Search

En este hypomnémata compartimos un conjunto de lecturas y notas, tratando de fijas brevemente una serie de acontecimientos cercanos en el tiempo, pero en muchos sentidos inactuales, que conciernen a los ámbitos de la cultura, el arte y su relación con la política, que han tenido lugar, por lo general, en la ciudad de Madrid. Por su fragilidad (o por su exposición al olvido) deseamos volverlos disponibles como "soportes" -por decirlo con Foucault- para una revisión, reflexión y meditación futura, ya sea colectiva o individual, debido a que compromete a un conjunto de contracciones por habitar. Un acto de memoria personal que en el viaje de idea y vuelta entre la escritura y la lectura, podría concernir a muchas más personas. Su disponibilidad, indica Foucault sobre la escritura hypomnémata, abre posibilidades de subjetivación entre el sí mismo y el mundo, por lo que esta forma es planteada como propuesta al llamamiento de Re-Visiones. Nos preguntamos por el modo en que la imagen y la mirada, o las formas y su percepción, participan de esta escritura de sí, la cual pensamos que sólo alcanzaría sentido político al ponerse en relación con los otros.

In this hypomnémata we share a set of readings and notes, trying to briefly focus on a series of events in time but nonactual in many senses, that concern the fields of culture, art, and its relationship to politics, most of which have taken place in the city of Madrid. Due to their fragility (or their exposure to oblivion) we want make them available as supports –in Foucault’s terms– for a future review, reflection and meditation, either collectively or individually, because it involves a set of not yet assumed contradictions. An act of personal memoir that, in the round trip journey from writing to reading, might concern many more people. Its availability –as Foucault points out on hypomnémata writing– opens possibilities of subjectification between the self and the world , –therefore this form is proposed to the calling of the present issue. We are wondering how the image and the gaze, or the forms and their perception, are related in this writing of the self, which we believe will only reach political meaning when put in relation to others.

Este artículo aborda, de manera multidisciplinar, una crítica cultural de la exposición El tragaluz democrático. Políticas de vida y muerte en el estado español (1868-1976). Si bien es un hito en el reconocimiento a las víctimas de la violencia política, plantea un marco polarizado de difícil salida. Para problematizar la propuesta, pero también para complementarla desde una perspectiva emancipadora y democratizadora, se considera primero, desde la estética, la mediación de los objetos que testimonian la violencia política; después, a partir de un análisis literario, las oportunidades desaprovechadas que ofrecía el drama de Antonio Buero Vallejo El Tragaluz (1967) –de la cual extrae la exposición una «poética de la memoria»– a la reflexión sobre las víctimas y victimarios; y, por último, desde una perspectiva ético-política, la aportación de Juan Gutiérrez y la asociación Hebras de Paz Viva a los conflictos de la memoria y la paz.

Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines is highly heterogeneous in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). This case report analyzes the immune response to mRNA COVID-19 two-dose primary vaccination followed by three boosters in an IEI patient with marked CD4+ T-cell cytopenia and diminished thymic output, in comparison with that raised against latent, chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Serum IgG antibodies anti-spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and anti-CMV were both determined by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays (CMIAs). SARS-CoV-2 and CMV memory CD4+ T-cell responses were simultaneously evaluated in vitro using an activation-induced marker (AIM) assay via multicolor flow cytometry. Throughout the 2-year follow-up that included the administration of five doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, cellular anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific responses remained consistently negative, with extremely weak humoral responses, while the patient showed in vitro persistent CD4+ T-cell reactivity to CMV peptides and high-IgG CMV-specific titers. The assessment of immune responses to vaccines and prevalent viruses is essential in IEI patients in order to take adequate preventive measures.

The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is an emblematic species of the Andes. It is the largest vulture in the world, and it is at the top of the food chain. His image has been present in the memorial of cultures, festivals and beliefs of Andean people and persists until now, as current symbolism of the Andean cultures. In order to evaluate the general data of the Andean condor based on urban population perspectives, surveys were used and distributed over the internet in Ecuador under a socioeconomic classification. The information was analyzed using Chi2 tests and generalized linear models. 726 responses were obtained from people between 18 and 71 years old. All the models generated were reliable. The results show that general information such as recognizing the species, knowing its diet and perceiving that it is an endangered species, is known by the urban population. Unknown aspects of the Andean condor are its size, flight distance and the number of eggs per clutch. The Andean condor has a positive perception as a vulture, and a low percentage considers it a harmful species capable of preying live animals. Variables such as gender, outdoor activities and age proved gaps in the natural history of the Andean condor in some social spaces. We suggest as an alternative to completely cover the gaps, environmental education actions directed to these social spaces.

Agriculture is an important economic activity across much of the Western world. Beyond its productive purpose, we can also identify a cultural function that is expressed in the existence of a rich heritage associated with the interactions between nature and humans over time. This heritage includes tangible and intangible assets, the latter including traditional knowledge, history, knowledge of natural cycles, and the identification of the local population with its landscapes; in short, resources are understood as a legacy that needs to be reappraised and passed on to future generations. Saffron cultivation is an example of an agricultural landscape with significant intangible heritage values associated with the know-how and the family-run nature of the farms. The resources linked to saffron cultivation in the region of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) are described in this paper, with an emphasis on how local communities perceive them as an integral part of their geographical identity. The results, following in-depth interviews with different local actors, demonstrate the potential for the intangible values associated with saffron to drive local development in many rural areas once they have been reappraised and classified as assets for attracting tourism.

During inflammatory responses, monocytes are recruited into inflamed tissues, where they become monocyte-derived macrophages and acquire pro-inflammatory and tissue-damaging effects in response to the surrounding environment. In fact, monocyte-derived macrophage subsets are major pathogenic cells in inflammatory pathologies. Strikingly, the transcriptome of pathogenic monocyte-derived macrophage subsets resembles the gene profile of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-primed monocyte-derived human macrophages (M-MØ). As M-MØ display a characteristic cytokine profile after activation (IL10high TNFlow IL23low IL6low), we sought to determine the transcriptional signature of M-MØ upon exposure to pathogenic stimuli. Activation of M-MØ led to the acquisition of a distinctive transcriptional profile characterized by the induction of a group of genes (Gene set 1) highly expressed by pathogenic monocyte-derived macrophages in COVID-19 and whose presence in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) correlates with the expression of macrophage-specific markers (CD163, SPI1) and IL10. Indeed, Gene set 1 expression was primarily dependent on ERK/p38 and STAT3 activation, and transcriptional analysis and neutralization experiments revealed that IL-10 is not only required for the expression of a subset of genes within Gene set 1 but also significantly contributes to the idiosyncratic gene signature of activated M-MØ. Our results indicate that activation of M-CSF-dependent monocyte-derived macrophages induces a distinctive gene expression profile, which is partially dependent on IL-10, and identifies a gene set potentially helpful for macrophage-centered therapeutic strategies.

Canine obesity is the most common nutritional disorder and is associated with decreased quality of life and longevity as well as comorbidities including cardiorespiratory, endocrine, oncologic, or orthopaedic disorders. Ferritin is a major acute-phase protein in dogs, increasing during inflammation; however, it could also be affected by other conditions, including trauma, iron metabolism dysregulations, neoplasia, or hypoxia. Higher ferritin levels have been reported in obese humans, but ferritin has not been explored in canine obesity. To evaluate the possible changes in serum ferritin in canine obesity, ferritin levels from lean/normal weight (CG, n = 55) and overweight/obese dogs (OG, n = 37) were measured, together with complete hemogram and biochemical analyses. Statistically significant higher ferritin levels (1.2-fold) were found in OG (median, (interquartile range), 204 (166–227.5) µg/L) in comparison to CG animals (172 (137–210) µg/L)), with median levels of ferritin in OG dogs above the reference range for healthy animals in our laboratory (60–190 µg/L). In addition, statistically significant higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total proteins, globulins, haptoglobin, total ferric fixation capacity (TIBC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), triglycerides, and calcium were observed in OG in comparison to CG. The higher levels in ferritin, together with higher TBIC, haematocrit, and MCV, could indicate tissue hypoxia in obese dogs.

The increase of accessibility is one of the most important strategies to achieve territorial cohesion and slow down depopulation processes in rural areas. Accessibility is a wide concept with a range of interpretations. When it comes to rural areas, usual accessibility measures introducing proximity and ease of physical connection could lead to misinterpretations and a lack of knowledge for rural areas. This study proposes an accessibility analysis based on connection and function of one of the most depopulated territories in inland Spain: the province of Guadalajara (NUTS-3) which constitutes an interesting case-study because its proximity to the Spanish capital city (Madrid) and the integration of part of the province on its dynamics and economic processes. Results show different rural accessibility levels useful for public policies and decision making on infrastructures. In addition, the accessibility model suggested can be applied in other depopulated rural areas of Europe.

Los museos y archivos de cultura tradicional popular conciernen intensamente a la memoria material de los trabajos reproductivos que sostienen la vida realizados por mujeres, pero también a los lazos intelectuales y profesionales que muchas de ellas, con relativa frecuencia, establecieron con el campo de la etnología y la etnografía y sus instituciones. En el marco de los estudios culturales, este artículo explora estos museos considerados menores, invisibles o irrelevantes para el presente, a menudo almacenados, dispersos y subalternizados, sino desaparecidos. Específicamente, se analiza el caso del malogrado Museo del Pueblo Español (1934-1993) y el papel que en él desempeñaron distintas mujeres, en especial Carmen Baroja y Nessi (1883-1950). Sus memorias autobiográficas invitan a explorar cómo una experiencia de modernidad y feminista puede vincularse a una sensibilidad interclasista en torno a la cultura popular tradicional de manera no esencialista o identitaria, sino material y vital. Un enfoque que puede ser inspirador a la hora de pensar alternativas al orden androcéntrico del mundo, útiles en el trabajo de imaginar, no solo un museo feminista, sino también una nueva sociedad. Abstract Folk museums and the archives of traditional culture are intensely related not only to the material memory of the reproductive and life-sustaining work carried out by women, but to the intellectual and professional links that many women quite often established both with ethnology and ethnography, and their respective institutions. Within the framework of cultural studies, this article addresses these minor and ‘ghost’ museums of folk culture, those either considered irrelevant to the present, or otherwise hidden away, dispersed, subalternized, and, ultimately, disappeared. Specifically, this study focuses on the case of the Museum of The Spanish People (1934-1993) and the women professionals who played a direct role in its curation, with special attention placed on the figure of Carmen Baroja y Nessi (1883-1950). Her autobiographical memoirs invite us to explore the question of how a modern and feminist experience can be linked to an interclassist sensitivity for traditional popular culture that is neither essentialist nor identity-based, but, rather, material and vitalistic: an approach which could inspire us to think of alternatives to the androcentric order of the world, and which remains useful for the work of imagining, not only a feminist museum, but a new society as well.

Background/ObjectiveSocial skills are essential in adolescence, both for their relational dimension and for their influence on other areas of adolescent life, so it is essential to include Social skills in the formal education of students.MethodThis paper presents the results of an experimental mixed factorial design pilot study in which an Interpersonal Skills Training Program for Adolescents (PEHIA1) was applied. The convenience sample consisted of 51 adolescents. An evaluation was carried out before and after the intervention, using the CEDIA (Adolescent Interpersonal Difficulties Assessment Questionnaire) and SAS-A (Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents) questionnaires.ResultsThe mixed factorial ANOVA show significant differences in the overall measures and in most of the subscales of both questionnaires, indicating that PEHIA is effectiveness, at least in the short term.ConclusionsThe results obtained in assertiveness, interpersonal relationships and public speaking suggest that the program is feasible and shows promising results in reducing anxiety. However, a larger scale study should be conducted.

ObjectiveIn the present work, we conduct a narrative review of the most relevant literature on cutaneous allodynia (CA) in migraine.BackgroundCA is regarded as the perception of pain in response to non-noxious skin stimulation. The number of research studies relating to CA and migraine has increased strikingly over the last few decades. Therefore, the clinician treating migraine patients must recognize this common symptom and have up-to-date knowledge of its importance from the pathophysiological, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic point of view.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive narrative review to analyze existing literature regarding CA in migraine, with a special focus on epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment methods, risk for chronification, diagnosis and management. PubMed and the Cochrane databases were used for the literature search.ResultsThe prevalence of CA in patients with migraine is approximately 60%. The mechanisms underlying CA in migraine are not completely clarified but include a sensitization phenomenon at different levels of the trigemino-talamo-cortical nociceptive pathway and dysfunction of brainstem and cortical areas that modulate thalamocortical inputs. The gold standard for the assessment of CA is quantitative sensory testing (QST), but the validated Allodynia 12-item questionnaire is preferred in clinical setting. The presence of CA is associated with an increased risk of migraine chronification and has therapeutic implications.ConclusionsCA is a marker of central sensitization in patients with migraine that has been associated with an increased risk of chronification and may influence therapeutic decisions.

Este artículo aborda críticamente la relación entre experiencia inmersiva y progreso técnico/tecnológico, mediante un análisis estético-cultural de los imaginarios de la modernidad y el pasado preindustrial, en el contexto de los archivos etnográficos y museos de folklore, la objetología y el ornamento tradicional/artesano, cuyas formas de enunciación y exhibición se fundan, de manera sui generis, a partir de estrategias inmersivas y desbordantes, pese a su prurito de antimodernidad. En el marco del hispanismo anglosajón de finales del XIX, y específicamente a través de la presentación panorámica del singular –y desconocido en el contexto académico español– museo etnográfico fundado por Henry Chapman Mercer a comienzos del siglo veinte en Doylestown (Pennsylvania), se propone una reflexión en torno a la naturaleza inmersiva de los archivos de las culturas populares tradicionales y su valor crítico en el presente, abordando la emergencia de experiencias inmersivas tecnomodernas que operarían en nuestra época como una compensación frente a la devaluación de la experiencia material y social.

The logistic activity has been analysed by different approaches, but with a lack of attention to its impacts in the urban and spatial configuration. This work studies the logistic expansion in the Urban Region of Madrid, considering the geographical polarization and its preferential location in suburban and rural zones in the metropolitan area. The methodology considers three variables enlightening the spatial and temporal diffusion: workers and companies by municipality, logistic land use by province and different types of logistic land use. The results confirm the dissemination of logistics in metropolitan areas according to suburbanization and spread processes, at the same time appears new urban centralities as a consequence of the capitalist integration of the economy at different scales.

Paraffin-embedded tissues have been used for research and therapeutic applications for decades, as they represent a valuable tool in histology and for molecular analysis, as well as being a way to preserve tissue samples for long periods at a low cost. For tissues such as the liver, lungs, kidney, heart or brain, there are many protocols available, already optimized. The purpose of this work is to optimize and simplify the protocols already available to take a single blastocyst from a mouse, fix it and embed it into a paraffin block without using gelatin, to then perform histological cuts using a microtome, with no need of sophisticated equipment or trained personnel. • The protocol presented here preserves well the morphology of the blastocyst. • Paraffin-embedded sections of the sample can be used for studies such as in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, enzyme histochemistry, DNA, RNA or protein extractions, analysis of biomarkers, characterization of surface markers of stem cells integrated into the embryo, to prepare histological material for educational purposes, etc. • Some of these studies could represent a valuable source of new information for the field of reproductive biology.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la experiencia con la administración de toxina botulínica tipo A (OnabotA) en el tratamiento de la migraña crónica (MC) en Segovia durante 16 meses, evaluar su beneficio y buscar marcadores clínicos que sirvan para predecir una mejor respuesta al tratamiento. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes con MC que recibieron infiltraciones con OnabotA durante 16 meses. Se evaluó la eficacia de OnabotA comparando la reducción en el número de días de cefalea, en la intensidad y efectos adversos. Se comparó el efecto del tratamiento con el factor tiempo mediante un análisis de la varianza de dos vías (ANOVA). Se estudió la correlación del efecto del tratamiento con el resto de las variables mediante un modelo de regresión lineal para buscar marcadores clínicos que sirvan para predecir una mejor respuesta. Resultados: Se incluyó a 69 pacientes que cumplían criterios de MC. Se les realizó una media de 2 infiltraciones. La edad media fue de 43 años, el 88,4% fueron mujeres. La frecuencia de los días de cefalea y su intensidad se redujeron de forma significativa (p

Objective: The purposes of this study were to describe our 16-month experience with onabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) for the treatment of chronic migraine (CM) in the Spanish province of Segovia, evaluate its benefits, and determine clinical markers of good response to treatment. Patients and methods: Prospective study of patients with CM who received OnabotA for 16 months. The effectiveness of OnabotA was evaluated based on the reduction in the number of headache days, pain intensity, and side effects. We used two-way analysis of variance to assess the effects of treatment according to the time factor. We studied the correlation between treatment effects and other variables using a linear regression model to establish the clinical markers of good response to treatment. Results: We included 69 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for CM. Patients underwent an average of two infiltrations. Mean age was 43 years; 88.4% were women. The number of headache days and pain intensity decreased significantly (P

This study aimed to test an aquatic motivation healthy program based on the self determination theory (SDT), using a quasi-experimental study. The research data come from different physical, psycho-social and behavioral measures made on 49 women. The sample was divided into two groups, an experimental group consisting of 28 women (M= 43.64; SD= 12.06), with an average experience of 3.05 years, and a control group composed of 21 women (M= 47.14; SD= 10.01), with an average experience of 2.29 years doing physical exercise in an aquatic environment in a large Spanish city. After the intervention with a program based on the SDT and instructor’s autonomy support, both groups perceived physical benefits for health, but the experimental group perceived a better instructor’s autonomy support, a better relationship with others and a greater psychological well-being among the practitioners. The information offered in this study may be of interest to promote for instructor part, these type the aquatic physical exercise programs in favor of the population’s health.

This article reflects on the modern definition of rural spaces, trying to go beyond the mere distinction from the urban areas to develop a more integrated approach with functional elements. In the global context, where the cities and the urban areas became practically the only paradigm, the rural areas show a great range of geographical situations in relation to them. With an empirical perspective, a method grounded on statistical analysis and spatial accessibility is proposed to understand the different configurations of rural areas in relation to the main urban networks, defining profiles and interpreting their trends. This method is applied in Castilla-La Mancha, a region of Spain where the notion of territorial cohesion as a policy goal of the European Union is worth to explore within this framework. Results show that at least three types of rural situations are drawn from the statistical indicators used and the accessibility analysis, depicting quite different diagnosis for the municipalities involved on each group. This proposal is a starting point for further analysis, where comparison between regions or larger areas might be included; also, a more detailed statistical data could improve the performance of the methodology.

Demographic dynamics and its relationship to territorial cohesion in the Functional Urban Areas of Castilla-La Mancha. European Spatial Development Perspective proposed the creation of Functional Urban Areas (FUA) as territorial systems that help to optimize the cohesion territorial processes in the EU. In its creation, it was very important to study the level of relations of dependence between a main urban nucleus and its influence area. Taking into account the 10 FUA characterized the polycentrism in Castilla-La Mancha, it makes a diagnosis of the demographic dynamics that are involved in each of them, with the purpose of identifying those territories that are best able to implement a process of economic, social and territorial cohesion.

Las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas entre diciembre de 1998 y mayo del 2000, en el denominado «Solar de la Casa del Paso», previas a la construcción del aulario de la Universidad Miguel Hernández en Orihuela, pusieron al descubierto importantes hallazgos de cronología medieval y moderna: murallas de la ciudad, baños árabes, casas islámicas y bajomedievales, palacio gótico, etc. La importancia de los hallazgos y la declaración de B.I.C. de la muralla, motivó la modificación del proyecto arquitectónico y la musealización del conjunto arqueológico en un sótano visitable.

El artículo propone una tipología de áreas de mercado turístico a partir del análisis de la accesibilidad a los principales activos turísticos de Castilla-La Mancha. El objetivo es profundizar en la búsqueda de explicaciones lógicas sobre el impacto que tiene la accesibilidad en el desarrollo turístico de los territorios. Especialmente en áreas rurales donde la dotación diferencial de infraestructuras de transporte ha generado desequilibrios notables. Su comprensión, desde la lógica estructural origen-enlace-destino que adoptan muchos de los sistemas territoriales, supone un avance en el complejo proceso de planificación territorial del turismo. Los resultados obtenidos y trasladados a la escala supramunicipal ponen de relieve potencialidades y desventajas a considerar en las estrategias de los espacios rurales.

Los análisis cuantitativos permiten delimitar y contrastar de manera objetiva las características estilísticas de corpus textuales. A través de este tipo de estudios, se intentarán definir rasgos morfonsintácticos y léxicos que permitan diferenciar los poemas sacros indubitados de Damián Cornejo y de León Marchante. Estos datos serán comparados con los obtenidos en las poesías profanas indubitadas y en la prosa para comprobar si existen semejanzas significativas entre las producciones de un mismo autor. Los resultados establecerán una serie de parámetros que ayudarán a determinar la autoría de las poesías religiosas que se atribuyen a ambos.

The slow scientific development in Latin America in recent decades has delayed the incorporation of laboratory animal experimentation; however, this situation has started to change. Today, extraordinary scientific progress is evident, which has promoted the introduction and increased use of laboratory animals as an important tool for the advancement of biomedical sciences. In the aftermath of this boom, the need to provide the scientific community with training and guidance in all aspects related to animal experimentation has arisen. It is the responsibility of each country to regulate this practice, for both bioethical and legal reasons, to ensure consideration of the animals’ rights and welfare. The following manuscript is the result of papers presented at the International Workshop on Laboratory Animal Testing held at the Technical University of Ambato, Ecuador; it contains information regarding the current state of affairs in laboratory animal testing and emphasizes critical aspects such as main species used, ethical and legal principles, and experimental and alternative designs for animal use. These works aim to ensure good practices that should define scientific work. This document will be relevant to both researchers who aim to newly incorporate animal testing into their research and those who seek to update their knowledge.

As macrophages exhibit a huge functional plasticity under homeostasis and pathological conditions, they have become a therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases. Hence, the identification of macrophage subset-specific markers is a requisite for the development of macrophage-directed therapeutic interventions. In this regard, the macrophage-specific Folate Receptor β (FRβ, encoded by the FOLR2 gene) has been already validated as a target for molecular delivery in cancer as well as in macrophage-targeting therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory pathologies. We now show that the transcriptome of human macrophages from healthy and inflamed tissues (tumor; rheumatoid arthritis, RA) share a significant over-representation of the “anti-inflammatory gene set”, which defines the gene profile of M-CSF-dependent IL-10-producing human macrophages (M-MØ). More specifically, FOLR2 expression has been found to strongly correlate with the expression of M-MØ-specific genes in tissue-resident macrophages, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and macrophages from inflamed synovium, and also correlates with the presence of the PU.1 transcription factor. In fact, PU.1-binding elements are found upstream of the first exon of FOLR2 and most M-MØ-specific- and TAM-specific genes. The functional relevance of PU.1 binding was demonstrated through analysis of the proximal regulatory region of the FOLR2 gene, whose activity was dependent on a cluster of PU.1-binding sequences. Further, siRNA-mediated knockdown established the importance of PU.1 for FOLR2 gene expression in myeloid cells. Therefore, we provide evidence that FRβ marks tissue-resident macrophages as well as macrophages within inflamed tissues, and its expression is dependent on PU.1.

Estradiol-based therapies predispose women to vaginal infections. Moreover, it has long been known that neutrophils are absent from the vaginal lumen during the ovulatory phase (high estradiol). However, the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil influx to the vagina remain unknown. We investigated the neutrophil transepithelial migration (TEM) into the vaginal lumen. We revealed that estradiol reduces the CD44 and CD47 epithelial expression in the vaginal ectocervix and fornix, which retain neutrophils at the apical epithelium through the estradiol receptor-alpha. In contrast, luteal progesterone increases epithelial expression of CD44 and CD47 to promote neutrophil migration into the vaginal lumen and Candida albicans destruction. Distinctive to vaginal mucosa, neutrophil infiltration is contingent to sex hormones to prevent sperm from neutrophil attack; although it may compromise immunity during ovulation. Thus, sex hormones orchestrate tolerance and immunity in the vaginal lumen by regulating neutrophil TEM.

La Estrategia Territorial Europea (1999) proponía la creación de Áreas Funcionales Urbanas (FUA) como sistemas territoriales que ayudaban a optimizar los procesos de cohesión territorial en los países de la UE. En su configuración, interesaba analizar el nivel de intensificación de las relaciones de dependencia entre un núcleo urbano principal y su área de influencia. Teniendo en cuenta las 10 FUA que caracterizan el policentrismo en Castilla-La Mancha, se realiza un diagnóstico de las dinámicas demográficas que están interviniendo en cada una de ellas, para identificar aquellos territorios que se encuentran mejor posicionados a la hora de implementar la cohesión económica, social y territorial.

El presente artículo pretende analizar las principales claves de la poesía de Pere Gimferrer a través del comentario de un poema de su libro La muerte en Beverly Hills. Este poemario es una clara muestra de la gran renovación poética que llevaron a término los Novísimos a finales de los años 60 en España. La incorporación de los nuevos medios de comunicación de masas a la poesía y su fusión con la alta cultura permitió dejar atrás los estrechos márgenes de la lírica social al indagar en los límites del lenguaje.

Our objective was to study the frequency of circulating CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells (Breg) in AS patients. To this end, peripheral blood was drawn from AS patients naïve for TNF blockers (AS/nb) (n = 42) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 42). Six patients donated blood for a second time, 6 months after initiating treatment with anti-TNFα drugs. After isolation by Ficoll-Hypaque, PBMCs were stained with antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD19, CD24, and CD38, and examined by cytometry. For functional studies, total CD19+ B cells were isolated from PBMCs of 3 HC by magnetical sorting. Breg-depleted CD19+ B cells were obtained after CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells were removed from total CD19+ cells by cytometry. Total CD19+ B cells or Breg-depleted CD19+ B cells were established in culture and stimulated through their BCR. Secretion of IFNγ was determined by ELISA in culture supernatants. When compared with HC, AS/nb patients demonstrated a significantly increased frequency of Breg cells, which was independent of disease activity. Anti-TNFα drugs induced a significant reduction of circulating Breg numbers, which were no longer elevated after six months of treatment. Functional in vitro studies showed that the secretion of IFNγ was significantly higher in Breg-depleted as compared with total CD19+ B cells, indicating that Breg can downmodulate B cell pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In summary, an increased frequency of circulating CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells is observed in AS/nb patients, that is not related with disease activity; anti-TNFα drugs are able to downmodulate circulating Breg numbers in AS.

Las Áreas Funcionales Urbanas (FUAs) de Ciudad Real y de Puertollano se estructuran a partir de ambas ciudades, funcionalmente diferentes pero que mantienen unas relaciones cada vez más intensas en el sector suroccidental de la región de Castilla-La Mancha, dentro de la provincia de Ciudad Real. Las interrelaciones se establecen en base a las infraestructuras de comunicación, principalmente la línea de alta velocidad ferroviaria. El objetivo de este artículo será caracterizar ambas áreas funcionales y determinar las relaciones entre sus núcleos principales en base a una metodología que combina análisis estadístico (población, crecimiento real anual, población vinculada, etc.) y empírico, con las representaciones cartográficas de los principales indicadores. Los resultados obtenidos permiten abordar una caracterización conjunta de ambas áreas funcionales en el contexto del policentrismo aplicado a la región de Castilla-La Mancha.

Existe un interés creciente en los vegetales con efectos psicoactivos por parte de consumidores, con diferentes niveles de experiencia. Esto ha generado una necesidad de actualización de conocimientos del lado de los profesionales médicos y de otros responsables de la salud pública. Se trata, por lo general, de plantas de uso en ceremonias chamánicas con intención curativa, en rituales o simplemente de uso tradicional que han dado el salto al mundo occidental como nuevas drogas psicoactivas, en gran medida gracias a la facilidad de compra, venta, cultivo e intercambio de información que ofrece Internet. Recopilamos en este texto los vegetales con propiedades psicoactivas más relevantes, tanto por su frecuente mención en foros de usuarios o en portales destinados a la reducción de daños en el consumo de drogas, como por su aparición en textos científicos.

Objetivo: Este estudio investigó experimentalmente si los efectos de tres programas diferentes de afrontamiento, diseñados para reducir la ansiedad ante los exámenes, se deben al componente predominante de la ansiedad de los participantes. Diseño: El estudio incluyó 259 participantes, estudiantes universitarios con alta ansiedad ante los exámenes, casos clínicos reales recogidos y estudiados durante ocho años. La muestra experimental quedó formada por 94 participantes seleccionados con ansiedad irracional ante los exámenes. Los factores experimentales fueron: terapia (factor intrasujeto, pre y postintervención), tratamiento (cognitivo, fisiológico y cognitivo-fisiológico), preocupación (alta-baja) y emocionalidad (alta-baja). Medidas: Se utilizaron varios cuestionarios de ansiedad (TAS, TAI, ITA, IC, STAI) como indicadores de ansiedad. Resultados: Utilizando intervalos de confianza, se encontró evidencia de cambios en la ansiedad, medida en un grado variado en los diferentes grupos de preocupación y emocionalidad. Conclusión: Los tres programas de entrenamiento reducen la ansiedad ante los exámenes; pero no se produce en la misma medida en los diferentes grupos de emocionalidad y de preocupación. Los resultados podrían ser decisivos en la fase de selección del tratamiento más adecuado para el paciente a lo largo del proceso terapéutico.

Background. Synthetic cathinones (SCs), also known as “bath salts,” are β-ketone amphetamine compounds derived from cathinone, a psychoactive substance found in Catha edulis. Mephedrone is the most representative SC. Slamming is the term used for the intravenous injection of these substances in the context of chemsex parties, in order to enhance sex experiences. Using IV mephedrone may lead to diverse medical and psychiatric complications like psychosis, aggressive behavior, and suicide ideation. Case. We report the case of a 25-year-old man admitted into a psychiatric unit, presenting with psychotic symptoms after slamming mephedrone almost every weekend for the last 4 months. He presents paranoid delusions, intense anxiety, and visual and kinesthetic hallucinations. He also shows intense craving, compulsive drug use, general malaise, and weakness. After four weeks of admission and antipsychotic treatment, delusions completely disappear. The patient is reinfected with hepatitis C. Discussion. Psychiatric and medical conditions related to chemsex and slamming have been reported in several European cities, but not in Spain. Psychotic symptoms have been associated with mephedrone and other SCs’ consumption, with the IV route being prone to produce more severe symptomatology and addictive conducts. In the case we report, paranoid psychosis, addiction, and medical complications are described.

Este estudio descriptivo se centra en las diferencias entre casos de trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) y controles en impulsividad cognitiva, buscando el mejor modelo basado en el Matching Familiar Figures Test 20 (MFFT-20) que permita predecir y diagnosticar TDAH, analizando la validez de la prueba para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Se empleó un diseño ex post facto en una muestra de 100 casos de TDAH (criterios DSM-IV) y 100 controles entre 7 y 11 años, analizados mediante el MFFT-20. Los controles fueron reclutados de forma aleatoria y emparejados según edad, sexo y zona sociodemográfica con los casos. Los casos presentan un estilo cognitivo medio significativamente mas impulsivo (d = 1,29), con menor suma de latencias (d = 0,71) y mayor suma de errores (d = 2,20) en el MFFT- 20. El modelo de regresión logística que mejor predice TDAH está formado por las variables edad y suma de errores del MFFT-20 y la formula derivada del modelo presenta una sensibilidad del 80% y especifidad del 80% para TDAH, tomando como prueba de referencia criterios DSM-IV. La prueba MFFT-20 presenta indicadores de adecuada validez de criterio en TDAH, contribuyendo a incrementar la objetividad en su análisis.

El artículo analiza la situación de Castilla-La Mancha en materia de ordenación del territorio. La primera parte aborda el estado de la cuestión desde el inicio del gobierno autonómico, destacando el predominio de la Política Regional frente a la planificación espacial, y la evolución hacia el desarrollo de los instrumentos urbanísticos y territoriales. La segunda parte presenta tres casos de problemáticas en los que hubiese sido recomendable una visión espacial proactiva, para compatibilizar el crecimiento económico con la conservación de los recursos naturales, evitar impactos ambientales y fricciones para la gestión de proyectos estratégicos de la región, así como un planteamiento endógeno de las infraestructuras de transporte. Las hipótesis de partida de este trabajo se resumen en la consideración de que las políticas de ordenación territorial se han visto subordinadas a otro tipo de políticas sectoriales o de Desarrollo Regional, de tal forma que cuando la Ordenación del Territorio alcanza protagonismo y madurez ha sido para resolver conflictos y tensiones territoriales y ambientales, concluyendo que su aplicación es el resultado de un proceso de aprendizaje y madurez del sistema de gobernanza paralelo a la aplicación de las políticas comunitarias.

El estudio analiza diferencias entre casos de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) y controles en su modo global / analítico de procesar la información, buscando el mejor modelo basado en el Children's Embedded Figures Test (CEFT) que permita predecir TDAH y analizando la validez de la prueba para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Se estudia una muestra de 100 casos de TDAH (criterios DSM-IV) y 100 controles, entre 7 y 11 años, evaluados mediante el CEFT. Los controles fueron reclutados de forma aleatoria y emparejados según edad, sexo y zona sociodemográfica con los casos. Los casos presentan un estilo cognitivo medio significativamente mas dependiente de campo (d = 1.36), reflejando un modo de procesamiento mas global que los controles en todas las edades. El modelo de regresión logística que mejor predice TDAH está formado por edad, sexo y CEFT. La formulación derivada del modelo presenta sensibilidad del 80% y especifidad del 84%, tomando como prueba de referencia criterios DSM-IV para TDAH. Concluimos valorando que el CEFT presenta utilidad y adecuada validez de criterio para TDAH.

La aplicación de la Estrategia Territorial Europea (ETE) a la región de Castilla-La Mancha requerirá, en su diseño, contemplar diversas fuentes de análisis territorial. En este artículo se expone cómo abordar la información ofrecida por algunas de estas fuentes, como la Población Vinculada, las Relaciones Interterritoriales derivadas de la Encuesta de Infraestructuras y Equipamientos o los territorios LEADER y PRODER. El objetivo es establecer los posibles centros y subcentros que organizan este espacio regional, siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la ETE, en un territorio en el que las experiencias de desarrollo territorial han sido escasas.

En este hypomnémata compartimos un conjunto de lecturas y notas, tratando de fijar brevemente una serie de acontecimientos cercanos en el tiempo, pero en muchos sentidos inactuales, que conciernen al ámbito de la cultura, el arte y su relación con la política, que han tenido lugar, por lo general, en la ciudad Madrid. Por su fragilidad (o por su exposición al olvido) deseamos volverlos disponibles como soportes -por decirlo con Foucault- para una revisión, reflexión y meditación futura, ya sea colectiva o individual, debido a que compromete a un conjunto de contradicciones por habitar. Un acto de memoria personal que en el viaje de ida y vuelta de la escritura a la lectura, podría concernir a muchas más personas. Su disponibilidad, indica Foucault sobre la escritura hypomnémata, abre posibilidades de subjetivación entre el sí mismo y el mundo, por lo que esta forma es planteada como propuesta al llamamiento de Re-Visiones. Nos preguntamos por el modo en que la imagen y la mirada, o las formas y su percepción, participan de esta escritura de sí, la cual pensamos sólo alcanzaría sentido político al ponerse en relación con los otros.

In this hypomnemata we share a set of readings and notes, trying to briefly focus on some nearby events in time, but also in many senses out-of-date, that concern the field of culture, art and its relationship to politics, that have taken place, usually in the city Madrid. Due to its fragility (or its exposure to oblivion) we want make them available as supports -as Foucault designate- for review, reflection and a future meditation, either collectively or individually, because it commits to a set of not assumed contradictions. An act of personal memoir that, in the back and forth trip from writing to reading, might regard to many more people. Its availability – says Foucault on hypomnémata writing- opens possibilities of subjectivity betweenthe self and the world, so this form is raised as a proposal to this issue calling. We are wondering how the image and the gaze, or the forms and their perceptions, are relate with this self writing. It might only reach political sense in its relationship or consideration with others.

El estudio analiza el desarrollo a través de la edad de dimensiones clínicas, cognitivas, académicas y relacionales en casos clínicos de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH). Metodología de investigación: Se analiza una muestra de 90 casos con TDAH (6- 16 años), con un diseño seccional, comparaciones transversales y criterios de investigación diferencial en función de la edad. El caso de TDAH se valoró según criterios DSM-IV y se consideraron las variables perfil intelectual, resultados académicos, dimensión relacional y comorbilidad. Se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos y exploratorios, implementando un procedimiento de regresión lineal. Resultados: Los casos de TDAH analizados presentan importante alteración en dimensiones clínicas, académicas y relacionales. Solo los resultados académicos se deterioran progresivamente con la edad (p menor de 0.05).

El estudio analiza el perfil de comorbilidad del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) y trastornos del comportamiento (TC), explorando el modelo que predice esta asociación psicopatológica. Metodología de investigación: Se analiza una muestra de 90 casos con TDAH (6-16 años). Mediante investigación diferencial se compara la agrupación TDAH+TC con la ausencia de esta comorbilidad. El caso de TDAH se valoró según criterios DSM-IV y la comorbilidad mediante el CSI. Se consideraron las variables perfil intelectual (WISC-R), resultados académicos, dimensión relacional, antecedentes psiquiátricos y núcleo de convivencia. Se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos y exploratorios, implementando un procedimiento de regresión logística. Resultados: El perfil diferencial implica que los casos TDAH+TC presentan, significativamente, mayor deterioro en dimensión relacional, resultados académicos y proporción de padres separados. El modelo que predice TDAH+TC está formado por el factor relacional, mientras que en TDAH + Trastorno Disocial incluye factor relacional y padres separados (p

The results of twelve years of observations on olive grove phenology at the experimental grove in Almodóvar del Campo (Ciudad Real) are presented. Daily atmospheric pollen analyses of Olea at the same site over the last three years are also reponed. A statistical study relations flowering to climate variation is presented. The influence of minimum temperatures and accumulated rainfall on the initiation of the opening of the corolla (E) is confirmed. The duration of the stage from the beginning to the completion of flower opening (phase F) is lengthened when there is rainfall during this phase. Annual totals of atmospheric Olea pollen are compared to the olive production in the municipality and in the experimental grove, for the three years and show a similar trend.

In the last decade, the WEU, NATO and specially the European Union (in the framework of the Barcelona process) initiated security dialogues with countries East and South of the Mediterranean Basin. Those processes are far to achieve significant progress. Some arguments help to explain the present situation: on the one hand, European countries and organizations lack clear strategic goals and consistent policies. On the other, difficulties to create a security dialogue in the Mediterranean, which is a precondition to generateboth a common language and security culture, are the result of differences between the European and the Arab security cultures. Nevertheless, the geopolitical environment, the Euro-Mediterranean process itself and the development of the European Union demanda strategic revision on how to implement the objectives of the Barcelona Declaration, reformulating the idea of Euro-Mediterranean Partnership towards a new concept of shared security that integrates Southern interests and concerns.

Follicular helper T cells (Tfh), localized in lymphoid organs, promote B cell differentiation and function. Circulating CD4 T cells expressing CXCR5, ICOS and/or PD-1 are counterparts of Tfh. Three subpopulations of circulating CD4+CXCR5+ cells have been described: CXCR3+CCR6- (Tfh-Th1), CXCR3-CCR6+ (Tfh-Th17), and CXCR3-CCR6- (Tfh-Th2). Only Tfh-Th17 and Tfh-Th2 function as B cell helpers. Our objective was to study the frequencies of circulating Tfh (cTfh), cTfh subsets and plasmablasts (CD19+CD20-CD27+CD38high cells), and the function of cTfh cells, in patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). To this end, peripheral blood was drawn from healthy controls (HC) (n = 50), AS patients naïve for TNF blockers (AS/nb) (n = 25) and AS patients treated with TNF blockers (AS/b) (n = 25). The frequencies of cTfh and plasmablasts were determined by flow cytometry. Cocultures of magnetically sorted CD4+CXCR5+ T cells with autologous CD19+CD27- naïve B cells were established from 3 AS/nb patients and 3 HC, and concentrations of IgG, A and M were measured in supernatants. We obseved that AS/nb but not AS/b patients, demonstrated decreased frequencies of circulating CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+PD-1+ cells and plasmablasts, together with a decreased (Tfh-Th17+Tfh-Th2)/Tfh-Th1 ratio. The amounts of IgG and IgA produced in cocultures of CD4+CXCR5+ T cells with CD19+CD27- B cells of AS/nb patients were significantly lower than observed in cocultures established from HC. In summary, AS/nb but not AS/b patients, demonstrate a decreased frequency of cTfh and plasmablasts, and an underrepresentation of cTfh subsets bearing a B helper phenotype. In addition, peripheral blood CD4+CXCR5+ T cells of AS/nb patients showed a decreased capacity to help B cells ex vivo.

The purpose of this article is to assert that the Lebanese conflict had its origins in the domestic situation of the country, but that became acute, crossed the threshold towards open war and finally reached a stalemate due to regional politics and specifically Syrian-Israeli relations, a dynamics that determines the future of Lebanon.Furthermore, the author states that despite the relative success of the Middle East Peace Process in the Palestinian and Jordanian fronts, the eventual resolution of the Lebanese conflict is intimately linked to the Syrian-Israeli dispute on the Golan Heights,and that meaningful achievements on both issues are pre-conditions to fully normalize the relations among the Arab states and Israel.