciones no han sido analizadas a profundidad. Esta investigación, realizó inicialmente una revisión de la literatura para identificar causas generadoras de desviaciones en tiempos y costos a nivel mundial. Posteriormente se realizó una encuesta dirigida a profesionales dedicados al desarrollo de proyectos de construcción en Colombia, para poder conocer en su concepto los factores significativos en la generación de desviaciones en tiempos y costos. Finalmente se ejecutó un análisis de significancia basado en los factores influyentes, estableciendo las correlaciones entre estos y aspectos como magnitud, tipo de proyecto, tamaño de las empresas, entre otros, implementando herramientas estadísticas y computacionales. El estudio arrojó la inadecuada planeación y falta de integración entre profesionales como uno de los factores más influyentes en la fluctuación de costos y tiempos en el país.

© 2018 The Author(s). Recent years have witnessed the diversifying means of competitive bidding, where the client plays a critical role in the determination of competition rule. It is widely recognized that the competition rule should be placed on a win-win basis to ensure that both the client and contractors are well considered with respect to their interests. Nevertheless, a vast majority of biddings fail to take account of what contractors really want. Using the methods of literature review and content analysis, 34 tender evaluation factors are proposed to compose the competition rule in China. Contractors’ opinions on these factors are collected by virtue of questionnaire survey. Based on the Pareto law, it is found that the competition rule encompasses eleven key factors, and the composition varies slightly between public and private sectors. The Hotelling’s T test is conducted on those key factors in common. The implication is that contractors can use indifferent factors (e.g., credit rating, construction plan, completeness of bid components, timely payment to workers) to improve competitiveness, while the client may utilize different factors to diversify the competition rule. This paper probably presents an earliest effort put to examine the acceptability of competition rule in the construction context.

In recent years, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has been facing a shortage of Construction Engineering (CE) staff due to workforce challenges such as staff turnover, retirement of experienced staff, and hiring freezes. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate CE staff needs for TxDOT construction projects. To accomplish this, projects constructed during the 10-year period of 2001-2011 were analyzed. The results indicated that large and metro projects tend to require more CE staff hours compared to smaller and/or rural projects. In particular, capacity-adding projects such as interchanges and widening projects require up to 4.45 times the CE hours needed for pavement projects. This study’s findings provide a basis for estimating TxDOT’s CE staffing, and ultimately contribute to efficiency improvements by providing an appropriate level of CE staff based on project type, size, and location.

Knowledge management (KM) implementation strategies on construction projects can reap benefits such as improved performance and continuous improvement, yet many projects are plagued with inefficiencies, repetition of mistakes and lack of lessons learnt. Poor skills, design changes, errors and omissions contribute to the internal failure cost element of cost of poor quality (COPQ) while the resultant effect of client dissatisfaction contributes to the external failure cost. COPQ is prevalent regardless of project type and has been found to be over 10% of total project cost in certain cases. While the need to reduce COPQ is definite, it is uncertain what impact KM has in its reduction. This study investigated the impact of KM in reducing COPQ. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 industry experts involved in formulating and implementing KM strategies for large construction organisations across the UK. It was found from thematic analysis of the data that KM has a positive impact but has not been optimised to reduce COPQ due to barriers such as the lack of performance metrics, time and budget constraints. Optimisation, therefore, entails overcoming the barriers. The findings presented in this paper will benefit construction organisations in the areas of KM optimisation and COPQ reduction strategies.

WOS: 000451347500005, PubMed ID: 29780078, Geotechnical site works are comprehensive, and they constitute the first step of the construction process. This study performs data mining of geotechnical works and analyzes the database for the root causes of accidents. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was chosen for the 1984-2013 time frame with 247 cases. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to discuss variables such as the end use of the work, project type and cost, soil type and condition, type and degree of injury, cause and type of accident, unsafe acts, and occupation and union status of the victim. The results showed that these accidents have a high frequency of recurrence and have a high severity level (54.3% fatalities). In addition, a total of 838 violations were recorded with penalties reaching 5 million US dollars. This study emphasizes that project-specific countermeasures should be taken regarding the root causes of accidents, leading to vigorous strategies to develop safety measures.

The paper has been presented criteria of similarity between of liquid motion. Results of initial research on air flow’s dynamic impact on a ship model of 888 project type are presented in the elaboration as well. The research has been executed at a test stand located in the Polish Naval Academy. The ship model of 888 project type has been an object of the tests. Results of executed measurements have been compared with theoretical calculations for an angle of dynamic heel. Input parameters for the tests and calculations have been defined in accordance with recommendations of Polish Register of Shipping (PRS) and IMO (IMO Instruments). Determination of a heeling moment by wind operation has been a key issue.

In order to cultivate the professional practice ability of the integrative vocational teachers, this paper constructs the integrated experiment and practice course system based on the linkage of production, study, research and application. The new curriculum system focuses on students’ vocational skills and enhances the training of engineering practice. Under the guidance of the three levels of experimental teaching system, the development and construction of "integration" and "project type" course are completed, and the actual teaching effect is good.

El bajo rendimiento estudiantil en asignaturas que requieren habilidades matemáticas, lógicas y computacionales para la resolución de problemas, especialmente en asignaturas de computación, demanda cambios en su enseñanza. Una propuesta es la aplicación del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP), el cual contribuye con el aprendizaje por descubrimiento y construcción. El objetivo es diseñar una estrategia de enseñanza para resolver problemas de origen computacional en la fase de Análisis Orientado a Objetos (AOO) usando ABP. El estudio es de tipo proyecto, apoyada en un estudio de campo de descriptivo. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 232 estudiantes y por 12 profesores de una universidad venezolana. Como resultado se diseña una Estrategia de Enseñanza de Computación en Ingeniería (ESENCI) que comprende las fases de planificación y ejecución, las cuales comprenden actividades que el profesor ejecuta para construir el problema y diseñar mejores condiciones para su resolución por parte del estudiante. ESENCI contempla el fortalecimiento de competencias instrumentales, interpersonales y sistémicas.

As part of the Naming the Pain in Requirements Engineering (NaPiRE) initiative, researchers compared problems that companies in Brazil and Germany encountered during requirements engineering (RE). The key takeaway was that in RE, human interaction is necessary for eliciting and specifying high-quality requirements, regardless of country, project type, or company size., 7 pages, 2 figures

Context: In the workplace, some individuals engage in the voluntary and intentional generation, promotion, and realization of new ideas for the benefit of individual performance, group effectiveness, or the organization. The literature classifies this phenomenon as innovative behaviour. Despite its importance to the development of innovation, innovative behaviour has not been fully investigated in software engineering. Objective: To understand the factors that support or inhibit innovative behaviour in software engineering practice. Method: We conducted a pilot case study in a Canadian software company using interviews and observations as data collection techniques. Using qualitative analysis, we identified relevant factors and relationships not addressed by studies from other areas. Results: Individual innovative behaviour is influenced by individual attitudes and also by situational factors such as relationships in the workplace, organizational characteristics, and project type. We built a model to express the interacting effects of these factors. Conclusions: Innovative behaviour is dependent on individual and contextual factors. Our results contribute to relevant impacts on research and practice, and to topics that deserve further study., 10 pages

The project management theory and standards offer a wide range of project management methods and tools. To ensure the maximum possible effectiveness of application of a particular methods or tools, it is necessary to assess suitability of their application within project life cycle stages, and also their suitability from the point of view of the type of the solved project. The paper authors aimed to identify suitable project management methods and tools, and assess their applicability from the point of view of individual project life cycle stages and from the point of view of the type of the solved projects.

Construction delay is something that is inevitable, which is why it is a global problem faced by the construction industry. This paper highlighted the characteristics that influenced construction delay but usually ignored in many researches. Project type, location, and area are the characteristics that are not concerned by many. Therefore, this study is reviewing literature in construction delay to find the significance of the influence of the mentioned characteristics. It was found that there is a significant influence of the project type and location towards construction delay problems, where different project type experienced different delay causes. This was probably due to different difficulties faced by each of project type. Project location characteristic also undergoes the same pattern; which is within the same region, the same pattern of major cause was identified. Meanwhile, the insignificant level of influence was identified for the construction area characteristic. This was probably due to the readiness and awareness of contractor regarding the site condition before the construction start. It is expected that this study will open up more discussions regarding these characteristics in the future.