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Objective: Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a candidate gene for the development of both obesity and insulin resistance. We investigated whether a common polymorphism in the promoter region (-308 G/A) of the TNF-alpha gene was associated with increased risk for the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in an obese Australian population., Research Methods and Procedures: Obese, non-diabetic subjects (146 women and 34 men) were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques, and anthropometric and biochemical measurements were analyzed. A homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score was used to gauge the level of insulin resistance., Results: The frequencies of the G allele and the A allele were 0.759 and 0.241, respectively. Subjects homozygous for the A allele had higher fasting insulin levels (226 vs. 131 pM; p < 0.001), higher HOMA scores (10.2 vs. 5.3; p < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (143 vs. 129 mm Hg; p = 0.02), and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (1.13 vs. 1.25 mM; p = 0.04) than did subjects homozygous for the G allele. Whereas an association between insulin resistance and body mass index or waist circumference was seen in all subjects, a highly significant negative correlation of HDL cholesterol to HOMA scores (r = -0.710; p < 0.001) occurred in subjects with the A allele only., Discussion: The -308 G/A TNF-alpha gene variant conveys an increased risk for the development of insulin resistance in obese subjects. The presence of low HDL cholesterol levels further increases the risks associated with insulin resistance in carriers of the A allele.

Koreans are a recent but relatively small ethnic minority group in Australia. This descriptive cross-sectional, comparative intercountry study examines the effect of Australian acculturation among elderly Koreans on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, compared with their counterparts in Korea. Fifty-one (72.4 ± 8.7 years) Australian Koreans (AK) and 48 (75.7 ± 6.9 years) Koreans (K) living in Seoul participated in the study. Diabetes was reported by 10.2% of AK and 17.4% of K and hypertension by 38.8 and 29.8% of AK and K, respectively. Significantly, more AK (85.7%) than K (53.2%) reported undertaking physical activity (P = 0.0005) and fewer AK were current smokers (6% vs 26.1%; P = 0.0077). After controlling for age, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio no differences were found in lipid profiles between AK and K men or women. The effect of acculturation may be reflected among Australian Koreans by increased physical activity and reduced smoking levels and increased levels of abdominal obesity.