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In order to realize low-carbon and high-quality development, this study took the carbon emissions of each district and county in the Chengdu–Chongqing region from 2005 to 2017 as the research object and used the spatial autocorrelation model to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of carbon emissions in the counties of the Chengdu–Chongqing region, so as to fill in the research blank of carbon emissions in the counties of the Chengdu–Chongqing region. Then, the geographical detector model is used to explore the interaction among influencing factors of carbon emissions and reveal the time changes and regional differences of influencing factors, so as to improve the lack of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of influencing factors of carbon emissions by geographical detector. The results show the following: (i) The overall carbon emissions of counties show a year-on-year growth trend with the main urban areas of Chengdu and Chongqing as the core, but the growth rate slows down after 2010. (ii) The carbon emissions showed a significant positive spatial autocorrelation, and the neighboring counties showed a spatial clustering characteristic of "high-high" or "low-low", and the clustering status tended to be enhanced. (iii) The carbon emissions are strongly influenced by industrial structure, economic development, investment level, financial situation, urbanization rate and social consumption, and their interactions are all enhanced, but the influence mostly tends to rise first and then fall. (iv) County carbon emissions can be divided into four types of geographical types, such as population size influencing type, urbanization rate influencing type, economic development influencing type and industrial structure influencing type. Therefore, a variety of factors need to be considered comprehensively, a multi-pronged approach, and a comprehensive policy to realize low-carbon transformation in the Chengdu–Chongqing region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using PKIKP and PKiKP travel times and amplitude ratios, we examine the velocity and attenuation anisotropy structures in the uppermost 100 km of the inner core beneath the central Pacific region. Our results indicate a clear change from approximately 180°E to 190°E longitude. Below the western Pacific, velocity anisotropy is weak and attenuation is high (Qp ~200), whereas below the eastern Pacific, velocity anisotropy is strong (3.3%) and attenuation is low (Qp ranges from 400 to 150). Furthermore, the velocity and attenuation anisotropies are correlated with each other. Our results indicate that the growth of the inner core may be coupled with core mantle boundary thermal heterogeneities. The heterogeneities may affect directional heat flow or deformational processes in the uppermost inner core, cause different iron crystal alignments, and result in lateral variations in anisotropy structures. Plain Language Summary: The inner core solidified from the liquid outer core, so the structure at the top inner core is closely linked to its formation process. In this study, based on seismic data availability, we choose the uppermost 100 km of the inner core beneath the Pacific region and investigate in detail its velocity and attenuation differences in different directions, or anisotropy structures. Our results not only depict a transition boundary between the eastern and western Pacific but also show different anisotropy characteristics of these two regions, in which the western/eastern Pacific region shows weak/strong anisotropy in both velocity and attenuation. Moreover, the velocity and attenuation anisotropies are correlated. These results indicate that the inner core growth may be coupled with the core mantle boundary heterogeneity, which may cause different texture alignment through different deformation or heat flow, and result in different physical properties in the inner core. Key Points: Both velocity and attenuation anisotropy in the uppermost 100 km of the inner core beneath the central Pacific are investigatedWe find clear variations in both velocity and attenuation anisotropy structures, and there exist good correlation between themThe inner core growth may be coupled with core‐mantle boundary heterogeneity and different deformation processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN), is an important destructive disease of pine forests worldwide. In addition to behaving as a plant-parasitic nematode that feeds on epithelial cells of pines, this pest relies on fungal associates for completing its life cycle inside pine trees. Manipulating microbial symbionts to block pest transmission has exhibited an exciting prospect in recent years; however, transforming the fungal mutualists to toxin delivery agents for suppressing PWN growth has received little attention. Results: In the present study, a nematicidal gene cry5Ba3 , originally from a soil Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain, was codon-preferred as cry5Ba3Φ and integrated into the genome of a fungus eaten by PWN, Botrytis cinerea , using Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation. Supplementing wild-type B. cinerea extract with that from the cry5Ba3Φ transformant significantly suppressed PWN growth; moreover, the nematodes lost fitness significantly when feeding on the mycelia of the cry5Ba3Φ transformant. N-terminal deletion of Cry5Ba3Φ protein weakened the nematicidal activity more dramatically than did the C-terminal deletion, indicating that domain I (endotoxin-N) plays a more important role in its nematicidal function than domain III (endotoxin-C), which is similar to certain insecticidal Cry proteins. Conclusions: Transformation of Bt nematicidal cry genes in fungi can alter the fungivorous performance of B. xylophilus and reduce nematode fitness. This finding provides a new prospect of developing strategies for breaking the life cycle of this pest in pines and controlling pine wilt disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]