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This chapter discusses the operating procedures of various equipment used in amolecularbiologylaboratory,whichinvolveshandling,riskmanagement,requirements,standards,andmaintenanceoftheequipment&theirpurpose,benifit, desgining sop, procedure ect. The equipment discuss tablet coating, tablet compression, capsule filling, In This review article i review on no. Of articles and as summary of those all articles this article is presenting information regarding the SOP's their manufacturing, use, advantages, Goals behind the SOP preparation as well safe and effective operation of any process.(1) SOP'sarethedocumentornotethetisusefullinindustryFromenteyinindustryto exit from the industry, The SOP guide us to what to do?, how to do?, when to do? e.t.c. in industry their are some authority who prepare SOP's . An SOP should be regularly checked, signed and approved as when required. Different examples of SOP are given in This review article.(1). more...

Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antibacterial activity of the weed plant Oxalis corniculate were carried out to determine its medicinal potential because plants are the primary source of novel medications. Oxalis corniculata Linn. (Family; Oxalidaceae) was tested for antibacterial activity against three important bacteria E. coli, Salmonella Typhi, S.Aureus. Powdered leaf material was extracted with different solvents viz., water and alcohol using Soxhlet apparatus. All the solvent extracts were evaporated to dryness using sun drying. Dry residue was dissolved in respective solvents and tested for antibacterial activity The antibacterial activity was investigated using the agar well diffusion method. more...

Pathology is being important now a days Since the mejor pandemic like COVID 19 where seen although it is very essential in some conditions like diabetes, kidney stones, High blood pressure conditions to take precautions to avoid Major damege and life treating evens. In this review article we get to know what the pathophysiology actually include and what is pathogenesis in turm of pharmacy. In this overview report of overview of the blood and urine through which verious the disease conditions or the body behaviour is depend, if their is variation of the normal count of the constituents of these takes place it causes disfunction of the body organs or biochemical reactions. In the further overall studies we will discuss about the what are mejor components of the blood and urine as well Their Major role in the clinical signs and symptoms. Further we come to know that what are the actual analytical methods of the testing, recognising, classify gread and stages of the different components and classify them and verious types of maliganancy. Also let you know that is the contribution of the pathological analysis in the disease oriented surveillance and the evaluation, treatment as well.. at the end we will go through some report samples of pathological laboratoriet. more...

GRDDSs are an innovative tactic in this area (Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System). GRDDSs can improve the regulated administration of drugs with an absorption window by continuously releasing the drug for a long period before it reaches its absorption site. The aim of this study was to investigate, compile, and succinctly summarise both recent and older literatures, with a focus on methods being applied right now to prolong gastric residency duration. They include of high density systems, floating systems, swelling and expanding systems, bio/mucoadhesive systems, and various delayed gastric emptying devices. The current study briefly discusses the categorization, formulation concerns for gastroretentive drug delivery systems, variables affecting stomach retention, advantages, limitations, and applications. To understand the many physiological hurdles involved in establishing stomach retention, we have highlighted important factors impacting it. Then, we assessed the various gastroretentive techniques that have been devised and developed up to this point, including high density (sinking), floating, bio- or mucoadhesive, expandable, unfoldable, ultra porous hydrogel, and magnetic systems. Additionally, the advantages of gastroretentive medicine administration systems were thoroughly covered. more...

We report here a novel amide-piperazine based multiple ligand approach ciprofloxacin derivatives were synthesized and fully characterized by HR-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and FT-IR. All the synthesized compounds were exhibited high antibacterial activity tested against drug-sensitive bacteria Gram positive Staphylococcus Aureus and Bacilus Subtilis and Gram negative bacteria Escherichia Coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. We found that all the compounds are promising candidates as antibacterial agents, along with compound5camide-piperazine based ciprofloxacin derivative demonstrated outstanding antibacterial activity against MRSA in the in vitro antibacterial studies. The results of the studies show the synthesized 5c derivative can be used for the development of anti-MRSA drugs. more...

Cosmetic science is a prominent interdisciplinary area in several scientific disciplines that spans The natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences. The 35-year-old predecessor, Cosmetic Science, has been totally revised in New Cosmetic Science The “Usefulness of Cosmetics,” a Subject that is quickly gaining importance, is also discussed in addition to the topic of cosmetic Safety and is shown with study. A viewpoint that covers skin care products as well as cosmetics Including makeup, hair care, perfumes, body care, and oral care items. Oral care cosmetics and Body cosmetics’ functions, varieties, essential elements, dosages, and manufacturing procedures Are all illustrated. Methods that are both psychologically and physically beneficial. Formulas are used in cosmetics to accentuate the beauty of lips. Lipstick is a cosmetic item that Gives the lips colour, texture, and protection while also containing dyes, oils, and waxes. more...

Due to its potential and minimal side effects, herbal medicines have been used to treat diseases since ancient times. However, obstacles in the identification, processing, standardisation, and extraction of herbal pharmaceuticals rarely prompt researchers to create new methods of delivering herbal medicines. The old and antiquated method of administering herbal medications to patients is the cause of their decreased effectiveness. Nowadays, a variety of innovative drug delivery systems (NDDS) are employed, including phytosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, herbal transdermal patches, nanoparticles, and biphasic emulsions. The effectiveness and safety of herbal medications will enhance, along with the product's stability, thanks to a novel delivery method. With the use of these procedures, plant actives and extracts can be released gradually with better patient compliance and be used more specifically. This review provides a summary of the information on numerous cutting-edge methods for enhancing the efficacy and safety of phytomedicines, the types of active components utilised, biological activity, and the use of novel formulations of herbal pharmaceuticals to improve therapeutic response more...

The object detection based on deep learning is an important application in deep learning technology, which is characterized by its strong capability of feature learning and feature representation compared with the traditional object detection methods. The paper first makes an introduction of the classical methods in object detection and expounds the relation and difference between the classical methods and the deep learning methods in object detection. Then it introduces the emergence of the object detection methods based on deep learning and elaborates the most typical methods nowadays in the object detection via deep learning. In the statement of the methods, the paper focuses on the framework design and the working principle of the models and analyzes the model performance in the real-time and the accuracy of detection. Eventually, it discusses the challenges in the object detection based on deep learning and offers some solutions for reference. more...

Using Lowry's approach, the current study investigated how starvation and refeeding affected the amount of protein in various tissues of the freshwater fish Channa panctatus (1951). The fish were categorised into two groups, the first group had normal feedings, while the second was denied food for periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively. Notably, the previously starved fish were fed again. Fish show a significant rise in protein levels relative to normal following feeding because prolonged starvation causes a steady drop in tissue protein levels. more...

Today world is trying to cope with the biggest pandemic caused by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease is graded as mild, moderate, serious and critical illness. Very few studies are done with methemoglobin along with other parameters for the assessment of the severity of COVID-19 disease. The objectives of the study were to estimate methemoglobin (Met-Hb), hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in patients with COVID-19 disease and to investigate the interaction between these parameters and the severity of the disease. This observational study was conducted in three groups of COVID-19 patients- moderate, severe and critical, each group containing 30 patients, between June 2021 and September 2021 in the biochemistry department of a tertiary care hospital. For all patients, Met-Hb, Hb, ferritin, and LDH levels were estimated on the 2nd-3rd day of hospital admission. Patients in the critical group were older and had significantly high values of Met-Hb, ferritin and LDH and significantly low values of Hb (P more...

We present innovative research practices in psychiatric genetic studies to ensure representation of individuals from diverse ancestry, sex assigned at birth, gender identity, age, body shape and size, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Due to histories of inappropriate and harmful practices against marginalized groups in both psychiatry and genetics, people of certain identities may be hesitant to participate in research studies. Yet their participation is essential to ensure diverse representation, as it is incorrect to assume that the same genetic and environmental factors influence the risk for various psychiatric disorders across all demographic groups. We present approaches developed as part of the Eating Disorders Genetics Initiative (EDGI), a study that required tailored approaches to recruit diverse populations across many countries. Considerations include research priorities and design, recruitment and study branding, transparency, and community investment and ownership. Ensuring representation in participants is costly and funders need to provide adequate support to achieve diversity in recruitment in prime awards, not just as supplemental afterthoughts. The need for diverse samples in genetic studies is critical to minimize the risk of perpetuating health disparities in psychiatry and other health research. Although the EDGI strategies were designed specifically to attract and enroll individuals with eating disorders, our approach is broadly applicable across psychiatry and other fields. more...

Renewable energy sources are becoming one of the most important resources in today's world because of their Renewаble energy sоurсes аre beсоming оne оf the mоst imроrtаnt resоurсes in tоdаy's wоrld beсаuse оf their mаny benefits. In раrtiсulаr, sоlаr energy соntinues tо be а sоurсe оf nоn-соmbustible аnd nоn-роlluting energy tо meet оur ever-grоwing energy needs. Hоwever, sоlаr раnels, whiсh аre imроrtаnt соmроnents оf sоlаr energy соnversiоn, аre nоt аble tо trасk the direсtiоn оf sunlight thrоugh dаily аnd seаsоnаl сhаnges. This reduсes the аreа оf exроsure tо sunlight tо sоlаr раnels аnd the effiсienсy оf the sоlаr trасking system invоlving sоlаr раnels. We hаve develорed а sоlаr trасking system using а соmbinаtiоn оf miсrо-соntrоller, steррer mоtоr аnd light deрendent resistоrs (LDR's) fоr the рrimаry рurроse оf imрrоving sоlаr energy effiсienсy. А key раrt оf this trасker is аn Аrduinо соntrоller designed tо deteсt sunlight with the helр оf LDRs аnd then set uр а lаdder tо роsitiоn the sоlаr раnel in suсh а wаy thаt it reсeives mаximum sunlight. Sо this system саn асhieve greаter light аnd саn reduсe the соst оf generаting eleсtriсity by requiring а smаll number оf sоlаr раnels with the right shарe аnd sunlight. Keywords: Solar tracker mechanism, LDR, DC motor, controller, solar panel, Inverter, AC load etc more...

CD1d-arbitrated activation of i-NKT cells by α-galactosylceramide results in the effective secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, with adjuvanticity skewed toward Th2 immunity. However, the polarization of immune response could be achieved by suitable modification of the glycolipid structure. In the current study, novel glycolipids with an amphiphilic oligo ethylene glycol lipid moiety bearing the benzyloxy group at the terminus on the acyl arm of sphingosine, exhibited CD1d ligand binding as quantified by IL-2 cytokine production. When immunized with quadrivalent split influenza virus in BALB/c mice, the novel ceramide analogues with a longer oligo (ethylene glycol) chain length induced significant levels of antibody (IgG) with Th1-polarized immune response. more...

A new simple, specific, precise & validated Analytical Method has been developed for the determination of Luliconazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The separation was achieved on a C18 ODS (250×4.6 mm,5µm) or using mobile phase consisting of methanol: water (85:15) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 296nm. The retention time of Luliconazole was found to be 4.2min. the calibration curve found linear between range of 20-60 µg/ml with a regression coefficient of 0. 9998. The percentage recovery of Luliconazole was found to be in the range of 90-110%. The method was validated in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization. LOD & LOQ for Luliconazole were found to be 0.24μg & 0.748μg/ml respectively. Present method is simple, precise and can be used in routine analysis of Luliconazole in bulk and pharmaceutical lotion. more...

One main objective of the project is to develop a missing youngster (people) realize application that may be useful for the folk whose beloved ones are kidnapped lost, or saved by the folks. In this Finding Missing folk's exploitation website we offer person with entire information base of the missing youngsters, in order that the police will track regarding the whereabouts or file a case relating the difficulty. And the youngsters found (known or unknown) details are uploaded by the police or by AN appointed agent. Entering details of the kids like height, age, etc. could be a protracted method and also the search output. Being out of touch with a loved one is concerning and not hearing from someone you care about is terrifying. Several cases of missing people have been reported for many years, where most of the searches turn out unsuccessful. In order to quickly reunite families and friends with their missing loved ones, a solution for effectively searching for the missing people is presented. Persons more easily and quickly. Missing person identification and tracking for intelligent video surveillance systems. Due to some reason the people leave the home or some child or old man’s forget the route of home to this missing case entry is updated in police station by using CCTV camera technology compare the each person with the available database and find these people. To improve this system concept system is designed. In this system designed to find the missing people. If the missing person found in the CCTV Video streaming then track the location of missing person. After missing person found in the CCTV Video streaming then send location SMS to relatives of missing person and Police station. So our system can perform the very important role in security and authentication issues. The user performs the main role in the system. Firstly he can register in the system, after the registration he can login to the system. User also adds the missing person details in the system. If missing person found in video then user can send SMS to the police station and also to person’s relatives. Here the admin perform the all administrative role in this system. Admin can add the user, remove the user etc. After getting the user’s result admin can view those details. more...

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on several environmental aspects as well as human life. Due to the severity of the pandemic, the whole planet went into absolute lockdown, limiting human mobility in order to stop the corona virus from spreading. As all forms of industrial, commercial, and social activity ceased, environmental conditions such as air quality and water quality, which had been gravely harmed by pollution, greatly improved. Nature was able to cure itself as a result of this. The indicators of environmental improvement might be seen in different elements of nature. The influence of COVID-19 on rivers is highlighted in this review. Rivers are vital to the survival of life on Earth, contributing to agriculture and biodiversity. Despite the world's socio-cultural and economic progress being restricted, the environment's health, particularly water, has greatly improved. During the lockdown, companies near the river's catchment region were shut down, resulting in a dramatic improvement in water quality. Because of the lockdown and travel limitations, anthropogenic activities on the river ecology were kept to a minimum, preventing contamination. The purpose of this review is to discuss the influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on rivers, and the conclusion is that "Although corona virus vaccine is accessible for people, corona virus is itself Earth's vaccine." more...

In context of pandemic COVID-19, all communities of world are under strong psychologically pressure of outbreak corona virus and its impact on human life. Due to its severity and deleterious effects, controlling and transmission of COVID-19 virus among society is at highest priority all over the world. According to WHO (World Health Organization) to avoid the infection of COVID-19 virus and combat directly with virus use the sanitizer or disinfected on daily basis as preventive strategies against COVID-19 virus. In present attempt, we have highlighted the detrimental effects of disinfectant or sanitizer on human and environment. Information on use of disinfectant and sanitizer to prevent the spreading of virus and its deleterious effects was collected from 10 families by web based (Google form) survey through different questionnaires. Gathered information reveals, that families are continuously applying disinfectant or sanitizer on body surface to inactive or destroy the effects of microorganism. As sanitizer and disinfectant is complex mixture of various concentrations of chemical agents and such chemicals may have adverse impact on human health, environment, water ecosystem and aquatic life as well. Collected information concluded that, about 90% families agreed that sanitizer and other disinfectant have adverse impact on human health, 80% families granted that sanitizer produce adverse effect on water ecosystem and 70% families said that sanitizer and other disinfectant have detrimental impact on environment and aquatic life. Finally, we recommended that, to reduce the side effect of disinfectant and sanitizer, we have to use the safe concentration, eco-friendly and herbal based sanitizer and disinfectant in present pandemic scenario. more...

Background: Self-inflicted gunshot wounds (SIGSWs) produce devastating facial defects that are challenging to reconstruct, but are rarely reported in large cohorts in the literature. This study sought to characterize these injuries, and identify parameters influencing complications and outcomes among survivors following facial reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed identifying 22 patients with SIGSWs to the face reconstructed at our center from 2009 to 2019. Charts were reviewed for patient, injury, and reconstructive details and course. Outcomes were statistically compared to various parameters. Results: The most common firearm, orientation, and injured structure were the handgun (40.9%), submental (59.1%), and mandible (68.2%), respectively. Patients averaged a 21.7-day length of stay (LOS), 17.4 h to debridement, 2.6 days to bony fixation, 5.4 reconstructive surgeries, and 7 (31.8%) patients received at least one free flap. Fifteen (68.2%) patients had at least one major complication, although functional outcomes were ultimately relatively good overall. Notable outcome associations included submental orientation with a longer LOS (p = 0.027), external fixation with a longer LOS (p = 0.014), financial stressors with a shorter LOS (p = 0.031), and severe soft tissue injury with an increased total number of reconstructive surgeries (p = 0.039) and incomplete reconstruction (p = 0.031). There were no cases of suicidal recidivism. Conclusions: Reconstruction following facial SIGSW is challenging for both patient and surgeon, and carries a high rate of complications. However, patients can regain substantial function following reconstruction and the achievement of satisfactory outcomes. more...

Background Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is an important cause of chronic kidney disease and secondary hypertension. In animal models, renal ischemia leads to downregulation of growth factor expression and loss of intrarenal microcirculation. However, little is known about the sequelae of large-vessel occlusive disease on the microcirculation within human kidneys. Method This study included five patients who underwent nephrectomy due to renovascular occlusion and seven nonstenotic discarded donor kidneys (four deceased donors). Micro-computed tomography was performed to assess microvascular spatial densities and tortuosity, an index of microvascular immaturity. Renal protein expression, gene expression and histology were studied in vitro using immunoblotting, polymerase chain reaction and staining. Results RAS demonstrated a loss of medium-sized vessels (0.2–0.3 mm) compared with donor kidneys (P = 0.037) and increased microvascular tortuosity. RAS kidneys had greater protein expression of angiopoietin-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and thrombospondin-1 but lower protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than donor kidneys. Renal fibrosis, loss of peritubular capillaries (PTCs) and pericyte detachment were greater in RAS, yet they had more newly formed PTCs than donor kidneys. Therefore, our study quantified significant microvascular remodeling in the poststenotic human kidney. RAS induced renal microvascular loss, vascular remodeling and fibrosis. Despite downregulated VEGF, stenotic kidneys upregulated compensatory angiogenic pathways related to angiopoietin-1. Conclusions These observations underscore the nature of human RAS as a microvascular disease distal to main vessel stenosis and support therapeutic strategies directly targeting the poststenotic kidney microcirculation in patients with RAS. more...

Artificial Intelligence is accompanying a whole generation of children to grow up in a rapidly changing digital world, with the proliferation of virtual assistants such as Siri and Google Assistant and many other AI-enabled applications in all sorts of areas such as healthcare, automobile, education, social media, entertainment, and robotics Artificial Intelligence helps young learners to create logical reasoning skills. It helps them develop an understanding to realize the new digital tools that will help your kids increase their aware- ness and smartness. As artificial intelligence technology gaining in popularity, its application to semester education is becoming increasingly important in encouraging student growth. To begin with, kids are immature blossoms and country future. child's artificial intelligence education may assist them not just to acquire a wide range of sophisticated information, but also considerably enhance their creativity and imagination. Secondly, automation and artificial intelligence training and education to kids is beneficial to improving their grasp of artificial intelligence technology, which could also generate favourable learning settings for kids later on. Lastly, the implementation of artificial intelligence technology in preschools is in keeping with active teaching trends. Artificial intelligence has been used in applications to alleviate certain problems throughout industry and academia. AI, like electricity or computers, is a general purpose technology that has a multitude of applications. It has been used in fields of Shape recognition, Speech recognition, facial expresstion detection credit scoring, e-commerce and other domains. &nbsp more...

Studies were conducted to evaluate the organoleptic changes in Trichiurus spp. (ribbon fish) during frozen storage. Ribbon fishes of 75-85cms standard length and weighing about 470-500 gms were procured in absolutely fresh condition from the local fish-landing centre at Colaba. Samples were analysed at 2 weeks intervals upto 10 weeks and thereafter at 4 weeks intervals upto 30 weeks. Fishes were assessed organoleptically based on general appearance, colour, flavour, texture and an arbitrary hedonic scoring scale of 10 to 1 was used in which ‘4’ was considered as the border line of acceptance. The organoleptic score was ‘10’ which decreased gradually and remained in the acceptable margin score of ‘4’ at the end of 22nd week of frozen storage at –18oC. Therefore, organoleptically the fish is acceptable upto 22 weeks of frozen storage. The fish retains its quality upto 14 weeks afterwards it shows the sign of deterioration. more...

Literacy is a one of the main indicator of human development. Literacy is a mirror of the social, economic and cultural setup of the nation. A person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding any language, is treated as literate. Literacy has traditionally defined as the ability to read and write. The main objective of the present paper is to study of literacy pattern in Western Maharashtra Region of Maharashtra state. According 2011 census data the literacy rate of Western Maharashtra region was 81.81 percent. The urban literacy rate was higher than the rural literacy. Since 1961-2011, the literacy rate is continuously increased decade by decade. more...

In this study an effort to analysis the general landuse pattern in Osmanabad district at micro level. The term ‘Landuse’ means generally, land utilization. The various factors are effects on general landuse, like a physiography, climate, soil, Irrigation and some socio-economical elements. This study is based on secondary data; data is obtained from governmental record. In the study area agriculture is dominant economic activity and their account is more in general landuse. Out of the district geographical area 76.97 percent area under net sown area followed by follow land, cultivable waste and forest cover share very less amount with 0.86 percent.&nbsp more...

Water quality assessment of Rahuri tahsil in Ahmednagar district has done in Maharashtra State, India. This paper aims to study the physical and chemical properties of water of Rahuri and its surrounding area. The physical parameters included Temperature, Total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters included pH, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, Phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity. Ionic parameters like chloride, phosphate, sulphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, chromium and manganese. Also, the biological parameters studied standard plate count and most probable number. more...

Water and zirconium(IV) as catalyst were found to be effective in the transformation of terminal aromatic alkyne to aromatic methyl ketone in the microwave. This terminal alkyne hydration reaction proceeded in excellent yield with Zr(cp)2Cl2. The reaction was moved efficiently in presence of electron donating or electron withdrawing substituent on aromatic ring. An eco-friendly synthesis of aldehyde by oxidative cleavage of nitroalkene was developed with Zr(cp)2Cl2 catalyst and water in microwave. more...

Background: For preservation of Packed Red blood cells (PRBCs), the recommended optimum conditions includes storage at 2-60 C in specialised blood storage refrigerators. PRBCs are required for blood transfusions in some life-saving situations and can be stored for 42 days. But during this storage period, continuous degradation of RBCs occurs and oxygen carrying capacity gets reduced. These changes inadvertently affect the lifespan of stored RBCs. Therefore during this storage period, routine evaluation is recommended. This study aimed to assess the storage effects on Blood Component and internal quality control of packed red cells. Methodology: This Prospective Cohort study includes analysis of 50 Packed Red blood cells bags for RBC count, Haemoglobin and RBC indices. The analysis will be done on Day 1, Day 21 and Day 42 from the date of blood collection. The study will be carried in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Blood Centre and Department of Pathology, JNMC, AVBRH, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha. The data collected will be analysed using appropriate statistical tools. Expected Results: Haemoglobin and Red cell indices with the help of cell counter will be analysed. Effects of storage on packed red blood cells will be drawn from the analysis. more...

In India, auto rickshaws are the most convenient and cheapest mode of near-to-door transport in both rural and urban areas. Such vehicles powered with internal combustion engines (ICEs) are one of the main sources of pollutants on urban corridors. One way to minimize tail-pipe emissions is to use electric motors in place of ICE. To evaluate the vehicle performance, energy consumption, driving behavior, optimal design and management of such electric vehicles, driving cycle is an important tool. So far, only limited studies exist on the development of a driving cycle for e-rickshaw. Moreover, these studies are concentrated in urban traffic environment and research accounting rural and urban environment together remain unexplored. In this study, real world driving data for 100 trips of e-rickshaw are collected on a road stretch passing through rural and urban setting. A high-end GPS data logger was used to collect vehicle kinematics such as continuous speed profile, acceleration/deceleration, heading, and vehicle position coordinates. Nine different driving characteristics representing actual traffic conditions are identified and used for developing e-rickshaw driving cycle (ERDC). Two approaches, random selection and k-means clustering are explored to arrive at best representative ERDC using micro-trips technique. The analysis results revealed that k-means clustering outperforms the random selection method with additional benefit of accounting traffic conditions systematically. The insights from this study can be used to understand and model the performance of e-rickshaw, in terms of energy consumption and driving characteristics, compared to other fossil-fuel driven automobiles. more...

Increasing food demand by the ever-growing population imposes an extra burden on the agricultural and food industries. Chemical-based pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers, and high-breeding crop varieties are typically employed to enhance crop productivity. Overexploitation of chemicals and their persistence in the environment, however, has detrimental effects on soil, water, and air which consequently disturb the food chain and the ecosystem. The lower aqueous solubility and higher hydrophobicity of agrochemicals, pesticides, metals, and hydrocarbons allow them to adhere to soil particles and, therefore, continue in the environment. Chemical pesticides, viz., organophosphate, organochlorine, and carbamate, are used regularly to protect agriculture produce. Hydrophobic pollutants strongly adhered to soil particles can be solubilized or desorbed through the usage of biosurfactant/s (BSs) or BS-producing and pesticide-degrading microorganisms. Among different types of BSs, rhamnolipids (RL), surfactin, mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), and sophorolipids (SL) have been explored extensively due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against several phytopathogens. Different isoforms of lipopeptide, viz., iturin, fengycin, and surfactin, have also been reported against phytopathogens. The key role of BSs in designing and developing biopesticide formulations is to protect crops and our environment. Various functional properties such as wetting, spreading, penetration ability, and retention period are improved in surfactant-based formulations. This review emphasizes the use of diverse types of BSs and their source microorganisms to challenge phytopathogens. Extensive efforts seem to be focused on discovering the innovative antimicrobial potential of BSs to combat phytopathogens. We discussed the effectiveness of BSs in solubilizing pesticides to reduce their toxicity and contamination effects in the soil environment. Thus, we have shed some light on the use of BSs as an alternative to chemical pesticides and other agrochemicals as sparse literature discusses their interactions with pesticides. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle sustainability analysis (LCSA) quantifying their impact on human activities/interventions are also included. Nanoencapsulation of pesticide formulations is an innovative approach in minimizing pesticide doses and ultimately reducing their direct exposures to humans and animals. Some of the established big players and new entrants in the global BS market are providing promising solutions for agricultural practices. In conclusion, a better understanding of the role of BSs in pesticide solubilization and/or degradation by microorganisms represents a valuable approach to reducing their negative impact and maintaining sustainable agricultural practices. more...

Population Geography is a branch of Human Geography, it has study population growth, its distributional pattern, Density, religious and linguistic composition, Sex ratio, age structure, migration, standard of living and economic structure etc. The aim of present paper is analyses Spatio-temporal changes of sex ratio in Beed district of Maharashtra state. The present study is based on secondary source. The secondary data collect from census of India, district gazetteers, statistical department, District Socio-economic Review and district statistical abstract of the Beed district etc. According to the 2011 census figure the total population of Beed district was 2585049 in which total population 1349106 are males and 1235943 are female. Thus the overall sex ratio of Beed district was 916 females per 1000 of males. The sex ratio of the Beed district declined continuously decade be decade since 1901-2011. It was declined 49 females per 1000 of males. more...

Structural modification of various N-substituted phthalimides compounds through such simple, rapid and environment-friendly approach polymer support method has been taken to study the bioassay and their structure-activity relationships (SAR). Derivatization of phthalimide and N-hydroxy phthalimide exhibits good antibacterial efficacy and very less antifungal potency even though parent phthalimide moiety oriented compounds are potent fungicides. Key words: N-alkyl, N-acyl, N-alkyloxy, N-acyloxy, phthalimide, antibacterial, polymer support, etc. REFERENCES Gruzdyes G. S., Zinchenko V. A. and Slovtsov R. I., 1983. The Chemical Protection of Plants, by Gruzdyes G. S., Mir Publishers, Moscow, p. 272 Nene Y. L. and Thapliyal P. N., 1993. Fungicides in plant Diease Controll, 3rd Ed., Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, p. 170. Sree Ramulu U. S., 1995. Chemistry of Insecticides and Fungicides, 2ed Ed., Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, p. 246. (a) Ullmann's: Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Editors, B. Elvers, S. Hawkins, G. Sehulz, 1991. 5th Ed., Vol. A 20, 190-191, (b) Beilstein, Handbook of Organic Chemistry, 1953. E II, 21, 348, Ames D. E. and Grey T. F., 1955. J. Chem. Soc., 3518. Cohn L., 1980. Ann., 205, 295. Greene T. W., Wuts P. G. M., 1991. Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, 2nd Ed., Wiley: New York. Bondanszky M., Bondanszky A., 1994. The Practice of Peptide Synthesis, 2nd Ed., Springer: Heidelberg. Kocienski P. J., 1994. Protective Groups, Thieme: Stuttagart. (a) Kamiya T., Hashimoto M., Nakaguchi O., Oku T., 1979. Tetrahedron, 35, 323, (b) Townsend C. A., Nguyen L. T., 1982. Tet. Lett., 25, 4859. Breuer E., Safadi M., Chorev M., Gibson D., 1991. Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon, 60, 239. Nefkens G. H. L., Tesser G. I., Nivard R. J. F., 1960. Rec. In Chem., 79, 688. Kehler J. and Breuer E., 1998. Synthesis, 1419. Hajipour A. R., Mallakpour S. E. and Imanzadeh G., 2001. Ind. J. Chem., 40B, 250. Bogdal D., Pielichowski J. and Boron A., 1996. Synlett, 873. Tundo P., 1977. J. Chem . Soc., Chem. Comm., 641. Rougny par A. and Daudon M., 1976. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr, 5-6, 833. Grochowski E. and Jupczak J., 1976. Synthesis, 683. Grochowski E. and Jupczak J., 1977. Synthesis, 277. Miitusunobu O., 1981. Synthesis, 1. Pawar N. S., Attarde S.B., Dalal D.S., Sonar G. R., Kapadi U. R., Hundiwale D. G. and Kumbhar P. P., 2001. J. Ind. Coun. Chem., 18(2), 29. Pawar N. S., Kapadi U. R., Hundiwale D. G. and Kumbhar P. P., 2002. J. Sci Ind. Res, 61, 454. Chapman and Hall, Dictionary of Organic Compound, 1982 and 1997. 5th and 6th Ed., London. Vogel A. I., 1994. Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS and Longman, London. Pawar N. S., Dalal D. S., Shimpi S. R. and Mahulikar P. P., 2004. Euro. J. Pharma. Sci., 21, 115. Pawar N. S., Patil P. B., Suryawanshi K. C., Chaudhary S. R. and Patil J. U., 2010. J. Asia. Nat. Pro. Res., 12(2), 129. more...