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Fiscal consolidation literature often neglects that there are economies characterized by sizable underground sectors, with their mechanisms of response to fiscal policy shocks. Therefore, reliable analyses of fiscal consolidation plans call for the decomposition of Gross Domestic Product in its regular and hidden components. We investigate fiscal consolidation effects in the context of tax evasion for the Italian economy. Results show that a temporary cut in public spending associated with a permanent drop in tax rate yet entails tax evasion reduction. The main underlying mechanism is the strong responsiveness of the underground sector, implying a reallocation of resources toward the regular sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between public spending on Energy innovations (R&D of renewable and non-renewable energy, and energy efficiency) and CO2 intensity at constant purchasing power are investigated in this study. A Panel-NARDL model was used for the first time in 10 OECD countries (1990–2020) to evaluate the asymmetric relationship between energy innovative variables and CO2 impacts in the long and short run. In other words, this study aims to monitor how changes in public spending on R&D for renewable and non-renewable influence CO2 emissions. The results show that while an increase in the public budget for R&D of renewable energy will decrease the CO2 intensity in the long run, a positive relationship exists between these variables in the short run. Likewise, the result demonstrates that a cut in public spending on Fossil fuel R&D leads to an increase in the short horizon and a decrease in the long-run CO2 emissions per unit of GDP. The finding implies the substantial impact of R&D in both renewable and non-renewable energy on reducing CO2 emissions over time. In addition, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP respond positively to R&D public spending on energy efficiency. An increase in public expenditure on R&D of energy efficiency can induce economic activity and enhance CO2 emissions. All in all, the 30 years’ analysis of data from the selected OECD countries substantiates the right strategy of reducing the CO2 emissions of these countries by applying the public budget to promote R&D in energy sectors. This study results in contrast with those studies that found no relationship between R&D on renewable energy and CO2 impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the impact of public childcare provision on the incidence of severe child maltreatment. For identification, we exploit a reform that expanded early childcare in Germany, generating large temporal and spatial variation in childcare coverage at the county level. Using high-quality administrative data covering all reported cases of child maltreatment in Germany by county and year, we find that an increase in childcare slots by one percentage point in a county reduced child maltreatment cases leading to out-of-home placement by about 1%. Our results suggest that the provision of universal public childcare may be more cost effective than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the actions taken to mitigate the climate change is research, development and demonstration (RD&D) investments in renewable energy (RE) technology. In addition to domestic RD&D spending, the import of foreign technologies, as a main channel of technology transfer, is another option to obtain higher share of renewable energies in order to achieve climate objectives. In this study, a panel dataset of 28 OECD member countries from 2011 to 2020 is analyzed, using the OLS, fixed-effects, and two-step system GMM methods, to assess the impacts of public spending on renewable energy RD&D (RERD) and the import of renewable energy technologies on the energy-related CO2 emissions. To fully capture the significant regional differences, the 28 countries are re-divided into four regions in accordance with their renewable energy RD&D investment level and total CO2 emissions. This study uniquely investigates the impact of RERD and importation–as an alternative channel for obtaining renewable energy technologies–on energy-related CO2 emissions in OECD countries, while also analyzing regional differences to inform targeted local policies. The findings reveal that CO2 emission is significantly and negatively affected by renewable energy imports, for the full panel as well as for Low-RERD and Low-Emission regions. Furthermore, only in High-RERD and High-Emission regions can renewable energy RD&D decrease CO2 emissions. Accordingly, some policy implications are recommended concerning investments in renewable energy RD&D and renewables import. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation of the evolutionary characteristics and internal driving mechanisms of territorial space since the reform and opening up is essential. The study will guide the orderly development and rational layout of territorial space, as well as achievement transformation and high-quality development in Shanxi Province. We used land use data from 1980 to 2020, which was divided into four periods, to examine the changes in production-living-ecological spatial pattern in Shanxi Province. Various methods, including the territorial spatial transfer matrix, standard deviation ellipse and spatial autocorrelation, were employed to analyse the evolution of the territorial spatial pattern. Applying GeoDetector as the primary tool, we conduct research on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of this spatial pattern. The results indicated that Shanxi Province exhibits distinct differentiation characteristics in both the horizontal and vertical spatial dimensions. Over the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020, the territorial spatial pattern of Shanxi Province transitioned from gradual change to drastic change to moderate change. The production space (PS) and ecological space (ES) decreased, while the living space (LS) significantly increased. The territorial spatial pattern of Shanxi Province exhibited a northeast‒southwest distribution pattern, and the changes in the centre of gravity of the production-living-ecological spaces varied in direction. The spatial distribution of land in Shanxi Province is influenced by both natural factors and human activities, leading to changes in its territorial pattern over time. The primary catalyst for the development of production space (PS) is grain production, while the major determinants of the development of living space (LS) are the overall gross domestic product (GDP) and public financial expenditure. Thus, topography greatly influences ecological space (ES). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the extent to which practices considered developmentally appropriate and inappropriate varied by preschool program auspice (private, public school, and Head Start). Survey data from a 2010 national sample of 2,664 teachers of 4-year-olds provided teacher reports on the frequency of seven practices (e.g., offering children choices of play activities, using flashcards and math worksheets), approach to teaching subject matter, and time spent in whole group activities. More than 90 percent of teachers in all auspices reported high frequencies of some developmentally appropriate practices (DAP). Yet, private program teachers reported less DAP, more use of flashcards and worksheets, and more whole group time per day than teachers in the two public sectors. Some but not all differences by auspice could be explained by differences in teacher and classroom characteristics by auspice. In the context of other studies indicating little change in practice since 2010, our results suggest that increased public provision of preschool education does not lead to "academization." We identify several other issues related to curriculum and "instruction" in preschool education requiring increased attention from researchers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the impact of macroeconomic volatility on terrorism in 38 African economies spanning the period from 1980 to 2012, using available data. It examines four categories of terrorism markers: domestic, transnational, uncertain, and total, and their correlation with the volatility of four macroeconomic indicators—inflation, output growth, domestic credit to the private sector, and government expenditures. The study employs the negative binomial regression estimator on both the conditional variance structures of the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponential GARCH (EGARCH) and the unconditional measure of a 3‐year interval time varying of measuring macroeconomic variables' volatilities on other regressors. I find, first, that inflation volatility is a significant predictor of all terrorism markers, except for transnational terrorism. This implies that high inflation volatility is linked to increased domestic terrorism. Second, the role of domestic credit to the private sector in mitigating transnational terrorist activities highlights the importance of stable private sector access to credit in reducing such incidents. Third, government consumption expenditure volatility has a dual effect on terrorism: it amplifies domestic terrorism but serves as a mitigating factor for total terrorism. This indicates that stable government expenditure can reduce overall terrorism, but might increase domestic terrorism. Last, other variables—such as population, ethnicity, conflicts, surface areas, and lagged terrorism values—are also found to influence the examined terrorism measures. For robustness, I employ alternative statistical techniques, including Poisson Pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation with multiple high‐dimensional fixed effects (HDFE). In summary, this study emphasizes the critical role of addressing inflation volatility in macroeconomic policies as a primary measure to counter terrorism. Stable economic conditions, particularly in relation to inflation, can significantly contribute to reducing terrorism in African economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I argue that increasing inequality should have an impact on public opinion which balances the impact of military spending in the United States. Using the so‐called "guns versus butter trade‐off" argument, I show that, as inequality increases between those at a lower income level and those at the upper end of income, the public may view social spending as too small and military spending as too large. In response, the public should act less favorably to expenditure on the military. An empirical test of the effect of inequality on public support (since the 1980s) of military spending, in which I employ public opinion data, confirms my expectations: widening inequality engenders a negative impact on public support for defense expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a political economy model to study spatial spillover effects of remittances on local public goods with inter-regional positive externalities. Our model postulates that spillovers of remittances are asymmetric with a complex pattern that depends on the degree of externalities of public spending, the inter-regional inequality of income, and whether local public goods are complementary or substitutes. We develop several tests to be verified empirically, for instance, our model states that if local public goods are substitutes and externalities are moderate, remittances received by households in one locality increase government spending in that locality but reduce spending in other districts. If externalities are significant, remittances affect local public spending in high-income localities but do not affect spending in low-income localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the crowding in or out effect of public investment on private investment in Botswana from 1980 to 2018 using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. The findings of the study indicate that infrastructure public investment negatively affects private investment while non-infrastructure public investment has a positive impact on private investment in the short run. The study concluded that infrastructure public investment crowd out private investment while non-infrastructure public investment crowds in private investment only in the short run. The recommendation emanating from the study is that the government should spend more on non-infrastructure public investment in order to crowd in private investment, especially in the short run, and introduce more initiatives to promote the role of the private sector in growing the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical of area-based infrastructure projects evaluation (AIPE) concerns lack of appropriate tools and efficient key indicators to evaluate throughout the process. So, the projects cannot respond to the needs or necessities of the people in area according to the specified goals and sustainability. This study aims to analyse the influence factors of AIPE by a modified Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) process to gain project sustainability. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. The in-depth semi-structured interview was established at the beginning of a reliable pilot case study. The questionnaire used for data collection was mailed to representatives across Thailand. The findings showed that the influencing factors can be divided into four groups: (1) 'Plan' process which consisted of two factors that are 'implementation plan and good governance' (IPGG) and 'action plan and stakeholder cooperation' (APSC), (2) 'Do' process which involved 'budget provision and public support' (BPPS) and 'organisation administration and management tool' (OAMT), (3) 'Check' process which contained 'area participation and leader competency' (APLC), and (4) 'Act' process which included 'research development and knowledge management' (RDKM). The project developers, managers, administrators, researchers, operators, and related stakeholders can develop effective PDCA process for the successful and sustainability AIPE within boundaries specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public service works to provide frontline and vital services to meet the needs of the people of Ireland. Working on behalf of the government in a diverse range of organisations, public servants play an established role in the economic and social life of this country. The public service has grown and evolved to take advantage of opportunities, address new challenges, and meet the changing needs and expectations of the people of Ireland. Since 2011, the Department of Public Expenditure, NDP Delivery and Reform, has led a dedicated programme for reform and transformation, used its role and functions to enhance governance, build capacity and delivery effectively, working with the full range of public service bodies to build a more unified and agile public service. In 2023, the department published Better Public Services, a strategy that lays out the current framework and programme of transformation up to 2030, which is delivering tangible outcomes in improved public services, living standards and infrastructure in Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While research has explored the connection between oil prices and macroeconomic performance, there is limited understanding of the interaction between overseas energy imports dependency and macroeconomic fluctuations. This work addresses the foregoing study using the augmented mean group (AMG) econometrics technique on panel data of 29 OECD net energy‐importing countries from 2001 to 2021. The long‐run finding unearthed that energy dependency intensifies macroeconomic instability, confirming that relying on overseas energy imports will hamper the smooth functioning of domestic economic machinery in the form of energy supply interruption. Besides energy dependency, this study uses government consumption spending, regulatory quality, and globalisation as control variables in macroeconomic instability function. The long‐run outcomes further depict that government consumption spending and globalisation aggravate macroeconomic instability while regulatory quality reduces it. These findings are further checked by applying the pooled mean group‐autoregressive distributed lag (PMG‐ARDL) method. In conclusion, this study provides policy implications to prioritise domestically produced energy use and diversify energy sources by increasing the share of clean energy in the total energy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low- and-middle-income countries (LMICs), private pharmacies play a crucial role in the supply of medicines and the provision of healthcare. However, they also engage in poor practices including the improper sale of medicines and caregiving beyond their legal scope. Addressing the deficiencies of private pharmacies can increase their potential contribution towards enhancing universal health coverage. Therefore, it is important to identify the determinants of their performance. The existing literature has mostly focused on pharmacy-level factors and their regulatory environment, ignoring the market in which they operate, particularly their relationship to existing public sector provision. In this study, we fill the gap in the literature by examining the relationship between the practices of private pharmacies and resource shortages in nearby public health facilities in Odisha, India. This is possible due to three novel primary datasets with detailed information on private pharmacies and different levels of public healthcare facilities, including their geospatial coordinates. We find that when public healthcare facilities experience shortages of healthcare workers and essential medicines, private pharmacies step in to fill the gaps created by adjusting the type and amount of care provision and medicine dispensing services. Moreover, the relationship depends on their location, with public facilities and private pharmacies in rural areas performing substitutive caregiving roles, while they are complementary in urban areas. This study demonstrates how policies aimed at addressing resource shortages in public health facilities can generate dynamic responses from private pharmacies, highlighting the need for thorough scrutiny of the interaction between public healthcare facilities and private pharmacies in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The Brazilian health system provides healthcare financed by the public and private sector, being the first designed to encompass universal healthcare coverage delivered to the population without charge to patients (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS), whilst the second refers to healthcare coverage delivered for individuals with the capacity to pay for assistance through health insurance or out-of-pocket disbursements. Health insurance companies with beneficiaries receiving publicly financed healthcare from the SUS are required to provide the reimbursement of healthcare expenditures to the government, considering that the health insurance beneficiaries obtain deductions of income taxes designed to fund the SUS. Therefore, the study investigated patterns of healthcare utilization and public expenditure due to the use of public healthcare by beneficiaries of health insurance between 2003 and 2019. Methods: Datasets including annual information on healthcare utilization by beneficiaries of health insurance from the National Agency of Supplementary Health (Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar, ANS) were organized into a single database to allow for the identification of patterns of interest to inform public policies of health. The empirical strategy adopted included the estimation of regression models and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis to identify factors associated with public sector expenditure. Results: The regression results indicated lower expenditure with female patients, particularly children and adolescents under 20 years old, receiving treatment in public sector facilities linked to the federal government. The cluster analysis showed five types of health insurance beneficiaries with a higher level of healthcare utilization, being three clusters referring to medium complexity procedures with lower public expenditures, and two clusters with higher public expenditures, one cluster that refers to high complexity procedures, and one cluster referring to health insurance schemes without hospitalization. Conclusions: The findings of the study highlight the existence of patterns of healthcare utilization by health insurance beneficiaries that may compromise the sustainability of public funding within the Brazilian health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission's 2015 aging report forecasts a substantial increase in public spending on Long-Term Care (LTC) for OECD countries by 2060, posing significant fiscal challenges. This study aims to assess the efficiency and productivity of the LTC sector from 2010 to 2019 and explore whether efficiency gains can alleviate these fiscal pressures. Using a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, combined with Tobit regression, we estimate the efficiency of OECD countries and examine the role of decentralization in shaping performance outcomes. The findings reveal that, on average, countries operate at 94% efficiency, with modest productivity growth. However, technical inefficiencies persist, especially in unitary countries, while federal countries, though initially less efficient, show greater improvements over time. Despite these gains, the current efficiency levels are insufficient to counterbalance the projected increase in LTC demand. Policymakers should prioritize reforms that enhance efficiency through decentralization, promoting accountability and competition as mechanisms to sustain the LTC system in the face of demographic shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate the state dependency of the government spending multiplier across the business cycle using a nonlinear two‐regime VAR model. We find little evidence that multipliers vary between expansionary and recessionary periods. This is because the state of the business cycle itself changes after government spending shocks and converges toward a similar state. This result holds true regardless of how we model the business cycle. Our analysis shows that assumptions about the economic state built into linear impulse response functions are the key driver of the state dependency reported elsewhere in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe current study aims to investigate the impact of Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue on the economic growth of the Indian economy. The study has used the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modeling by collecting the data from August, 2017 to March, 2024. The results depict that GST revenue has a positive impact on the economic growth of the Indian economy in both short and long run. Similarly, the results assert that foreign direct investment and government expenditure also exert a positive impact on the economic growth in India. Conversely, the results affirm that gross fiscal deficit and inflation have adverse impact on the Indian economy. The findings assert that the policymakers should devise policies to curb the inflation and fiscal deficit to attain long run economic growth for the Indian economy. Similarly, proper consideration should be given to boost the GST revenue and FDI inflow in the Indian economy. The findings have major implications for the policymakers, GST council and government to boost the economic growth and GST revenue of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific article is dedicated to highlighting the foreign experience of providing public services by notaries in the field of state registration of real property rights in the following countries: Bulgaria, Belarus, Russia, Poland, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, USA, Australia, etc. As a result of the study of world experience, it was concluded that in order to effectively protect the rights to real estate of both private owners and the state, it is necessary to create a single registration system that will guarantee the reliability and transparency of the civil turnover of real estate. Ways of implementing foreign experience have been determined in order to improve the activities of the subjects of the public administration of Ukraine regarding the provision of public services by notaries in the field of state registration of property rights to immovable property. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Anglo-American system of registration of deeds regarding real estate objects consists in making an entry in the register at the free choice of the participants of the deed. It would be more appropriate to call this system a document accounting system, since registration is a technical operation. According to Anglo-American rules, the owner is the last bona fide purchaser of real estate. The transfer of ownership occurs as a result of the conclusion of the deed and possession of the object by the transferee. In the USA, the buyer must restore the entire chain of previous documents for the purchase of real estate. The deed can be declared invalid if the persons included or not included in the chain of transactions can assert rights to the real estate object. The lack of legal means is compensated by lawyers and insurance companies that specialize in checking the seller’s rights. Currently, the property loss insurance system is actively developing in the United States of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of remittances on poverty and economic growth in Jordan from 1970 to 2022. The study makes use of the augmented autoregressive distributed lag (AARDL) cointegration method to investigate the relationships between remittances, poverty, and economic growth. The study also incorporates control variables including foreign direct investment, inflation, interest rates, government expenditures, and the composite trade index to take into consideration their potential impact on the outcomes. The findings support remittances' role as an economic development accelerator by demonstrating their strong positive impact on Jordan's economic growth. Remittances have a detrimental impact on poverty as well, suggesting a potential role for them in efforts to eradicate it. The research also confirms the anticipated impacts of the control variables, indicating that while inflation, interest rates, and the composite trade index have favourable effects on poverty, government expenditures and foreign direct investment have negative consequences. The policymakers and stakeholders in Jordan will need to consider the implications of these findings carefully. Policymakers can create measures to draw in and successfully channel remittance flows by recognising the beneficial effects of remittances on economic growth and poverty alleviation. The findings also highlight how important it is to encourage foreign direct investment, control inflation and interest rates, and facilitate trade diversification in order to boost economic growth and lower poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of government planning and accounting is a fundamental tool for achieving sustainable social development by improving resource utilization, enhancing transparency and accountability, and ensuring the effective attainment of social goals. Strategic planning involves setting social objectives and analyzing needs, while government accounting focuses on monitoring and recording public expenditures and evaluating economic feasibility. This integration enables effective budget allocation based on social goals and the preparation of regular reports on resource use. The research methodology involves collecting data from various sources, analyzing it using statistical and qualitative tools, and making comparisons with leading countries such as Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. Findings indicate that integration contributes significantly to directing resources towards specified social goals, enhancing transparency and accountability, and ensuring tangible progress in areas such as public health, education, and poverty reduction. Utilizing technology, including information systems, data analytics, and artificial intelligence, enhances the effectiveness of planning and accounting. The experiences of leading countries provide models that can be leveraged to achieve sustainable social development and improve social conditions for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) is the property of Revista Fatec Zona Sul (REFAS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Mexico, approximately 55% of the working population is employed informally, contributing 24.4% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2022. This study analyzed the impact of wages, taxes, government spending, and unemployment on the informal economy of Mexico from 1980 to 2022, as well as its relationship with the tertiary sector's contribution to the GDP. The methodology of the study was structural equation modeling. The findings of this study revealed that an increase in taxes, the unemployment rate, and the minimum wage in Mexico tends to be accompanied by a rise in informal employment. Finally, a unitary change in the latent variable informality affected the growth of the tertiary sector's contribution to the GDP by 0.37 units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the first-generation expenditure rules was to ensure fiscal discipline: preserving a sound fiscal framework and public debt sustainability. Regarding this goal, analytically as well as empirically, limiting the share of public expenditure in GDP would be more appropriate in case of weak potential economic growth or if the public expenditure-to-GDP ratio is high. On the contrary, limiting the variation of public expenditure would be more appropriate for countries with high potential economic growth or with a weak public expenditure-to-GDP ratio. The second goal of expenditure rules is to contribute to sustaining economic activity. Regarding this goal, limiting the level of public expenditure appears as more favorable than limiting the variation of public expenditure. Indeed, a rule in terms of variation could hamper economic growth, especially for countries with a high public expenditure-to-GDP ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our analysis aims to capture the evolutions recorded by public expenditures in the reference interval, in order to formulate pertinent conclusions regarding the size of the state's financial effort and its distribution by objectives, actions and beneficiaries. We will develop the study on two levels, respectively using indicators expressed in nominal terms (current prices) and in real expression (constant prices) in order to eliminate the influences of the inflationary factor and faithfully reproduce the trends followed by these budgetary indicators.

The efficient allocation of public financial resources to energy consumption in Portuguese municipalities is one of the most discussed topics in public finance, given the growing relevance of sustainability and energy efficiency. The study analyzes how public spending affects energy efficiency through a combination of data analysis and hypotheses testing to assess the relationship between public spending and energy consumption. The methodology includes DEA analysis of the financial data and energy consumption of the municipalities, as well as the definition of hypotheses to determine the possible correlations between investment and efficiency. The results suggest that, in general, municipalities with higher levels of public spending have lower levels of energy efficiency. Meanwhile, municipalities with smaller budgets and fewer resources tend to be more efficient. The DEA analysis of the data suggests that energy efficiency is not directly related to the size and/or economic aptitude of municipalities but rather to their ability to adopt new technologies and more efficient budgetary and financial management practices. The hypotheses tested show varying levels of efficiency in public spending in relation to energy consumption. The study also concludes that public policies should focus on technological innovation and benchmarking to improve energy efficiency. The analysis suggests that collaboration between municipalities and the adoption of best practices are essential to tackle regional disparities and promote energy sustainability. AcknowledgmentsThis article is financed by Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa [Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon].

Background: After the establishment of the public health emergency of international concern in 2020, health systems worldwide and in Brazil observed the need to apply more extraordinary logistical efforts and possibly resources to combat the imminent pandemic. Methods: Using the historical series of public expenditures of the National Health Fund (FNS), 2015 to 2021, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19, and a seasonal ARIMAX model, we sought to assess how the increase in the new virus infections affected the systematic financing of the SUS in Brazil. Results: There were signs of seasonality and an increasing trend in the expenditure variable, which in practical terms, only indicated that the resource contributions followed an increasing trajectory already underway before the advent of the pandemic. The 1% increase in COVID-19 cases, with a one-month lag, contributes to the 0.062% increase in the variation in FNS expenditures but a decrease of 0.058% with a two-month lag. Conclusion: The tests showed no evidence to confirm a positive shift on FNS spending growth trajectory due to the increase of COVID-19 cases, only observing a significant increase one month after the occurrence of COVID cases, probably due to their worsening after this period, which was followed by a similar and comparable decrease in percentage of growth in the following month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pharmaceutical spending accounts for a significant portion of public healthcare budgets. To manage these costs, EU countries implement various cost-containment policies, including competitive tendering for pharmaceuticals. This study examines the impact of EU public procurement regulations on medication procurement practices. Methods: A search for all published tenders of adalimumab in Spain from 2018 to 2024 in the Spanish Public Sector Procurement Database, a period that coincides with the implementation of European legislation and the emergence of adalimumab biosimilars. All available documentation for each tender was reviewed, including the tender offer, technical specifications, specific administrative clauses, appointments of evaluation commissions, supporting memorandum, and evaluation reports. Results and Discussion: Our findings reveal substantial price reductions following the introduction of adalimumab biosimilars, yet highlight significant variability in tender criteria and practices across different regions. Despite adherence to EU directives, the inconsistent application of economic and non-economic factors and an erratic criteria concerning price undermine the intended balance of quality and cost, complicating procurement processes and potentially affecting the availability of a given treatment for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the Survey of Adult Skills from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and the OECD database, this study investigates the role of gender inequality and public social spending in the gender gap in Not in Employment, Education, or Training (NEET) risk across various age cohorts. The research identifies a concentration of female NEETs aged 25 to 34 in nations with more pronounced gender employment gaps, whereas such disparities were not evident among the 15 to 24 age groups. In exploring the role of public social spending as a mitigating factor for the gender-based NEET rate gap, the study underscores that investments in education, labor market activation, and early childhood education serve as key factors in reducing gender discrepancies in the likelihood of NEET status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the considerable investments in Chinese public sector innovation in China and its social impact, there is insufficient information on how asymmetries in macroeconomic factors and business cycles affect public sector innovation. Based on provincial data from thirty regions (2000–2016), the study proposes a dynamic model to capture the asymmetrical impact of macroeconomic factors on local government innovation. The innovation-based predictive model indicated that a positive shock to macro-economic factors (i.e., gross domestic product, government administration expenditures, provincial degree of openness in economies, provincial degree of openness in society, higher education research and development expenditures, local revenue, and local expenditure) upsurge government innovation. In contrast, a negative shock to these factors disrupts local government innovation. Third, the model indicated a pro-cyclical relationship between positive and negative shocks to government administration expenditures and provincial government innovation during the boom and recession periods. The study offers an essential policy tool and some important implications for local government officials, future researchers, and policymakers to understand how cyclic and asymmetric behavior in local government innovation shapes the innovation efficiency of the public sector in China. Subject Classification Codes : O30, O31, O32, 01, O38, O36, O35, O38, P25, Q01, H72. Plain language summary: The study proposes a dynamic framework to capture the asymmetrical impact of macroeconomic factors on local government innovation. Provincial data (2000–2016) from thirty regions of China were analyzed using a non-linear Auto Regressive Distributed Lag panel-based model. The results indicated that a positive shock to macro-economic factors (i.e., gross domestic product, government administration expenditures, provincial degree of openness in economies, provincial degree of openness in society, higher education research and development expenditures, local revenue, and local expenditure) had upsurged government innovation, even though a negative shock had disrupted local government innovation. A pro-cyclical relationship was observed between positive and negative shocks to government administration expenditures and provincial government innovation during the boom and recession periods respectively. The study offers an essential policy tool and some important implications for local government officials, future researchers, and policymakers to understand how cyclic and asymmetric behavior in local government innovation shapes the innovation efficiency of the public sector in China. Of some limitations that offer future research avenues, this study only explored the connection between selected macroeconomic factors for China. Comparative or single-country studies may be conducted for local governments in other emerging economies, including African nations, Asian countries, European states, OECD nations, G7 countries, and BRICS states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policymakers and tax authorities in developing countries face challenges in comprehending the determinants of tax-compliance behavior. This study employs empirical investigation to explore the factors that influence taxpayers' voluntary and enforced tax compliance behaviors. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire distributed to 400 taxpayers using simple random sampling and analyzed using an ordered logit model. The results validate the assumptions of the slippery slope framework, showing that trust significantly impacts voluntary tax compliance and that a strong tax authority's power contributes to more enforced tax compliance in Ethiopia. Additionally, the interaction between trust and power has a more significant effect on enforced tax compliance. This study also emphasizes the importance of improving trust in increasing tax compliance. Moreover, factors such as equity, fairness, tax knowledge, effective tax usage, and taxpayer morale contribute to tax compliance. By identifying factors that contribute to tax compliance, the findings of this research provide valuable insights for tax authorities in Ethiopia and other developing countries in devising strategies to combat tax evasion. This includes implementing a fair tax regime, enhancing the perceived value of public services financed by tax payments, increasing tax knowledge activities to help people understand the importance of paying taxes, and fortifying frameworks to minimize extravagant spending for maintaining public trust and ensuring effective and efficient use of taxpayers' money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is considered a key element in the formation of human capital, associated with the sustainable development of a country's economic growth. The study has investigated the relationship between education and Pakistan's economic growth in the short as well as long run. For measurement, thirty years of data spanning from 1987 to 2016 was used in the study. The data was retrieved from World Development Indicators (WDI) and the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS). Economic growth was measured from real GDP while education was measured by total years of formal education and government expenditures for education. Pesaran bounds test approach and ARDL model for long and short-run co-integration were applied. The results deduced from the study described that by increasing the labor force education, the real GDP increases with the existence of significant and positive co-integration and confirmed the long-term relationship. It is observed that by increasing the 1% of labor force education, there is a 0.62% increase in real GDP (economic growth) in long run. On the other hand, the results also described the significant and negative co-integration relation between government education expenditures and economic growth (real GDP) in long run. The appearance of this negative relation in results is probably due to the unavailability of total educational expenditures as in this study the education of the labor force increases with decreasing trends in government educational expenditures. This study may be helpful for policymakers in educational policy formulation to enhance the government educational expenditure for improving the education standard of the labor force to boost Pakistan's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective fiscal control and monitoring of public management are critical for preventing and mitigating corruption, which in turn, enhances government performance and benefits citizens. Given the vast amounts of data involved in government operations, applying advanced data analysis methods is essential for strengthening fiscal oversight. This paper explores data management strategies aimed at enhancing fiscal control, beginning with a bibliometric study to underscore the relevance of this research. The study reviews existing data capture techniques that facilitate fiscal oversight, addresses the challenges of data storage in terms of its nature and the potential for contributing to this goal, and discusses data processing methods that yield actionable insights for analysis and decision-making. Additionally, the paper deals with data interoperability, emphasizing the importance of these practices in ensuring accurate and reliable analysis, especially given the diversity and volume of data within government operations. Data visualization is highlighted as a crucial component, enabling the detection of anomalies and promoting informed decision-making through clear and effective visual representations. The research concludes with a case study on the modernization of fiscal control in Colombia, focusing on the identification of user requirements for various data-related processes. This study provides valuable insights for modern audit and fiscal control entities, emphasizing that data capture, storage, processing, interoperability, and visualization are integral to the effective supervision of public expenditure. By ensuring that public funds are managed with transparency, accountability, and efficiency, the research advances the literature by addressing both the technological aspects of data management and the essential process improvements and human factors required for successful implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, political turmoil, and economic instability worldwide suggest that managing migration surges will be a permanent challenge for many economies. In response to the record arrival of unaccompanied migrant children at the southern border, the Biden administration used surge facilities to expedite the processing of children. We assess the effectiveness of this strategy and document reductions in the time children spent under government custody. A counterfactual analysis reveals that, in their absence, the average time to reunification would have risen from 37 to 50 days. Migration surges involving unaccompanied children underscore the urgency of identifying efficient and humanitarian strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines effects of financial development, economic growth, government expenditures, urbanization, and trade openness on income inequality in the leading emerging economies of the G-20 (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkiye) for the period from 1989 to 2021. The findings confirm the existence of a cointegration nexus among the variables over the long-term. According to the common correlated effects mean group estimator, financial development has negative effects on income inequality in the panel. Factors such as government expenditures and trade openness demonstrate positive effects on income inequality. In the country-specific effects, we find that the impact of financial development on income inequality is negative and statistically significant in Argentina, India, and Russia. The influence of economic growth on income inequality is positive and significant in Indonesia, Mexico, and Turkiye. Government expenditures on income inequality appear to be positive in Argentina, Indonesia, and Mexico. Finally, trade openness demonstrates a positive and significant effect in India, Indonesia, Mexico, and Turkiye. Among the reasons for the differences in test results across countries are variations in their political structures, particularly the high inflation and macroeconomic instability in Turkey, the presence of the informal economy and corruption in Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey, and China, as well as regional inequalities. In this context, based on the overall panel test results, it is recommended that policymakers increase financial inclusion, reduce regional disparities, reduce corruption, increase social assistance, and balanced trade policy to enhance the impact of financial development on income distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examined the impact of Sustainable Tax Revenue and Expenditure on the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in African countries using secondary data. The dataset was extracted from the World Development Indicators database. The large gap between developed and developing countries when comparing the probability of them achieving the SDGs was the main motivation behind this study. Data retrieved from 45 countries comprised of both African and developed countries for the period 2010–2020 was analyzed using the Generalized Method of Moments technique. The results revealed that the coefficients of grants received, various forms of taxes, and other revenue have a positive effect on economic growth but a negative effect on poverty and unemployment for African and developed countries. This finding suggests that improvements in tax revenue generation, grants and other revenue accumulation across different sources boost economic performance and the welfare of individuals in the analyzed countries. The outcome is an indication that accumulating more grants from different sources will help to achieve sustainable development, improve financial stability, contributes to the economic growth and development in these countries. This study can guide policymakers, governments, international institutions, revenue bodies such as SARS and other stakeholders in their various planning and other decision-making endeavors. Governments and other policymakers must ensure the efficient generation and sustainable utilization of revenue generated from taxes and other revenues to spur the growth and development of their countries. They should have Growth-Sustainability-Oriented Fiscal Adjustment Programs and Sustainable Government Expenditure that can help push and redirect governments to achieve the SDGs in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Gestão & Tecnologia is the property of Revista Gestao & Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In the 21st century's digital age, health organizations face challenges from reduced public healthcare spending, creating a competitive market that impacts healthcare management. The struggle is hardest for small organizations, such as private clinics. Competing under unfavorable conditions, these small businesses must run as independent, profitable units in a government-regulated market where they are subject to numerous restrictions yet receive no financial support. In a world of increasing dependence on digital technologies, these small businesses must adopt competitive business models and be adaptive and flexible in embracing change. Methods: This qualitative study is based on a thematic qualitative analysis of 20 in-depth, 45-minute-long interviews with dentists and owners of private dental clinics in various specialties. The study employs the strategic change model to examine how dentists who run private dental clinics implement new strategies and technologies to adjust to changes and create a competitive edge. Results: Six main categories emerged from the analysis of the interviews: changes in the organization's environment; instituting and assimilating changes; obstacles in embracing change; added value obtained from embracing the change; quality of care and service; and cost-benefit considerations. The categories were map and evaluated in light of the strategic change model. The analysis indicated that digital strategies have been only partially adopted, suggesting an absence of a cohesive, long-term strategic vision for the organizations. Conclusions: The study explored the actions, perceptions, and challenges of adapting to a competitive digital market in dental private clinics. Based on these insights, recommendations have been provided for global change management, aiming for a sustainable and stable healthcare system that benefits the broader community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the impact of fiscal autonomy (FAP) on public expenditure performance across 18 Indian states from 2010–11 to 2019–20. We develop a measure of public expenditure performance using social indicators. We also measure FAP using revenue‐expenditure ratio. Based on system generalized method of moments, the empirical result confirms that a higher FAP given to Indian states is associated with greater fiscal performance. Further, the robustness check reveals that central transfer insignificantly affects the expenditure performance of Indian states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the factors affecting economic growth with an emphasis on the role of local governments and income inequality in the provinces of Iran during the years 1385 to 1400. In this regard, a dynamic panel data econometric model was specified to investigate the effect of the province's capital stock, the province's revenues from taxes and intergovernmental grants, government expenditures, and income inequality on the province's economic growth. The results of the estimation model indicate that the province's income from taxes and grants has a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of the provinces, and the income inequality in the provinces has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth. The research results are important from the policy point of view for several reasons. Firstly, government expenditures and provincial taxes, which are a reflection of fiscal policies, affect regional economic growth, whereby fiscal independence of provinces and the strategies of local governments in fiscal affairs can have a positive effect on improving the allocation of resources and regional economic growth. Secondly, income inequality, which reflects the performance of the government's distribution policies, affects the economic growth of the provinces, thus, reducing the inequalities in different areas will help to accelerate the regional economic growth and, as a result, national growth. Thirdly, considering a mechanism to allocate a part of natural resource revenues to provinces through the channels of income and allocation effects has a positive effect on the local economic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to analyze the relative efficacy of monetary and fiscal policies in fostering economic growth in Bangladesh concerning predictability, speed, and magnitude. Moreover, it aims to find the relationship between the economic boom of Bangladesh and two measures of macroeconomic management i.e., monetary and fiscal policy. The ARDL model and bound test are applied to examine the long-term link between monetary policy, fiscal policy, and economic growth. Data is obtained from the World Development Indicator (WDI) for Bangladesh for the period 1974 to 2022. Several diagnostics tests like CUSUM and CUSUMQ are used to identify both the strengths and weaknesses of the models. The findings demonstrated a long-term correlation between the two policies and economic growth. According to the calculated short-run coefficients, the short-term effect of fiscal policy is mentionable but the effect of monetary policy is negligible in the short term. But over time, the immediate effects become noteworthy. The long-term outcomes indicated that both fiscal and monetary policies have a favorable and substantial long-term impact on economic growth. The result shows fiscal policy is more effective compared to monetary policy for making Bangladesh, a role model of Bangladesh. Furthermore, all the diagnostics tests showed the stability of the estimated ARDL model. Expansionary fiscal and monetary policies lead to higher government spending and an increase in the money supply, which raises GDP levels. Conversely, if government spending and the money supply decline (contractionary fiscal and monetary policies), the GDP level falls. As a result, this study suggests using expansionary policies to boost Bangladesh's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)