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Abstrak Perbedaan bank syariah dengan bank konvensional adalah terletak pada landasan operasi yang digunakan. bank konvensional beroperasi berlandaskan bunga, bank syariah beroperasi berlandaskan sistem bagi hasil. Inilah yang mendasari perbedaan tersebut. Bank syariah memiliki dua aktivitas transaksi, yaitu transaksi untuk mencari keuntungan (tijarah) dan transaksi tidak untuk mencari keuntungan (tabarru). Transaksi untuk mencari keuntungan dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu transaksi yang mengandung kepastian (natural certainty contracts/NCC) yaitu kontrak dengan prinsip non bagi hasil (jual beli dan sewa), dan transaksi yang mengandung ketidakpastian (natural uncertainty contracts/NUC), sehingga semua produk tersebut memiliki dasar-dasar hukum dalam mengoperasikannya sesuai dengan prinsip syariah. Dasar hukum akan suatu perjanjian/akad atau kontrak dalam produk tersebut memiliki implikasi hukum yang berbeda dalam mengimplementasikannya sehingga diperlukan pengetahuan mendasar tentang dasar hukum akad tersebut. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan library research dengan jenis penelitian menggunakan yuridis normatif yakni memfokuskan pada norma-norma dalam hukum positif yaitu terkait dasar hukum kontrak pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Peneliti menganalisa keseluruhan peraturan hukum Islam serta beberapa karya ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan dasar-dasar hukum kontrak (akad) dan implementasinya pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini adalah untuk mengindari terjadinya perselisihan dan sengketa pada kontrak yang disepakati, maka wajib untuk mengetahui dasar-dasar hukum kontrak/akad atau perjanjian dalam Perbankan Syariah sehingga tercipta kontrak yang dapat mengakomodir semua kepentingan nasabah dan bank syariah. Kata kunci: hukum, kontrak, bank, syariah Abstract The difference between Islamic banks and conventional banks lies in the operating basis used. Conventional banks operate on an interest basis, Islamic banks operate on a profit-sharing ba

Methicillin resistance (MR) in Staphylococcus species was believed to be carried through mobile genetic elements (MGE) called as Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec(SCCmec) and transmitted into S. aureus (SA) from other Staphylococcus sp. resulting in emergence of MRSA. Thus, the understanding of SCCmec in a variety of Staphylococcus species is crucial in order to understand on how the process is being facilitated in the organisms. Hence, this study was conducted to characterize the multi-genetic element associated genes for the understanding of methicillin resistant determinant in different Staphylococcus species. Biochemical test, 30 μg cefoxitin diffusion disc test, cefoxitin E-test, mec,bla complexes,IS431 and IS1272 distributions, Pbp2a and β-lactamase assays were conducted to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of MRSA and MRCoNS available in laboratory collection. Isolates which carry mecA gene were subjected to typing methods; SCCmec typing, MLST, dru typing and PCR-RFLP of gap genes. Various bioinformatics analysis; phylogenetic tree construction, multiple sequence alignment and protein sequence analysis were conducted to observe the correlation of various factors toward methicillin resistance determination in MRSA and MRCoNS. Sixteen MRSA and nineteen MRCoNS were identified by biochemical tests, 30 μg cefoxitin antibiotic disc susceptibility test and mecA gene screening. Twenty nine isolates had a complete mecAgenes (~2.1 kb), incomplete mec regulator (negative or truncated) and positive PBP2a assay for both MRSA and MRCoNS. Only MRCoNS SC177 isolate with cefoxitin MIC of 32 μg/ml carries complete mec complex. All MR isolates (n=35) carried IS431,whereas more MRCoNS (n=13) carried IS1272 compared to MRSA (n=2). Thirty-one of thirty-five methicillin resistant isolates that carried complete bla complex (blaZ,blaRI, blaI) with 10 MRSA produce strong β-lactamase and cefoxitin MIC of ≥12 μg/ml. Only 4 MRCoNS with cefoxitin MIC of ≤8 μg

This study was carried out to investigate the Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) nasal carriage and the presence of methicillin resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (MR-CoNS) among health sciences students at Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. A total of 120 isolates of CoNS (62.5%) was isolated from 192 student volunteers. The mecA gene was detected in 15 isolates of CoNS (12.5%). Eight out of the 15 isolates of mecA positive CoNS were resistant to cefoxitin in disc diffusion test whereas the remaining seven isolates of mecA positive CoNS were susceptible to cefoxitin. Analysis of questionnaires showed no significant association between CoNS nasal carriage and the socio-demographic and risk factors except for the genders and history of cold (P < 0.050). Generally, this finding showed a relatively low level of methicillin resistance among CoNS nasal carriage from student volunteers.

The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern against a panel of antibiotics and molecular and methicillin resistance-associated genotypes of 120 carriage S. aureus isolates previously isolated from a student population at two isolation events within a one-month interval. The antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method (cefoxitin by Etest). The MRSA was screened using polymerase chain reaction for the presence of the mecA gene. The mecA-positive isolates were subjected to staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis. All isolates were characterized for the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, an enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) pattern and the spa type. For the two occasions where S. aureus was isolated, the highest frequency of resistance was observed for penicillin (70% and 65%, respectively), with a lower rate against erythromycin and tetracycline (<12%). All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin. As for methicillin resistance, eight isolates had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of resistant categories, but 10 isolates (8.33%) were positive for the mecA gene. The mecA-positive isolates belonged to SCCmec types I (n=9) and V (n=1). MLST was resolved for only three MRSAs, ST508 (n=1), ST88 (n=1) and ST96 (n=1). The results of the eBURST analysis showed that the MRSA isolates analyzed in the present study were potentially related to MRSA identified in other countries. Approximately half of the persistent S. aureus carriers harbored S. aureus of a similar spa type in the respective individuals during both isolation events. A persistent antimicrobial pattern and limited distinct MRSAs were observed over the short study period. The latter frequently exhibited SCCmec type I, commonly associated with hospital-acq

Objective: To provide a better understanding on the potential threat of P. aeruginosa as a whole, this study was conducted to compare the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics between isolates from the two different sources. Method: Twenty isolates were successfully harvested from soil while 30 clinical isolates were viably available in collection for comparison. Several biochemical tests and 16S rRNA DNA sequence homology were conducted for species identification. Pigmentation, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and virulence genes distribution were determined and correlated in 2x2 contingency tables. BOX- and ERIC-PCR were done to identify the genetic relationship among the 50 isolates. Result: All soil isolates showed only pyoverdine pigment production while clinical isolates produced either pyocyanin or pyoverdine, or both pigments. Soil isolates were largely susceptible to the tested antibiotics while antimicrobial resistance as well as multidrug resistance was observed among clinical isolates. Virulence genes were differentially detected in both clinical and soil isolates with exoS being the most dominant in both groups of isolates. Composite analysis of BOX-ERIC-PCR indicated all isolates to have no close genetic relationship. Conclusion: Soil isolates are largely susceptible to antibiotics but do carry important virulence genes and pyoverdine. The later was reported to be associated with biofilm capacity which may facilitate survival of isolates in environment as well as during human infection. Therefore, both groups of isolates may pose infection threat at various degrees.

Luminescence-based assays for toxicants such as Microtox, ToxAlert, and Biotox have been used extensively worldwide. However, the use of these assays in near real time conditions is limited due to nonoptimal assay temperature for the tropical climate. An isolate that exhibits a high luminescence activity in a broad range of temperatures was successfully isolated from the mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta. This isolate was tentatively identified as Photobacterium sp. strain MIE, based on partial 16S rDNA molecular phylogeny. Optimum conditions that support high bioluminescence activity occurred between 24 and 30°C, with pH 5.5 to 7.5, 10 to 20 g/L of sodium chloride, 30 to 50 g/L of tryptone, and 4 g/L of glycerol as the carbon source. Assessment of near real time capability of this bacterial system, Xenoassay light to monitor heavy metals from a contaminated river running through the Juru River Basin shows near real time capability with assaying time of less than 30 minutes per samples. Samples returned to the lab were tested with a standard Microtox assay using Vibrio fishceri. Similar results were obtained to Xenoassay light that show temporal variation of copper concentration. Thus, this strain is suitable for near real time river monitoring of toxicants especially in the tropics.

Directed evolution is one of the methods to improve the characteristic of an enzyme such as activity, optimum temperature, pH, stability, substrate specificity and enantioselectivity. Directed evolution relies on random mutation and high throughput screening. This study is mainly conducted to improve the characteristic of native recombinant T1 lipase by directed evolution by using two methods in directed evolution which are DNA shuffling and error prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to create potential mutant for further studies. No reported so far about improvement of T1 lipase by using directed evolution method. In addition, lack understanding on the factor affecting specific activity and other characteristic of T1 lipase became the reason why this method was chosen. UPM-1 lipase and T1 lipase gene were digested randomly by using Dnase I and reassambled together before error prone PCR were taken place. Reassambled products were amplified using specific primers of T1 lipase. Full length of mutated gene was cloned into pTrHis TOPO TA expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli TOP 10 host. More than 1500 colonies, only eleven transformants gave rise to clearing zone on trybutyrin agar plate. Eleven putative colonies were proceed for preliminary lipase activity to screen the best among eleven colonies. Only M1 and M3 chimeric lipases with lipase activity above 5 U/ml were subjected to further study. M1 and M3 chimeric lipases were purified with 1.48 fold and 2.36 fold higher specific lipase activity than native T1 lipase, respectively. Random mutations on M3 chimeric lipase increased the optimum temperature from 65°C to 70°C, but the optimum pH was shifted from pH 9 to pH 8 as compared to native T1 lipase. About 194 mutations on M1 chimeric lipase significantly decreased the optimum temperature from 65°C to 55°C but had high lipase activity at pH 6 until 9 with wide pH range compared to native T1 lipase.Interestingly, M1 chimeric lipase has twenty perce

The present invention relates to bioassay for the detection of xenobiotics. The present invention also relates to a product for detection of xenobiotics based on the inhibition of luminescence of Photobacterium sp. strain MIE or a mutant thereof in an aqueous medium. Advantageously, the present invention contributes to improvement of bioassay for the detection of xenobiotics particularly for application in tropical country.