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This paper presents a radiopropagation algorithm based on a Ray Tracing (RT) technique that combines a modified multipath model for constant refractivity gradient profiles and the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). A novel formulation is proposed by the authors for calculation and ground-reflection analysis of ray paths depending on atmospheric refractivity. The algorithm introduced herein was evaluated in a mixed scenario and in two more realistic case studies, under conditions of constant refractivity gradient and lossy terrain profiles. Pathloss results are obtained and compared with Parabolic Equation (PE) numerical solution results at 2.0 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.4 GHz. In such conditions, the modified radiopropagation multipath algorithm with atmospheric refractivity introduced herein showed satisfactory results.

Interest in higher education institutions (HEIs) as instruments for development has increased in recent years. The main objective of this paper is to address the contribution of HEIs to development through their missions, models, and challenges. With this purpose, we perform a historical analysis and characterise higher-education systems through the perspective of university models and missions, noticing relevant aspects regarding the evolution of this institution over time, as well as the transformations undergone. We also consider the main challenges that current higher education systems face in the 21st century. As methodological approaches, we carry out a literature review complemented by a comparative analysis based on data from the higher education systems of ten European countries. The findings show that HEIs can contribute to development through their missions, which are related to the models of higher education. Their first mission (teaching) contributes to improving human capital and attracting highly qualified people to their regions; the second mission (research) improves scientific knowledge which can foster innovative activities; and the third mission (community service) acts as a link between research and business, including patents, business incubators, and collaboration agreements. We also conclude that the challenges of higher education in the 21st century can be categorised essentially in three main areas: (1) globalisation and massification of higher education, as well as the internationalisation of HEIs’ missions and diversification of the educational supply to attract new students; (2) new technologies related to the digitalisation of teaching and distance learning; and (3) higher education entrepreneurship, showing the importance of university-company relationships. This paper provides a global setting for a reflection on the role of HEIs in the 21st century, given their connection with society and the need for a more effective contribution to socio-economic development.

Background: We aimed to examine whether using a high fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) in the context of an individualised intra- and postoperative open-lung ventilation approach could decrease surgical site infection (SSI) in patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. Methods: We performed a multicentre, randomised controlled clinical trial in a network of 21 university hospitals from June 6, 2017 to July 19, 2018. Patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive a high (0.80) or conventional (0.3) FIO2 during the intraoperative period and during the first 3 postoperative hours. All patients were mechanically ventilated with an open-lung strategy, which included recruitment manoeuvres and individualised positive end-expiratory pressure for the best respiratory-system compliance, and individualised continuous postoperative airway pressure for adequate peripheral oxyhaemoglobin saturation. The primary outcome was the prevalence of SSI within the first 7 postoperative days. The secondary outcomes were composites of systemic complications, length of intensive care and hospital stay, and 6-month mortality. Results: We enrolled 740 subjects: 371 in the high FIO2 group and 369 in the low FIO2 group. Data from 717 subjects were available for final analysis. The rate of SSI during the first postoperative week did not differ between high (8.9%) and low (9.4%) FIO2 groups (relative risk [RR]: 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-1.50; P=0.90]). Secondary outcomes, such as atelectasis (7.7% vs 9.8%; RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.48-1.25; P=0.38) and myocardial ischaemia (0.6% [n=2] vs 0% [n=0]; P=0.47) did not differ between groups. Conclusions: An oxygenation strategy using high FIO2 compared with conventional FIO2 did not reduce postoperative SSIs in abdominal surgery. No differences in secondary outcomes or adverse events were found.

[EN] Since the early 1990s, grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have posed threats for viticulture. Esca complex, Eutypa- and Botryosphaeria-diebacks, mostly detected in adult vineyards, are currently responsible for considerable economic losses in the main vine-growing areas of the world. Other GTDs, such as Petri- (Esca complex) and Black-foot diseases, are emerging problems in grapevine nurseries (resulting in grafting failures and/or loss of saleable plants) and in young vineyards. The impacts of GTDs in modern viticulture depend on several factors, some related to their complexity, and others linked to host plant characteristics, changes in vineyard management and to the scarcity of simple tools for their control. For these reasons control of GTDs remains difficult, also depending on knowledge transfer from research to field and vice versa. This paper outlines the main preventive and curative techniques currently applied, scientifically tested or not that have resulted from the outcomes of "Winetwork", a European Union funded project with special emphasis on the promising and innovative approaches.

Oceanic islands’ natural ecosystems worldwide are severely threatened by invasive species. Herewe discuss the recent finding of three exotic drosophilids in Madeira archipelago - Acletoxenus formosus(Loew, 1864), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) and Zaprionus indianus (Gupta, 1970). Drosophilasuzukii and Z. indianus are invasive species responsible for severe economic losses in fruit productionworldwide and became the dominant drosophilids in several invaded areas menacing native species.We found that these exotic species are relatively widespread in Madeira but, at present, seem to berestricted to human disturbed environments. Finally, we stress the need to define a monitoring program inthe short-term to determine population spread and environmental damages inflicted by the two invasivedrosophilids, in order to implement a sustainable and effective control management strategy

Black foot disease, which is primarily caused by Dactylonectria species, affects young and mature grapevines, causing loss of productivity and reduction of longevity of vineyards. Because it is a soil-borne fungus, this pathogen offers limited control possibilities. This study aimed to assess the biocontrol activity of products based on Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus subtilis, in vitro and in vivo, against D. macrodidyma. In vitro assays were carried out to evaluate inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen through volatile metabolites and paired cultures assays. An in vivo experiment evaluated the potential biocontrol of the pathogen in plants of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot, grafted on "Paulsen 1103". In the volatile metabolites assay, mean inhibition of mycelial growth in treatments using Trichoderma spp. was 59%. In the paired cultures experiment, treatment with B. subtilis (Rizolyptus®) gave 41% inhibition of the pathogen. In the in vivo assay, the best results for length of the primary shoots, total numbers of nodes and root dry weight were achieved with the B. subtilis treatments. This study demonstrates that B. subtilis has potential for biocontrol of D. macrodidyma. Key words: Vitis vinifera, black foot disease, soil-borne pathogen, biological control. Key words: Vitis vinifera, black foot disease, soil-borne pathogen, biological control.

Background In this contribution we present detailed distribution and abundance data for arthropod species identified during the BALA - Biodiversity of Arthropods from the Laurisilva of the A zores (1999-2004) and BALA2 projects (2010-2011) from 18 native forest fragments in seven of the nine Azorean islands (all excluding Graciosa and Corvo islands, which have no native forest left). New information Of the total 286 species identified, 81% were captured between 1999 and 2000, a period during which only 39% of all the samples were collected. On average, arthropod richness for each island increased by 10% during the time frame of these projects. The classes Arachnida, Chilopoda and Diplopoda represent the most remarkable cases of new island records, with more than 30% of the records being novelties. This study stresses the need to expand the approaches applied in these projects to other habitats in the Azores, and more importantly to other less surveyed taxonomic groups (e.g. Diptera and Hymenoptera). These steps are fundamental for getting a more accurate assessment of biodiversity in the archipelago. © Borges P et al.

The definition of parameters that characterize the radiation of electric and magnetic fields for antennas in the time and frequency domain on an unified representation is proposed. The formulation uses a straightforward semi-analytical formulation that can be subsequently applied on the analysis of excited antennas for an arbitrary source with temporal behavior. The effective height is a parameter for antenna analysis defined for quantities in far field region and can be used as a transfer function of the antenna. This transfer function can be described through the antenna singularities which can be obtained by singularity expansion. The Singularity Expansion Method (SEM) is capable to model an electromagnetic quantity with the singularities extracted by the current densities of an arbitrary object. This work proposes that the singularities are extracted by the Matrix Pencil method applied on the current densities. The current densities are obtained numerically through the method of the Finite Differences in the Time Domain (FDTD) for wired log-periodic antenna and, after the singularities are obtained, the formulation of the semi-analytical effective height equation is written. To validate the presented method, a formulation of the time-domain radiation pattern is presented and a corresponding frequency-domain radiation pattern is also presented using Parseval’s theorem.

Background: For a remote oceanic archipelago of up to 8 Myr age, the Azores have a comparatively low level of endemism. We present an analysis of phylogeographic patterns of endemic Azorean island arthropods aimed at testing patterns of diversification in relation to the ontogeny of the archipelago, in order to distinguish between alternative models of evolutionary dynamics on islands. We collected individuals of six species (representing Araneae, Hemiptera and Coleoptera) from 16 forest fragments from 7 islands. Using three mtDNA markers, we analysed the distribution of genetic diversity within and between islands, inferred the differentiation time-frames and investigated the inter-island migration routes and colonization patterns. Results: Each species exhibited very low levels of mtDNA divergence, both within and between islands. The two oldest islands were not strongly involved in the diffusion of genetic diversity within the archipelago. The most haplotype-rich islands varied according to species but the younger, central islands contributed the most to haplotype diversity. Colonization events both in concordance with and in contradiction to an inter-island progression rule were inferred, while a non-intuitive pattern of colonization from western to eastern islands was also inferred. Conclusions: The geological development of the Azores has followed a less tidy progression compared to classic hotspot archipelagos, and this is reflected in our findings. The study species appear to have been differentiating within the Azores for

International audience; Background: For a remote oceanic archipelago of up to 8 Myr age, the Azores have a comparatively low level of endemism. We present an analysis of phylogeographic patterns of endemic Azorean island arthropods aimed at testing patterns of diversification in relation to the ontogeny of the archipelago, in order to distinguish between alternative models of evolutionary dynamics on islands. We collected individuals of six species (representing Araneae, Hemiptera and Coleoptera) from 16 forest fragments from 7 islands. Using three mtDNA markers, we analysed the distribution of genetic diversity within and between islands, inferred the differentiation time-frames and investigated the inter-island migration routes and colonization patterns. Results: Each species exhibited very low levels of mtDNA divergence, both within and between islands. The two oldest islands were not strongly involved in the diffusion of genetic diversity within the archipelago. The most haplotype-rich islands varied according to species but the younger, central islands contributed the most to haplotype diversity. Colonization events both in concordance with and in contradiction to an inter-island progression rule were inferred, while a non-intuitive pattern of colonization from western to eastern islands was also inferred. Conclusions: The geological development of the Azores has followed a less tidy progression compared to classic hotspot archipelagos, and this is reflected in our findings. The study species appear to have been differentiating within the Azores for

A prática de ginástica rítmica em regime de alto rendimento, condiciona perturbações do comportamento alimentar bem como adaptações hormonais e metabólicas. Quando esta prática se verifica durante a infância e adolescência, tais adaptações podem interferir no estado de nutrição e desenvolvimento pubertário. Com o objectivo de estudar tais repercussões, procedeu-se à avaliação de 29 ginastas pertencentes às Selecções de Ginástica Rítmica de Portugal (n=18) e da Rússia (n=11). De entre as 14 Selecções participantes no «VIII Torneiro Internacional de Portimão 1994», a escolha destas duas Selecções deveu-se ao facto de apresentarem respectivamente as menor (21 h/sem) e maior (50 h/sem) cargas de treino. A totalidade das ginastas avaliadas apresenta indicadores do estado de nutrição (peso, somatório de pregas, índice de massa corporal de Quetelet e massa gorda) inferiores aos de referência, sendo o deficite significativamente mais acentuado para o grupo com maior carga de treinos (Selecção russa) (p, Portuguese Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 28 No 3 (1997)

Trabajo presentado en el el congreso Island Biology 2014 celebrado en Hawai del 7 al 11 de julio de 2014., Island biogeographical and ecological theories are dominated by patterns and processes related with species diversity and in particular species richness. Although we now have some understanding of the processes involved in species diversification and on the factors determining the number of species on islands, we still lack a theory that relates island geographical variables with species abundance and community assembly at both local and regional scales in insular systems. The observation that ecological systems contain a small number of very abundant species and numerous relatively rare species is often described as one of only a few universal ecological laws. In this contribution we use standardized arthropod and vascular plant datasets from the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and La Reunion to investigate the impact island characteristics in species abundance distributions (SADs). We found that in Azores a large number of communities are bimodal, comprising very rare species (i.e. with low abundances) and relatively common species. Satellite taxa, introduced species and species that are more adapted to anthropogenic land surrounding the native forest tend to be found in lower abundances. More generally for all the archipelagos, we also found that SADs change as a function of species rarity and island age. In this respect, island identity is more important than trophic group in the properties of SADs. The consistent observed differences in the shape and parameters of island SAD models demonstrate that the study of relative species abundances is potentially useful in island biogeography.

The incidence and severity of black foot has been recently increasing in nurseries and vineyards of southern Brazil. The goal of the present study was to characterize Campylocarpon isolates associated with black foot of grapevines (Vitis spp.) using multi-gene DNA analysis (internal transcribed spacers [ITS rDNA], (beta)-tubulin and histone H3) and morphological characteristics, and to test the pathogenicity of the isolates in grapevine (Vitis labrusca cv. Bordô). The three DNA regions analyzed indicated that all the isolates belonged to Campylocarpon pseudofasciculare. Their morphology was similar to descriptions published for the species. Isolates exhibited umber- to chestnut-coloured colonies and macroconidia (38.0 × 7.0 (micro)m) predominantly with three septa. All the isolates inoculated in V. labrusca cv. Bordô caused typical symptoms of black foot. This is the first report of Campylocarpon pseudofasciculare in southern Brazil.

This paper presents a comparison of three heuristic coefficients for the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD), used to characterize the radiowave scattering in typical urban scenarios. The coefficients were implemented in a propagation model based on 3D ray-tracing techniques for a Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) service. In order to evaluate each coefficient we analyze the statistical behavior of the mean and standard deviation of the absolute errors between the estimated values and the measured data of path loss in a large number of receptor points in an outdoor scenario.

Black foot is an important disease of grapevines, affecting vines in nurseries as well as in young plantations. In recent years the disease has increased in incidence and severity throughout the world. Black foot is associated with at least two Campylocarpon and 12 Ilyonectria species, most of which have only recently been described. The recognition of previously unknown species, together with published reports of variability in virulence between and within species identified as I. macrodidyma and I. liriodendri, underlined the need to compare the virulence of isolates from these complexes. A further objective of this work was to determine the cross-infection potential of isolates of these species from other hosts to grapevine. Results from this study revealed recently described species such as I. lusitanica, I. estremocensis and I. europaea to be more virulent to grapevine than the species previously accepted as the main causal agents of black foot, such as I. liriodendri and I. macrodidyma. Furthermore, these results also provided support for isolates obtained from non-grapevine hosts to be as virulent to grapevines as isolates obtained from grapevine, underlying the cross-infection potential of these pathogens.

In the central nervous system of mammals, the gene encoding diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) is exclusively expressed in glial cells. Previous studies have shown that central administration of a DBI processing product, the octadecaneuropeptide ODN, causes a marked inhibition of food consumption in rodents. Paradoxically, however, the effect of food restriction on DBI gene expression has never been investigated. Here, we show that in mice, acute fasting dramatically reduces DBI mRNA levels in the hypothalamus and the ependyma bordering the third and lateral ventricles. I.p. injection of insulin, but not of leptin, selectively stimulated DBI expression in the lateral ventricle area. These data support the notion that glial cells, through the production of endozepines, may relay peripheral signals to neurons involved in the central regulation of energy homeostasis.

Introdução: Desde idades muito jovens que se manifesta uma enorme preocupação com o peso ea imagem corporal. É objectivo do presente estudo avaliar a auto-imagem de crianças/adolescentesobesos e seus progenitores.Material e Métodos: Foram estudadas 94 crianças/adolescentes obesas acompanhadas na ConsultaExterna do H. S. João, e seus progenitores. Procedeu-se à caracterização do estado de nutriçãoavaliado por determinação do IMC da criança (CDC) e dos progenitores (OMS) e da imagem corporalda criança e progenitores, de acordo com uma escala constituída por 7 imagens de criançase adultos de ambos os sexos, compreendidas entre a magreza (F1) e a obesidade (F7). Os dadosforam analisados na globalidade da amostra e em função do sexo e grupos etários (crianças dos7-9 anos e crianças dos 10-12 anos).Resultados: Os dois grupos etários: 7-9 anos (n= 41) e dos 10-12 anos (n= 53) apresentam umamédia de idades de 8,17±0,83 e 10,64±0,52 anos, respectivamente. A totalidade das crianças/adolescentes apresenta obesidade nutricional, e identificam-se predominantemente com aimagem F6 (M=54% e F=57%), independentemente do sexo. Em ambos os sexos a maioria dascrianças/adolescentes (M=54% e F=50%) gostaria de ter uma imagem F4, considerada pela escalaaplicada como a imagem ideal. Regista-se, no entanto, para ambos os sexos, uma tendência paraa identificação com imagens relacionadas com a magreza F1+F2+F3 (F=39% e M=36%).Conclusões: Uma proporção elevada de crianças/adolescentes obesos identifica-se com a sua própriaimagem corporal. A avaliação da imagem corporal ocupa um lugar importante na avaliaçãoda obesidade pediátrica, permitindo estratégias de intervenção mais realistas e eficazes. Introdution: Body image and weight are a major source of concerne since early ages. The aim of thisstudy is to evaluate self-image among obese children and their parents.Patients and Methods: We evaluate 94 obese children/adolescents (M=48; F=46) and their parents,followed at the Nutrition Outpatient Pediatric Clinic. Study protocol included nutritional status andbody image (BMI: Frisancho) and their parents (BMI: WHO). The body image of children/adolescentsand parents was evaluated through a scale consisting of seven pictures of both sexes, varying betweenthinness (F1) and obesity (F7), considering the ideal image as F4. Data were analised for the totalsample and taking into account sex and age groups (7-9 years old and 10-12 years old).Results: The two groups 7-9 years (n= 41) and 10-12 years (n=53) have a mean age of 8.17±0.83and 10.64±0.52 respectively. All children/adolescents present nutritional obesity and identify themselves predominantly with the F6 picture (M=54% and F=57%). The majority of boys and girls (M=54%and F=50%) would like to have a ideal image F4. However, an important proportion of females(39%) and males (36%) would like to be thiner (F1+ F2 + F3).Conclusions: There is an adequate perception of image and recognition of the obesity by mostchildren and adolescents. The body image perception has an important place in the evaluation andintervention in pediatric obesity.

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A doença de Kala-azar é uma patologia actualmente rara que regista, na ausência de tratamento adequado, uma elevada taxa de mortalidade. Apresenta-se um caso clínico de doença de Kala-azar numa lactente de 10 meses com a tríade clínica clássica de febre, palidez e esplenomegalia. A propósito deste caso, os autores reforçam a importância do diagnóstico de suspeição, apresentam as opções terapêuticas disponíveis e abordam aspectos epidemiológicos da doença. ABSTRACT Kala-azar is nowadays an uncommon disease that presents a high mortality rate in the absence of adequate treatment. The authors present the case of a ten months infant with the common clinical fi ndings of fever, pallor and splenomegaly. The importance of the diagnosis suspicion is reinforced and the treatment choices and epidemiologic aspects of the disease are discussed.

In an attempt to determine the aetiology of young vine decline in Portugal a study was carried out in rootstock nurseries and in young vineyards during the last few years. Rootstock nurseries located in the most important production areas of Portugal (Ribatejo-Oeste and Beira Litoral) were surveyed. The fungi most frequently isolated from discoloured wood at the base of the stem were Cylindrocarpon destructans and Phaeoacremonium spp., although Acremonium sp., Phomopsis sp., Fusarium spp., Fusicoccum sp., Gliocladium sp., Phoma sp. and Sphaeropsis sp. were also present. Young vines (2- to 8-year-old) showing decline symptoms were collected from various vinegrowing regions of Portugal. Disease incidence was variable but decline symptoms were present in several wine and table grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks (99R, 110R, 1103P, 101-14, 140Ru, 5BB and 161-49). Isolations from symptomatic internal tissues revealed that also C. destructans and P. chlamydosporum were the predominant fungi isolated from the basal end of the rootstocks and grafting tissues. In the pathogenicity tests carried out with C. destructans isolates the pathogen was reisolated from inoculated plants showing black-foot symptoms but never from the controls. Our results point out that both C. destructans and P. chlamydosporum might be involved with young grapevine decline in Portugal.

Black foot disease is a serious disease of grapevine crops in most areas where vines are grown. Mainly two species of Cylindrocarpon, C. destructans and C. macrodidymum, are associated with this disease. Recent studies have revealed a tremendous molecular variation within the former but only slight molecular variation within the latter, indicating that C. destructans presents a complex of several species The present study elucidates the taxonomic status of C. destructans-like isolates associated with black foot disease of grapevines. Grapevine isolates were studied morphologically, subjected to DNA analyses of their ITS and partial P-tubulin genes, and were mated in all combinations in vitro. Cylindrocarpon destructans strains isolated from grapevines in Europe and South Africa appeared morphologically and genetically identical, and had identical ITS and partial beta-tubulin gene sequences. Phylogenetic analyses placed these strains in a clade closely related but clearly distinct from other clades with C. destructans-like anamorphs obtained from various herbaceous or woody hosts. Only the ex-type strain of Cylindrocarpon liriodendri had identical sequences to strains isolated from grapevines, and could also not be distinguished by morphological characters. The grapevine isolates are therefore reidentified here as Cylindrocarpon liriodendri. Cylindrocarpn liriodendri formed perithecia in heterothallic conditions and the holomorph of this species is described as Neonectria liriodendri sp. nov. Neonectria liriodendri is genetically distinct from the ex-type strain of Neonectria radicicola, which originated from Cyclamen in Sweden. Both ex-type strains also differ from at least two other clades comprising additional C. destructans-like strains. Many of these strains originated from Panax sp., which is the host of the type of C. destructans. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that C. destructans is not the anamorph of N. radicicola and that N. liriodendri, N. radicicola and several C. destructans-like taxa may have evolved independently within the same phylogenetic species complex.

Submitted by José Pereira (jro.pereira@gmail.com) on 2011-05-31T03:54:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Niveis de actividade.pdf: 72189 bytes, checksum: 7eba5484f6c9f41a927bdd8d9859a57b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-31T03:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Niveis de actividade.pdf: 72189 bytes, checksum: 7eba5484f6c9f41a927bdd8d9859a57b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004