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Este trabajo de fin de grado se centra en diseñar una propuesta de intervención para abordar los problemas de salud mental y conductas disfuncionales en menores institucionalizados, particularmente en el centro de menores Zambrana de Valladolid. Esta propuesta busca ofrecer un enfoque integral que combine la prevención, detección temprana e intervención para mejorar el bienestar emocional y social de los y las menores de edad. El principal objetivo es diseñar un proyecto de intervención que permita identificar y tratar de manera efectiva los problemas de salud mental y conductuales en menores de edad, desarrollando una serie de actividades que promuevan el bienestar emocional y la integración social. Para la elaboración de esta propuesta, se han realizado entrevistas estructuradas al personal del Centro Zambrana, lo que ha permitido obtener una visión detallada y precisa de las necesidades y desafíos que enfrentan los menores institucionalizados. La metodología de intervención que se propone está basada en el Trabajo Social en Red, asegurando una intervención holística y efectiva, centrada en las necesidades específicas de menores de edad institucionalizados., This final degree project focuses on designing an intervention proposal to address mental health issues and dysfunctional behaviours in institutionalised minors, particularly at the Zambrana Juvenile Centre in Valladolid. This proposal aims to offer a comprehensive approach that combines prevention, early detection, and intervention to improve the emotional and social well-being of the minors. The main objective is to design an intervention project that allows for the effective identification and treatment of mental health and behavioural problems in minors, developing a series of activities that promote emotional well-being and social integration. To develop this proposal, structured interviews were conducted with the staff at the Zambrana Centre, providing a detailed and precise understanding of the needs and challenges faced by institutionalised minors. The proposed intervention methodology is based on Network Social Work, ensuring a holistic and effective intervention, focused on the specific needs of institutionalised minors., Departamento de Sociología y Trabajo Social, Grado en Trabajo Social

[Background & aims] It has been reported that specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and HLA genotype combinations, such as KIR2DS4/HLA-C1 with presence of KIRDL2 or KIRDL3, homozygous KIRDL3/HLA-C1 and KIR3DL1/≥2HLA-Bw4, are strongly associated with the lack of active infection and seroconversion after exposition to hepatitis C virus (HCV)., [Objective] To determine whether these KIR-HLA combinations are relevant factors involved in that phenotype., [Patients and methods] In this retrospective case-control study, genotype data from a genome-wide association study previously performed on low susceptibility to HCV-infection carried out on 27 high-risk HCV-seronegative (HRSN) individuals and 743 chronically infected (CI) subjects were used. HLA alleles were imputed using R package HIBAG v1.2223 and KIR genotypes were imputed using the online resource KIR*IMP v1.2.0., [Results] It was possible to successfully impute at least one KIR-HLA genotype combination previously associated with the lack of infection and seroconversion after exposition to HCV in a total of 23 (85.2%) HRSN individuals and in 650 (87.5%) CI subjects. No KIR-HLA genotype combination analyzed was related to the HRSN condition., [Conclusions] Our results suggest that those KIR-HLA genotype combinations are not relevant factors involved in the lack of infection and seroconversion after exposition to HCV. More studies will be needed to completely understand this phenotype.

Rat hepatitis E virus (ratHEV; species Rocahepevirus ratti) is considered a newly emerging cause of acute hepatitis of zoonotic origin. ratHEV infection of people living with HIV (PLWH) might portend a worse, as with hepatitis E virus (HEV; species Paslahepevirus balayani), and consequently this group may constitute a high-risk population. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ratHEV by measuring viral RNA and specific IgG antibodies in a large Spanish cohort of PLWH. Multicentre study conducted in Spain evaluating PLWHIV included in the Spanish AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Patients were evaluated for ratHEV infection using PCR at baseline and anti-ratHEV IgG by dot blot analysis to evaluate exposure to ratHEV strains. Patients with detectable ratHEV RNA were followed-up to evaluate persistence of viremia and IgG seroconversion. Eight-hundred and forty-two individuals were tested. A total of 9 individuals showed specific IgG antibodies against ratHEV, supposing a prevalence of 1.1 (95% CI; 0.5%−2.1%). Of these, only one was reactive to HEV IgG antibodies by ELISA. One sample was positive for ratHEV RNA (prevalence of infection: 0.1%; 95% CI: 0.08%−0.7%). The case was a man who had sex with men exhibiting a slightly increased alanine transaminase level (49 IU/L) as only biochemical alteration. In the follow-up, the patients showed undetectable ratHEV RNA and seroconversion to specific ratHEV IgG antibodies. Our study shows that ratHEV is geographical broadly distributed in Spain, representing a potential zoonotic threat.

[Introduction] Paslahepevirus balayani (HEV) is an endemic zoonotic disease ranked as a major cause of acute hepatitis in Europe. Most infections occurring in Europe are due to the endemic several subtypes of genotype 3, through the consumption of raw or undercooked pork, observing a genotype geographical distribution pattern among countries Because of global changes in the pig and pork trading markets, subtype distribution might vary. We aimed to evaluate the temporal distribution of HEV genotypes in patients from southern Spain with acute hepatitis to determine whether these changes were related to the pig import trade during the study period between 2018 and 2022., [Methods] Prospective longitudinal study including patients with acute hepatitis from southern Spain between 2018 and 2022. HEV RNA and antibodies was tested in all patients. In patients with detectable HEV RNA, genotype was obtained. To determine the number of imported pigs and their origins, we checked the official data from the Spanish statistics on international trade of Spanish Minister of Industry during by country of origin during the same study period., [Results] A total of 659 patients with acute hepatitis were included in the study. Among them, 162 (24.5%) had at least one marker (IgM or RNA) of acute HEV infection. Among the 71 patients with detectable viral RNA, genotypes could be obtained for 58 (81.6%). The most prevalent HEV genotype was 3f (n = 48; 78.6%), showing a decreasing prevalence of over time, from 100% in 2018 to 70.6% in 2022. Since 2021, the emergence of other genotypes has been determined. A significant increase in the number of animals imported was observed since the beginning of the study. Denmark experienced a significant rise, from 0.03% in 2018 of total imports to 10.4% in 2022., [Conclusions] HEV molecular diversity is changing in Spain, could be linked to changes in fattening pig import origin.

This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in Aristides, R. [et al.]. Parameter and coupling estimation in small networks of Izhikevich's neurons. "Chaos", 12 Abril 2023, vol. 33, núm. 4, article 043123 and may be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0144499., Nowadays, experimental techniques allow scientists to have access to large amounts of data. In order to obtain reliable information from the complex systems that produce these data, appropriate analysis tools are needed. The Kalman filter is a frequently used technique to infer, assuming a model of the system, the parameters of the model from uncertain observations. A well-known implementation of the Kalman filter, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), was recently shown to be able to infer the connectivity of a set of coupled chaotic oscillators. In this work, we test whether the UKF can also reconstruct the connectivity of small groups of coupled neurons when their links are either electrical or chemical synapses. In particular, we consider Izhikevich neurons and aim to infer which neurons influence each other, considering simulated spike trains as the experimental observations used by the UKF. First, we verify that the UKF can recover the parameters of a single neuron, even when the parameters vary in time. Second, we analyze small neural ensembles and demonstrate that the UKF allows inferring the connectivity between the neurons, even for heterogeneous, directed, and temporally evolving networks. Our results show that time-dependent parameter and coupling estimation is possible in this nonlinearly coupled system., R.P.A. acknowledges financial support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES), Finance Code 001. H.A.C. thanks ICTP-SAIFR and FAPESP grant 2021/14335-0. G.T. and C.M. acknowledge the support of the ICREA ACADEMIA program of Generalitat de Catalunya and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (Project No. PID2021- 123994NB-C21)., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::3 - Salut i Benestar, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::4 - Educació de Qualitat, Postprint (published version)

[Objectives] To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two-pill regimen bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) plus darunavir/cobicistat as a switching strategy in heavily treatment-experienced people living with HIV (PLWH)., [Methods] Multicentre, prospective, single-arm pilot clinical trial. Participants were virologically suppressed adults receiving a stable antiretroviral regimen of at least three pills from at least three drug families due to previous virological failures and/or toxicities with no documented resistance to integrase strand transfer inhibitors or darunavir (≥15 points, Stanford). Clinical and laboratory assessments were performed at 0, 4, 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks. HIV-1 proviral DNA was amplified and sequenced by Illumina at baseline. Plasma bictegravir concentrations were determined in 22 patients using UHPLC-MS/MS. The primary study endpoint was viral load (VL)< 50 copies/mL at Week 48 (ITT)., [Results] We enrolled 63 participants (92% men) with median baseline CD4 count of 515 cells/mm3 (IQR: 334.5–734.5), 24 years on ART (IQR: 15.9–27.8). The median number of pills was 4 (range: 3–10). At baseline, proviral DNA was amplified in 39 participants: 33/39 had resistance mutations. Three participants discontinued owing to toxicity. At 48 weeks, 95% had VL < 50 copies/mL by ITT and 100% by PP analysis. A modest increase was observed in the bictegravir plasma concentration, and a significant decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate was observed only at Week 4, probably related to interaction with renal transporters., [Conclusions] Our data suggest that BIC/FTC/TAF + darunavir/cobicistat is an effective, well-tolerated regimen that may improve convenience and, potentially, long-term success in stable heavily pre-treated PLWH.

[Objectives] HIV infection has been associated with lower rates of sustained viral response (SVR) with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). There are few data on glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P) in HIV/HCV coinfection outside clinical trials., [Methods] The HEPAVIR-DAA cohort, which recruits HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (NCT02057003) and the GEHEP-MONO cohort (NCT02333292), including HCV-monoinfected individuals, are two concurrent ongoing multicentre cohorts of patients receiving anti-HCV treatment. Patients starting G/P included in those cohorts were analysed. Overall SVR (ITT), discontinuations due to adverse effects, and dropouts were evaluated and compared between both cohorts., [Results] Of the 644 patients who started G/P with evaluable SVR, 132 were HIV/HCV coinfected. Overall SVR rates were 487/512 (95.1%) in HCV-monoinfected patients versus 126/132 (95.5%) in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (P = 1.000). One patient (0.8%) relapsed, and another (0.8%) discontinued treatment due to side effects. SVR to 8 or 12 weeks of treatment with G/P was similar in HIV/HCV-coinfected versus HCV-monoinfected patients. The main reason for not reaching SVR among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients was premature dropout linked to active drug use., [Conclusions] G/P in HIV/HCV coinfection was highly effective and tolerable in clinical practice. SVR to 8 or 12 weeks of treatment with G/P was similar in HIV/HCV-coinfected compared with HCV-monoinfected patients but active drug use is still a barrier to reach HCV microelimination.

To evaluate the diagnostic value of the combination of two broad-range PCR assays targeting two different and conserved regions of the viral genome for the diagnosis of acute Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Patients with acute hepatitis were prospectively recruited. In all, HEV-IgM antibodies were tested together with evaluation of HEV viraemia by two PCR assays (ORF3 and ORF1). The number of individuals exhibiting negative IgM antibody results but carrying viral RNA was calculated by each PCR assay. Four-hundred and seventy individuals were included, of whom 145 (30.8%) were diagnosed as having acute HEV. Of them, 122 (84.1%) exhibited HEV-IgM antibodies, and 81 (55.8%) had detectable viral RNA for at least one PCR. Using the ORF3 molecular assay, 70 (48.3%) individuals were identified with HEV infection. When the ORF1 molecular assay was applied, 49 (33.8%) individuals were identified. The ORF3 assay detected viral RNA in 32 patients not detected by the ORF1 assay. In contrast, the ORF1 assay could amplify viral RNA in 11 patients who were not detected by the ORF3 assay. The parallel use of two broad-range PCR assays significantly increased the performance of the molecular diagnosis of HEV.

Rat hepatitis E virus (ratHEV; species Rocahepevirus ratti) is considered a newly emerging cause of acute hepatitis of zoonotic origin. ratHEV infection of people living with HIV (PLWH) might portend a worse, as with hepatitis E virus (HEV; species Paslahepevirus balayani), and consequently this group may constitute a high-risk population. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ratHEV by measuring viral RNA and specific IgG antibodies in a large Spanish cohort of PLWH. Multicentre study conducted in Spain evaluating PLWHIV included in the Spanish AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Patients were evaluated for ratHEV infection using PCR at baseline and anti-ratHEV IgG by dot blot analysis to evaluate exposure to ratHEV strains. Patients with detectable ratHEV RNA were followed-up to evaluate persistence of viremia and IgG seroconversion. Eight-hundred and forty-two individuals were tested. A total of 9 individuals showed specific IgG antibodies against ratHEV, supposing a prevalence of 1.1 (95% CI; 0.5%−2.1%). Of these, only one was reactive to HEV IgG antibodies by ELISA. One sample was positive for ratHEV RNA (prevalence of infection: 0.1%; 95% CI: 0.08%−0.7%). The case was a man who had sex with men exhibiting a slightly increased alanine transaminase level (49 IU/L) as only biochemical alteration. In the follow-up, the patients showed undetectable ratHEV RNA and seroconversion to specific ratHEV IgG antibodies. Our study shows that ratHEV is geographical broadly distributed in Spain, representing a potential zoonotic threat.

Esta investigación se corresponde con un diseño de caso único (Yin, 1984) con estudiantes del grado en Educación Primaria, de la Universidad de Cádiz. La justificación del estudio estuvo centrada en analizar la sostenibilidad de una modelización para la enseñanza de la gramática en el aprendizaje de la lengua (Romero et al., 2020), desarrollada en la asignatura de Didáctica de la Competencia Gramatical, durante el periodo de prácticas curriculares. Los 38 estudiantes fueron seleccionados de manera intencionada pues debían haber implementado la metodología aprendida en la asignatura y reflexionar con sus supervisores universitarios sobre aquellos logros y dificultades encontradas durante la implementación en los centros educativos. La voz de los estudiantes participantes estuvo recogida a través de sus narrativas biográficas y el desarrollo de grupos focales, en donde se compartieron los resultados. Los principales hallazgos revelan que, a pesar del elevado nivel de valoración de la propuesta metodológica basada en la didáctica del texto, aún consideran complicado implementarla debido a la cultura pedagógica presente, muy centrada en los aspectos puramente gramaticales, y en la descontextualización de los contenidos curriculares del área de lengua castellana y literatura. El estudio se completa con una serie de propuestas para la formación inicial de docentes desde una visión integradora de la universidad con la escuela para afrontar el reto de ubicar la enseñanza de la gramática en la mejora del comportamiento lingüístico de niñas y niños en sus etapas escolares obligatorias., This research corresponds to a single case design (Yin, 1984) with students of the degree in Primary Education. The justification for the study was focused on analyzing the sustainability of a model for teaching grammar in language learning (Romero et al., 2020), developed in the Didactics of Grammatical Competence subject, during the internship period curricular. The 38 students were intentionally selected because they should have implemented the methodology learned in the subject and reflect with their university supervisors on those achievements and difficulties encountered during implementation in schools. The voice of the participating students was collected through their biographical narratives and the development of focus groups, where the results were shared. The main findings reveal that, despite the high level of evaluation of the methodological proposal based on the didactics of the text, they still consider it difficult to implement it due to the current pedagogical culture, very focused on purely grammatical aspects, and on the decontextualization of the contents curricula in the area of Spanish language and literature. The study is completed with a series of proposals for the initial training of teachers from an integrating vision of the university with the school to face the challenge of locating the teaching of grammar in the improvement of the linguistic behavior of girls and boys in their school stages mandatory

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, processing them in a non-linear manner and transmits information to neighbouring neurons which are connected to each other with synapses. Synapses transmit the information via electrochemical signals. Together with brain?s malleability, which provides sophisticated learning capabilities, one of the most complex systems that have ever existed is constituted. In this work, a generalised plasticity model based on synaptic weights is formulated and compared with the classic one. This model enables multi-synapses and propagation delay characterization in a spiking neural network. The main objective of this project is to study how the delay distribution of a network determines its topological features after a learning process. This study is made, both, for small motives and large networks in order to understand the internal machinery of the model and to study its effect on a larger scale. Furthermore, the steady-state large network results are compared with the steady-state results obtained in situations where specific neurons are stimulated. This last configuration represents the learning process of one specific stimulus which feeds the network. This project opens the door to future plasticity studies with propagation delay implementation, or in other words, allows the study of plasticity in spatial arrangements of neurons.

The teaching scenarios in the context of the health pandemic generated by COVID-19 have forced the development of a change in the academic paradigm in higher education that has not only had repercussions on the development of the contents of the subjects, but also on the way the different agents involved (teachers and students) interact with each other. This is a participatory research in context on a subject of the teaching degree at the University of Cadiz where the challenge of improving academic results from previous years and changing the attitude of students, very unfavourable due to low success rates, is faced. After the creation of the participatory scenario and a specific plan for the subject, the academic results and attitudes showed a change in the students’ formative conception, focusing on the main finding of the new methodological design. In this way, this research can be replicated in other contexts as it is considered a good educational practice that integrated the communicative, informational, interactive and collaborative potential of virtual environments to face the challenge of teaching a subject with low academic success rates in an emergency situation. Thus, the results show a change in the learning culture that aims to be institutionalised in normalised contexts., Los escenarios docentes en contexto de la pandemia sanitaria generada por la COVID-19 han obligado a desarrollar en la educación superior un cambio en el paradigma académico que no solo ha repercutido en el desarrollo de los contenidos de las asignaturas, sino en la forma de interaccionarse los diferentes agentes implicados (docentes y estudiantes). Esta es una investigación participativa en contexto sobre una materia del grado de magisterio de la Universidad de Cádiz donde se afronta el reto de la mejora de resultados académicos de cursos anteriores y el cambio de actitud de los estudiantes, muy desfavorable por las bajas tasas de éxito. Tras la creación del escenario participativo y un plan específico de la asignatura, los resultados académicos y actitudes mostraron un cambio en la concepción formativa de los estudiantes, centrado en el principal hallazgo del nuevo diseño metodológico. De esta forma, esta investigación puede replicarse en otros contextos al considerarse una buena práctica educativa que integró el potencial comunicativo, informacional, interactivo y colaborativo que posibilitaban los entornos virtuales para afrontar el reto de la enseñanza de una asignatura con bajas tasas de éxito académico en una situación de emergencia. Así, los resultados evidencian un cambio en la cultura de aprendizaje que pretende institucionalizarse en contextos normalizados.

Background & Aim Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was considered the only member of the Hepeviridae family with zoonotic potential. Nevertheless, this consideration has been reassessed owing to several reported cases of acute and chronic hepatitis linked to the Orthohepevirus C genus. Because the circulation of Orthohepevirus C in rodents has been described worldwide, the risk of zoonotic transmission is plausibly global. Methods Orthohepevirus C RNA was retrospectively evaluated in 2 cohorts of patients in Spain. The first cohort included patients with acute hepatitis without etiological diagnosis after screening for hepatotropic virus infection. The second cohort included patients diagnosed with acute HEV infection, defined as positivity for anti-HEV-IgM antibodies and/or detectable HEV RNA in serum. Results Cohort 1 comprised 169 patients (64.4% male, median age 43 years) and cohort 2 comprised 98 individuals (68.3% male, median age 45 years). Of the individuals included in Cohort 1, two (1.18%; 95% CI 0.2-3.8) had detectable Orthohepevirus C RNA in serum. In Cohort 2, of the 98 included patients, 58 showed detectable HEV RNA, while 40 only showed positivity for IgM antibodies. Among those bearing only IgM antibodies, Orthohepevirus C RNA was detected in 1 (2.5%; 95% CI 0.06-13.1) individual. All strains were consistent with genotype C1. The infection resulted in mild self-limiting acute hepatitis in 2 patients. Infection caused severe acute hepatitis in the remaining patient who died as a result of liver and renal failure. Conclusions We described 3 cases of Orthohepevirus C in patients with acute hepatitis, resulting in the first description of this infection in Europe. The prevalence obtained in our study suggests that Orthohepevirus C could be an emerging disease in Europe. Lay summary We describe the first cases of acute hepatitis related to rat hepatitis E virus in Europe. The prevalence found in our study suggest that rat hepatitis E virus could be considered an em