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In this paper, we study relative motions of a light spacecraft equipped with a solar sail and tethered somehow to a heavy heliocentric orbital space station. One can say that such spacecraft realizes a kind of a coastal navigation. Formulating a model problem of the spacecraft motion, we state that if the sail can be oriented arbitrary then motions along a rectilinear tether are possible in both directions. Also, we present algorithm of the spacecraft relocation if it is joined with the station by a tether. This algorithm is based on the motion equations solutions that can be interpreted as perturbed motions of a simple pendulum.

The Caucasian-Arabian belt is part of the huge late Cenozoic Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt formed by collision of continental plates. The belt consists of two domains: the Caucasian-Arabian Syntaxis (CAS) in the south and the EW-striking Greater Caucasus in the north. The CAS marks a zone of the indentation of the Arabian plate into the southern East European Craton. The Greater Caucasus Range is located in the south of the Eurasian plate; it was tectonically uplifted along the Main Caucasian Fault (MCF), which is, in turn, a part of a megafault extended over a great distance from the Kopetdag Mts. to the Tornquist-Teisseyre Trans-European Suture Zone. The Caucasus Mts. are bounded by the Black Sea from the west and by the Caspian Sea from the east. The SN-striking CAS is characterized by a large geophysical isostatic anomaly suggesting presence of mantle plume head. A 500 km long belt of late Cenozoic volcanism in the CAS extends from the eastern Anatolia to the Lesser and Greater Caucasus ranges. This belt hosts two different types of volcanic rocks: (1) plume-type intraplate basaltic plateaus and (2) suprasubduction-type calc-alkaline and shoshonite-latite volcanic rocks. As the CAS lacks signatures of subduction zones and is characterized by relatively shallow earthquakes (50–60 km), we suggest that the “suprasubduction-type” magmas were derived by interaction between mantle plume head and crustal material. Those hybrid melts were originated under conditions of collision-related deformation. During the late Cenozoic, the width of the CAS reduced to ca. 400 km due to tectonic “diffluence” of crustal material provided by the continuing Arabia-Eurasia collision.

The deep structure of the Sea of Okhotsk under seismically dangerous regions is studied. The main feature of the deep structure in the region is the occurrence of an asthenospheric layer in the upper mantle. Asthenospheric diapirs can effectively rise through the crust, causing destruction of the lithosphere, formation of deep basins, faults and rifts accompanied by shallow-focus earthquakes, and eruptions of volcanoes. The vast majority of earthquakes are confined to the Kuril Island Arc, where the Pacific Plate is subducted under the continent. The seismicity in the region is a result of active tectonics in the subduction zone. This zone is traced to a depth of 700 km. In the west, the Okhotsk Sea Region is bounded by the deep faults extending along Sakhalin, where earthquakes are localized in the crust. The ancient subduction zone under Sakhalin is established. In the late Cretaceous to Paleogene the subduction of the Okhotsk Sea Plate under Sakhalin ceased. The reactivation of this ancient subduction zone may currently be in response to the strong earthquakes in Sakhalin.

The Russian World Data Center for Solar-Terrestrial Physics and the World Data Center for Solid Earth Physics have been collecting, analyzing, archiving, and disseminating data and information on a wide range of geophysical disciplines since the International Geophysical Year 1957-1958. The centers provide free and convenient access for users to their large and permanently increasing volumes of data. Russian WDCs participate in scientific national and international programs and projects, such as InterMAGNET, InterMARGINS, and the International Polar Year. Since 2008 there has been an association of five Russian WDCs and one Ukrainian WDC in a regional segment of the World Data Centers.

Fifty years have passed since the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957.58, one of the most important and noble initiatives in the history of science and in the history of humanity in general. IGY became the model for subsequent international scientific initiatives in various fields of solid Earth research, including the Upper Mantle Project (1961.71), the Geodynamic Project (1971.80), the Geotraverse Project (1987.2003), and the "InterMARGINS" Project (2003). The Russian investigations as part of the Geotraverse Project and "InterMARGINS" were aimed at research into the deep structure of the continental margins of East Eurasia, which are characterized by high seismicity, volcanism, and natural cataclysms hazardous to people living there.

Equilibrium positions of a small-mass body are considered with respect to a precessing dumbbell. The dumbbell represents two rigidly fixed spherical gravitating bodies. Such a system can be considered as a model of a binary asteroid. Stability of relative equilibrium positions with equal distances from the small mass to the attracting centers is studied. By analogy with the classical restricted three-body problem, these positions are referred to as triangle libration points. It is shown that the character of stability of these libration points is determined by three constant parameters: nutation angle and angular velocity of precession, as well as the ratio of masses at the ends of the dumbbell. Stability conditions are derived in the linear approximation, and the regions of stability and instability in the space of problem parameters are constructed. The paper is a continuation of [1].

Issues of the origin of marginal seas and genesis of their igneous rocks remain controversial because of the insufficient amount of documentary information (small number of drilled holes, rare network of seismic profiles, and so on). Therefore, data on seismic profiles carried out within the framework of the Geotraverse International Project [1, 2] are of great significance. The geotraverse extends from the margin of Asia (Sikhote Alin) to the northwestern periphery of the Pacific plate (Fig. 1) and includes large Cenozoic extension structures, such as the Tatar continental rift and the South Kuril marginal basin. Comprehensive analysis of seismic data on deep zones of this profile coupled with the available information about the regional tectonic setting and magmatism have made it possible to detect a correlation between the Cenozoic geodynamic mode (correspondingly, tectonics and magmatism) at the crustal and deeper (lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere) levels. Ultimately, these data made it possible to refine the evolution model of marginal basins in the study region and provided new insights into the issue of passive and active rifting. The Tatar continental rift located in the western part of the geotraverse (Fig. 2) represents the northern termination of the Japan basin. Both structures are bounded by a convergent system of submeridional dextral strike-slip faults partly transformed into normal faults. The Tatar rift basement incorporates a thin continental crust with the velocity of seismic waves (hereafter, V ) ranging from 5.8 to 7.2 km/s [4, 7]. The continental crust began to break down after its disintegration in the terminal Paleocene‐Eocene into a system of narrow (5‐10 km) horsts and grabens [2, 4] and the accumulation of terrigenous sediments (up to 1.5 km thick) at the initial rifting stage. The next (Oligocene‐middle Miocene) stage of maximum extension of the Tatar rift is marked by the unconformably overlying transgressive sequence of deep-water clayey and siliceous‐clayey rocks (up to 4 km). The next (middle Miocene) regressive sequence is composed of coastal-marine sediments. In contrast to the almost undeformed cover of middle Miocene‐Holocene terrigenous rocks (1.5‐5 km thick) deposited after the rifting (hereafter, postrift complex), rocks deposited during rifting (rift complex) are characterized by significant dislocations. All of the rift and postrift complexes include basaltoid fields in some places. As will be shown below, these rock complexes have specific isotope‐geochemical parameters. The structure beneath the Tatar rift is characterized by drastic reduction of the continental crust (up to 25 km) and ascent of the asthenospheric layer up to the level of 50 km (Fig. 2). Therefore, this region is marked by high thermal flux (123‐132 mW/m 2 ). The temperature in the upper zone of the asthenospheric diapir is estimated at 1100 ° C [2‐4]. The diapir is bounded by narrow gradient stages [4] that extend to higher lithospheric levels and generally correspond to strike-slip faults, which serve as boundaries of the Tatar and Japan basins. The faults presumably extend to the mantle and asthenosphere.

The possibility of nonimpact tension of a cable after its weakening when a small load moves along the cable whose ends are fixed on a massive dumbbell-like spacecraft which is moving in a steady-state manner along a circular orbit is considered. The conditions of existence and classification of the trajectories of nonimpact motion, including periodic ones, are presented.

The motion of a space object in the gravitational field of the Earth is considered. The object consists of an extended space station and a weight, which is free to move along the cable fixed to the ends of the station. It is assumed that the station is composed of two masses coupled by a weightless rod, while the cable is weightless and non-stretched. The equations of motion of such a system are derived for the case when the motion proceeds in a single plane, while the center of mass of the system moves along a circular geocentric orbit. The conditions of the cable tension (conditions of being on tie) are derived. The phase portrait of the weight motion along the cable is constructed when the station is oriented to the attracting center or is perpendicular to this position. The possibility to leave the tie in this case is analyzed. Equilibrium configurations of the system are found, i.e., such motions of the object under consideration at which the weight does not change its position relative to the station. Lyapunov stability of such configurations is analyzed for two situations: when the station is composed of equal masses and when masses at the ends of the station are different. In particular, for the case of different masses it is established that there exist such positions of equilibrium at which the dumbbell is located at an angle to the direction to the attracting center. In some cases these positions can be stabilized (if the weight is fixed on the cable).

The crustal structure of the Sea of Okhotsk was investigated by way of reinterpreting the data obtained along 22 deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles. Eight profiles traversed the Sea of Okhotsk. These seismic surveys were performed during the International Geophysical Year in 1958-1959 by the researchers from the Institute of the Physics of the Earth, USSR Academy of Sciences. Seven profiles were surveyed in 1963-1964 near the shores of Sakhalin Island by geophysicists from the Institute of the Physics of the Earth (USSR Academy of Sciences) and from the Sakhalin Multidisciplinary Research Institute. The new interpretation of the seismic data confirmed the earlier ideas of the reduced crustal thickness in the deep-sea basins of the Sea of Okhotsk, such as, the Kuril Basin, the Deryugin and Tinro basins, the sedimentary trough of the Tatar Strait, where the Moho surface showed low boundary velocities of seismic waves, not higher than 7.6-7.8 km s 1 . It appears that the sedimentary basins of the Sea of Okhotsk reside above asthenospheric diapirs including magma chambers. A system of rifts and spreading centers was mapped in the northern and central parts of the Sea of Okhotsk, in the Tatar Strait, and in the Kuril Basin. Paleosubduction zones that had been active during the late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene time and are marked by ophiolite belts at the present time have been traced in the earth crust near the eastern shores of Sakhalin. Remnants of paleosubduction zones were mapped using seismic data in the Sea of Okhotsk along the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt, which seem to be the fragments of a lithospheric plate that had been going down under the active continental margin in Mesozoic time.

We study the process of formation of zinc coatings on copper from electrolytes of different types. We discovered the phenomenon of hydrogenation of zinc caused by different degrees of filling of the base with the new phase and different surface concentrations of adsorbed hydrogen. It is shown that, depending on the external and internal conditions, in cadmium-plated steel, one may observe both the transfer of hydrogen from steel into cadmium, and vice versa.

It is proposed to estimate the effects of hydrogen on alloy degradation from the total specific energy Wc of limiting deformation. Data are given on estimating the degradation from Wc for various alloys given various treatments (hydrogenation, heat treatment).

Presents the Concise Dictionary of Business Logistics (CDBL) published in Russia in 1995. The CDBL with its 900 entries is both an A to Z reference work and a Russian language terminological glossary. Most of the entries are thoroughly cross‐referenced to provide complete coverage in inventory control, traffic management, insurance of commercial risks, waste recycling, storage techniques, mathematical foundations of logistics, etc. All the terms defined in the CDBL have English equivalents which have been grouped into an alphabetically arranged index of English terms. Makes an attempt to define some of the fundamental concepts of logistics (material flow, logistical channel, logistical chain). Raises the problem of translation of the logistics terms unique to the command‐directed economies.

© 2012 Sharkov et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Features of Caucasian Segment of the Alpine-Himalayan Convergence Zone: Geological, Volcanological, Neotectonical, and Geophysical Data

Presents a history of logistical planning in the USSR and Russia from 1920‐1992. Describes in detail the functions of the centralized distribution system created in the course of Brezhnev‐Kosygin reforms (1965) and dismantled in 1991; a chronology of changes in distribution of producer goods in 1991‐1992 and explains why the newest are less effective than the dismantled distribution systems. Analyses some of the most important aspects of the Federal purchasing system which is being created in Russia (since October 1992). The core of this system will be two joint‐stock purchasing companies (Roskontrakt and Roskhlebo‐produkt) established as state‐owned agencies. The Concise Dictionary of Business Logistics (out of print in Moscow in 1994) is presented – the first Russian‐language logistical glossary, in which 1,000 terms are defined.

Fifty years have passed since the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957.58, one of the most important and noble initiatives in the history of science and in the history of humanity in general. IGY became the model for subsequent international scientific initiatives in various fields of solid Earth research, including the Upper Mantle Project (1961.71), the Geodynamic Project (1971.80), the Geotraverse Project (1987.2003), and the "InterMARGINS" Project (2003). The Russian investigations as part of the Geotraverse Project and "InterMARGINS" were aimed at research into the deep structure of the continental margins of East Eurasia, which are characterized by high seismicity, volcanism, and natural cataclysms hazardous to people living there.