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Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but has long been neglected by national and international policymakers. Recent modelling studies suggest that investing in the global elimination of viral hepatitis is feasible and cost‐effective. In 2016, all 194 member states of the World Health Organization endorsed the goal to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, but complex systemic and social realities hamper implementation efforts. This paper presents eight case studies from a diverse range of countries that have invested in responses to viral hepatitis and adopted innovative approaches to tackle their respective epidemics. Based on an investment framework developed to build a global investment case for the elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030, national activities and key enablers are highlighted that showcase the feasibility and impact of concerted hepatitis responses across a range of settings, with different levels of available resources and infrastructural development. These case studies demonstrate the utility of taking a multipronged, public health approach to: (a) evidence‐gathering and planning; (b) implementation; and (c) integration of viral hepatitis services into the Agenda for Sustainable Development. They provide models for planning, investment and implementation strategies for other countries facing similar challenges and resource constraints.

ObjectiveWe evaluated the efficacy and safety of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir alone and with ribavirin for 8 and 12 weeks in Egyptian patients with and without cirrhosis, who were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4, including those who had failed previous treatment with sofosbuvir regimens.DesignIn this open-label, multicentre, phase III study, treatment-naive patients were randomised to receive 8 or 12 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir±ribavirin. Interferon treatment-experienced patients were randomised to receive 12 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir±ribavirin, while sofosbuvir-experienced or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir-experienced patients received 12 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir+ribavirin. Randomisation was stratified by cirrhosis status. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12).ResultsWe enrolled 255 patients from four centres in Egypt. Among treatment-naive patients, SVR12 rates were 95% and 90% for those receiving 8 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir alone and with ribavirin, respectively, and 98% for those receiving 12 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir both alone and with ribavirin. Among interferon-experienced patients, SVR rates were 94% for those receiving 12 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and 100% for those receiving 12 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir plus ribavirin. All patients previously treated with sofosbuvir regimens who received ledipasvir/sofosbuvir plus ribavirin achieved SVR12. The most common adverse events, headache and fatigue, were more common among patients receiving ribavirin.ConclusionAmong non-cirrhotic treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype 4, 8 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir±ribavirin was highly effective. Twelve weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir±ribavirin was highly effective regardless of presence of cirrhosis or prior treatment experience, including previous treatment with sofosbuvir or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir.Trial registration numberNCT02487030.

Background and study aim: Egypt is one of the highest prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the world, estimated nationally at 6.3%. Applying best treatment protocol has a great impact on the national disease burden. DAAs open the door to decrease HCV prevalence as well as to treat infected subjects. Patients and Methods: In this study 1000 patients treated by Pegylated interferon, Sofosbuvir and weight adjusted Ribavirin. Another group of 1000 patients treated by Sofosbuvir and weight adjusted Ribavirin. Results: Two groups showed sustained virological response : 90.1% and 72.3% respectively. Both groups approved that previous treatment status and viral load has no impact on response prediction. Both showed that males are more likely to respond than females. Conclusion: Addition of Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs), like sofosbovir, to the standard treatment with interferon and ribavirin improved the duration of the treatment and the sustained virological response (SVR). Treating of cirrhotics byPEGINF+SOF+RBV and SOF+RBV leads to decrease success rates. Validation of SVR once will be a golden rule.

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have dramatically changed the landscape of hepatitis C treatment and prevention. The World Health Organization has called for the elimination of hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030. However, the discrepancy in DAA prices across low-, middle- and high-income countries is considerable, ranging from less than US$ 100 to approximately US$ 40,000 per course, thus representing a major barrier for the scale-up of treatment and elimination. This article describes DAA pricing and pathways to accessing affordable treatment, providing case studies from Australia, Egypt and Portugal. Pathways to accessing DAAs include developing comprehensive viral hepatitis plans to facilitate price negotiations, voluntary and compulsory licenses, patent opposition, joint procurement, and personal importation schemes. While multiple factors influence the price of DAAs, a key driver is a country's capacity and willingness to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies. If negotiations do not lead to a reasonable price, governments have the option to utilise flexibilities outlined in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Affordable access to DAAs is underpinned by collaboration between government, civil society, global organisations and pharmaceutical companies to ensure that all patients can access treatment. Promoting these pathways is critical for influencing policy, improving access to affordable DAAs and achieving hepatitis C elimination.

Background:Hepatitis C is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality and represents a major public health problem in Egypt and worldwide. INF therapy is the most popular treatment for HCV. INF has many side effects most of them still under study. The development of thyroid dysfunction during IFN and Ribavirin combination therapy has been reported. Aim:The aim of this study is to assess the Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Egyptian chronic hepatitis C patient treated with pegylated interferon and Ribavirin Materials & Methods:The study was conducted in cooperation between Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University and Internal Medicine Department, out patients' clinic of National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI) in the period from January 2009 to June 2010. The current study included 200 patients who fulfilled the predesigned inclusion criteria. TSH was done pre treatment, every 3 months during treatment and 3 months following termination of treatment also were done for all cases. Also, FT3 and FT4 were done if there is abnormal TSH. Results: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with pegylated INF and Ribavirin reaching 19% in this study.