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Haemaphysalis semermis Neumann, 1901 Haemaphysalis semermis has been reported from southern Thailand and peninsular Malaysia (Hoogstraal et al. 1965b). Hosts of adult ticks include a variety of domestic and wild mammals, such as carnivores (dogs, tigers, leopard), the Malay bear, tapir, wild boar and deer species (Hoogstraal et al. 1972b; Grassman et al. 2004). Adults have also been reported from humans (Hoogstraal et al. 1972b). Nymphs have been reported from rodents, mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus), squirrels, tree shrews (Tupaia glis) and the Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga). The male, female and nymph are described in Hoogstraal et al. (1965b)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Neumann, L. G. (1901) Revision de la famille des ixodides (4 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris, 14, 249 - 372.","Hoogstraal, H., Trapido, H. & Kohls, G. M. (1965 b) Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. (Kaiseriana) papuana nadchatrami ssp. n. and redescription of H. (K.) semermis Neumann. Journal of Parasitology, 51, 433 - 451. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3275971","Hoogstraal, H., Lim, B-L., Nadchatram, M. & Anastos, G. (1972 b) The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 8. Ticks (Ixodidae) of Gunong Benom and their altitudinal distribution, hosts and medical relationships. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 23, 167 - 186.","Grassman, Jr L. I., Sarataphan, N., Tewes, M. E., Silvy, N. J. & Nakanakrat, T. (2004) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing wild carnivores in Phu Khieo wildlife sanctuary, Thailand. Journal of Parasitology, 90, 657 - 659. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / GE- 3327 RN"]}

Haemaphysalis cornigera Neumann, 1897 Haemaphysalis cornigera occurs in peninsular Malaysia and Myanmar as well as Borneo, Indonesia and Singapore (Anastos 1950; Hoogstraal and Kim 1985; Kolonin 2009). It has also been reported from India (Sharif 1928; Kohls 1957; Bhat and Sreenivasan 1981). Adults parasitize deer, wild pigs and carnivores, whereas immatures feed on forest rodents. Humans can also be attacked (Hoogstraal et al. 1972b). The male and female are described and illustrated in Anastos (1950)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Anastos, G. (1950) The scutate ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia. Entomologica Americana, 30, 1 - 144.","Hoogstraal, H. & Kim, K. C. (1985) Tick and mammal coevolution, with emphasis on Haemaphysalis. In: Kim, K. C. (Ed.), Coevolution of Parasitic Arthropods and Mammals. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 505 - 568.","Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. Sofia, Moscow, unpaginated.","Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344.","Kohls, G. M. (1957) Malaysian parasites. XVIII. Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Borneo and Malaya. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federation of Malaya, 28, 65 - 94.","Bhat, H. R. & Sreenivasan, M. A. (1981) Further records of the ticks of some reptilian and mammalian hosts in the Kyasanur Forest disease area, Karnataka, India. Indian Journal of Parasitology, 5, 207 - 210.","Hoogstraal, H., Lim, B-L., Nadchatram, M. & Anastos, G. (1972 b) The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 8. Ticks (Ixodidae) of Gunong Benom and their altitudinal distribution, hosts and medical relationships. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 23, 167 - 186."]}

Ornithodoros batuensis Hirst, 1929 This bat parasite was described from an adult and a nymph collected in the Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia (Hirst 1929), where it was later found in considerable numbers crawling near cave nectar bats (Eonycteris spelaea) (Audy et al. 1960). It has since been found in Thailand as well as Indonesia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea (Uchikawa and Kobayashi 1978; Klompen et al. 1995). The description of an adult by Hirst (1929) is extremely brief. A key to the larvae of the then known Ornithodoros from the Eastern Hemisphere is provided by Sonenshine et al. (1966). Dumbleton (1958) provides illustrations of larval chaetotaxy, some larval morphology and the Haller���s organ of the adults. Klompen et al. (1995) provide a map of the distribution of O. batuensis and related species., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Hirst, S. (1929) Fauna of the Batu Caves, Selangor. XI. Arachnida: Acarina (Ixodidae). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 14, 365.","Audy, J. R., Nadchatram, M. & Boo-Liat, L. (1960) Malaysian parasites XLIX. Host distribution of Malayan ticks (Ixodoidea). Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federation of Malaya, 29, 225 - 246.","Uchikawa, K. & Kobayashi, T. (1978) A contribution to the ectoparasite fauna of bats in Thailand. II. Blood-sucking Acari (Argasidae, Spinturnicidae and Macronyssidae). Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, 25, 249 - 255.","Klompen, J. S., Keirans, J. E. & Durden, L. A. (1995) Three new species of ticks (Ixodida: Argasidae: Carios) from fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in the Australasian region, with notes on host associations. Acarologia, 36, 25 - 40.","Sonenshine, D. E., Clifford, C. M. & Kohls, G. M. (1966) The systematics of the subfamily Ornithodorinae (Acarina: Argasidae). III. Identification of the larvae of the Eastern Hemisphere. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59, 92 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 59.1.92","Dumbleton, L. J. (1958) Bat infesting Ornithodoros (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) of the Oriental-Australia Region. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 83, 303 - 308."]}

Rhipicephalus australis Fuller, 1899 Originally described from cattle in Australia, R. australis was been considered a junior synonym of R. (Boophilus) microplus (e.g., Neumann 1901; Uilenberg 1962; Roberts 1970); however, the addition of genetic evidence suggesting the possibility that different species were included under the rubric R. microplus (Labruna et al. 2009) led to a detailed investigation, and Estrada-Peña et al. (2012) reinstated R. australis as a valid species. In continental Southeast Asia R. australis has been recorded from Cambodia (Estrada-Peña et al. 2012). It is also present in Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea and New Caledonia (Estrada-Peña et al. 2012), suggesting that it may be more common in continental Southeast Asia than is currently recognized. The female, male and larva are described in Estrada-Peña et al. (2012)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Neumann, L. G. (1901) Revision de la famille des ixodides (4 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris, 14, 249 - 372.","Uilenberg, G. (1962) Boophilus (Uroboophilus) fallax Minning, 1934 synonyme de Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Ixodidae). Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 15, 387 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.19182 / remvt. 7134","Roberts, F. R. S. (1970) Australian ticks. C. S. I. R. O., Melbourne, iv + 267 pp.","Labruna, M. B., Naranjo, V., Mangold, A., Thompson, C., Estrada-Pena, A., Guglielmone, A. A., Jongejan, F. & de la Fuente, J. (2009) Allopatric speciation in ticks: genetic and reproductive divergence between geographic strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9, 46 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 46","Estrada-Pena, A., Venzal, J. M., Nava, S., Mangold, A., Guglielmone, A. A., Labruna, M. B. & de la Fuente, J. (2012) Reinstatement of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) australis (Acari: Ixodidae) with redescription of the adult and larval stages. Journal of Medical Entomology, 49, 794 - 802. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / ME 11223"]}

Hyalomma hussaini Sharif, 1928 Hyalomma hussaini is only found in the drier northern area of Myanmar within Southeast Asia (Kaiser and Hoogstraal 1964; Geevarghese and Dhanda 1987; Robbins et al. 2002). The normal range of this species is India and Pakistan, where it most commonly occurs on goats, cattle, buffalo and sheep (Geevarghese and Dhanda 1987). Descriptions of all active life history stages, together with illustrations of the male and female and line drawings of the nymphal and larval capitula, scuta and coxae, are available in Geevarghese & Dhanda (1987)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344.","Kaiser, M. N. & Hoogstraal, H. (1964) The Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of Pakistan, India and Ceylon with keys to subgenera and species. Acarologia, 6, 257 - 286.","Geevarghese, G. & Dhanda, V. (1987) The Indian Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Dehli, iii + 119 pp.","Robbins, R. G., Platt, S. G. & Keirans, J. E. (2002) First report of Hyalomma marginatum isaaci Sharif (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) from the Union of Myanmar, with a concurrent collection of H. hussaini Sharif. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 1061 - 1063."]}

Haemaphysalis bandicota Hoogstraal and Kohls, 1965 This species has been recorded from Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, as well as from Taiwan, where it may have been introduced by the Dutch in the 16 th century on its dominant hosts (Hoogstraal and Kohls 1965; Robbins 2005). These are bandicoot rats (Bandicota spp.), although Ha. bandicota has also been found on other rodent species, carnivores, shrews, tree shrews and a zebu cow (Hoogstraal and Kohls 1965; Kolonin 2009; Kuo et al. 2015). Because members of the genus Bandicota occur throughout continental Southeast Asia, it is likely that the known distribution of Ha. bandicota will increase as more collections become available. The three continental Southeast Asian Bandicota species are all synanthropic (Francis 2008), suggesting that Ha. bandicota may come into contact with humans. All life history stages are described in Hoogstraal and Kohls (1965)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Robbins, R. G. (2005) The ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of Taiwan: a synonymic checklist. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 245 - 253.","Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. Sofia, Moscow, unpaginated.","Kuo, C. C., Shu, P. Y., Mu, J. J., Lee, P. L., Wu, Y. W., Chung, C. K. & Wang, H. C. (2015) Widespread Rickettsia spp. infections in ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) in Taiwan. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52, 1096 - 1102. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjv 083","Francis, C. M. (2008) A Field Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. New Holland, London, 392 pp."]}

Ixodes spinicoxalis Neumann, 1899 Ixodes spinicoxalis is an Oriental Region species that been recorded from Lao PDR and Thailand in continental Southeast Asia, as well as outlying islands (Schulze 1934; Wilson 1970; Tanskul et al. 1983), where it occurs in evergreen forests (Guglielmone et al. 2014). A single record from Caucasia (Yakimov and Kohl-Yakimova 1910) probably represents an error in identification (Anastos 1950). This species appears to be relatively rare, with few records from mainland Southeast Asia (Tanskul et al. 1983; Wilson 1970). Recent collections of over 15,000 ticks from Lao PDR did not contain this species, perhaps because wild animals were not sampled (Vongphayloth et al. 2016). Hosts include tree shrews, rodents, birds and various small carnivores (Tanskul et al. 1983; Guglielmone et al. 2014). Nuttall and Warburton (1911) described the female, illustrating the scutum, coxae and hypostome, while Schulze (1934) described the male, illustrating the dorsum, venter, ventral capitulum, and tarsi I and IV., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Neumann, L. G. (1899) Revision de la famille des ixodides (3 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris, 12, 107 - 294.","Schulze, P. (1934.) Uber eine Zeckenausbeute von Kleinsaugern aus Java. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 7, 167 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02121890","Wilson, N. (1970) New distributional records of ticks from South-east Asia and the Pacific (Metastigmata: Argasidae, Ixodidae). Oriental Insects, 4, 37 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1970.10433939","Tanskul, P. L., Stark, H. E. & Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330","Yakimov, L. & Kohl-Yakimova, N. (1910) Etude des ixodides de Russie. Archives de Parasitologie, Paris, 14, 416 - 425.","Anastos, G. (1950) The scutate ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia. Entomologica Americana, 30, 1 - 144.","Nuttall, G. H. F. & Warburton, C. (1911) Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part II. Ixodidae. Cambridge at the University Press, London, pp. 105 - 348."]}

Haemaphysalis obesa Larrousse, 1925 This is an Oriental species with a relatively broad distribution, ranging from eastern India eastward to Cambodia, northern peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam (Hoogstraal et al. 1966, 1971a; Tanskul et al. 1983; Hoogstraal and Kim 1985). It is found in dense, humid lowland forests where it has been collected from a wide variety of mammal species. Adults have been reported from Bovidae (including cattle and water buffalo), Cervidae, Cercopithecidae (Presbytis pileatus), Suidae, Tapiridae and Ursidae (Hoogstraal et al. 1971a). Immatures have been reported from Canidae (Cuon alpinus), badger and humans (Kolonin 2009). Hoogstraal et al. (1971a) provide information on the life cycle of this species based on Indian and Thai populations. There were considerable differences between developmental times that may be related to differences in hosts, humidities and temperatures under experimental conditions. The adults are described by Hoogstraal et al. (1966), and the immature stages by Hoogstraal et al. (1971a). Guru et al. (1976) describe cell cultures derived from developing adults of Ha. obesa., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Tanskul, P. L., Stark, H. E. & Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330","Hoogstraal, H. & Kim, K. C. (1985) Tick and mammal coevolution, with emphasis on Haemaphysalis. In: Kim, K. C. (Ed.), Coevolution of Parasitic Arthropods and Mammals. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 505 - 568.","Hoogstraal, H., Saito, Y., Dhanda, V. & Bhat, H. R. (1971 a) Haemaphysalis (H.) obesa Larrousse (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) from northeast India and Southeast Asia: description of immature stages and biological observations. Journal of Parasitology, 57, 177 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3277776","Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. Sofia, Moscow, unpaginated.","Guru, P. Y., Dhanda, V. & Gupta, N. P. (1976) Cell cultures derived from the developing adults of three species of ticks, by a simplified technique. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 64, 1041 - 1045."]}

Argas robertsi Hoogstraal, Kaiser and Kohls, 1968 This is a relatively well studied species occurring in the Australasian and Oriental Regions. It is a parasite predominantly of large non-passerine birds associated with aquatic environments, such as egrets, herons, storks and ibis, and occasionally poultry (Hoogstraal et al. 1968a, 1974; McKilligan 1987; Barker and Walker 2014). In Thailand, the most common host species is the open-billed stork (Anastomus oscitans), with substantial collections coming from the Wat Phai Lom rookery in Pathum Thani Province, where the ticks are night active (Hoogstraal et al. 1974). This species was also collected in relatively high numbers from a black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) rookery in Nakhon Nayok (Hoogstraal et al. 1974). The life cycle was described by Hoogstraal et al. (1975). It shows considerable variation in the timing of the different stages, depending on the climatic conditions in the area from which the ticks come. It can be found throughout the year, usually under the bark of trees where the hosts nest (McKilligan 1987). All life history stages of A. robertsi are described in Hoogstraal et al. (1968a), with an adult female illustrated in Hoogstraal et al. (1975)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M. N. & Kohls, G. M. (1968 a) The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea, Argasidae, Argas). 4. Argas (P.) robertsi, new species, a parasite of Australian fowl, and keys to Australian argasid species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 535 - 539. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.535","McKilligan, N. G. (1987) Causes of nesting losses in the cattle egret Ardeola ibis in eastern Australia with special reference to the pathogenicity of the tick Argas (Persicargas) robertsi to nestlings. Austral Ecology, 12, 9 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1442 - 9993.1987. tb 00922. x","Barker, S. C. & Walker, A. R. (2014) Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans. Zootaxa, 3816 (1), 1 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3816.1.1"]}

Haemaphysalis traubi Kohls, 1955 Originally described from Mt. Kinabalu in Borneo (Kohls 1955), this species was later found in peninsular Malaysia and Vietnam (Hoogstraal and El Kammah 1971; Kolonin 1995). It occurs from low altitudes up to 1,700 m in deep forest habitats, where it is found on muntjac, sambar deer and wild pigs (Hoogstraal and El Kammah 1971). The immatures have not been described. The male and female are described in Hoogstraal and El Kammah (1971)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Kohls, G. M. (1955) Two new species of ticks from North Borneo (Acarina: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 41, 312 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3274213","Kolonin, G. V. (1995) Review of the ixodid tick fauna (Acari: Ixodidae) of Vietnam. Journal of Medical Entomology, 32, 276 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 32.3.276"]}

Haemaphysalis shimoga Trapido and Hoogstraal, 1964 Haemaphysalis shimoga was described from Shimoga District of Mysore State in southern India (Trapido and Hoogstraal 1964). Since that time, it has also been reported from Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (Tanskul et al. 1983; Tanskul and Inlao 1989; Kolonin 1995). Adults are known to feed on sambar deer and gaur, although they have also been recorded from cattle, sheep, goats and humans (Rajagopalan et al. 1968; Bhat et al. 1974a; Tanskul et al. 1983; Geevarghese and Mishra 2011). Immatures are known from rodents (Kolonin 1995). The laboratory life cycle is given in Bhat et al. (1974a) and Geevarghese and Mishra (2011). All life history stages are described in Trapido and Hoogstraal (1964). Trapido et al. (1964b) illustrate the larval capitulum and the nymphal capitulum, coxae and trochanters., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Tanskul, P. L., Stark, H. E. & Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330","Tanskul, P. L. & Inlao, I. (1989) Keys to the adult ticks of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844, in Thailand with notes on changes in taxonomy (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 26, 573 - 600. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 26.6.573","Kolonin, G. V. (1995) Review of the ixodid tick fauna (Acari: Ixodidae) of Vietnam. Journal of Medical Entomology, 32, 276 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 32.3.276","Bhat, H. R., Geevarghese, G. & Sreenivasan, M. A. (1974 a) Life history of Haemaphysalis cornigera shimoga Trapido and Hoogstraal, 1964 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Indian Journal of Animal Science, 44, 370 - 375.","Geevarghese, G. & Mishra, A. C. (2011) Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. ICMR, New Delhi, viii + 260 pp.","Trapido, H., Varma, M. G., Rajagopalan, P. K., Singh, K. R. & Rebello, M. J. (1964 b) A guide to the identification of all stages of the Haemaphysalis ticks of South India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 55, 249 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300049439"]}

Amblyomma geoemydae (Cantor, 1847) This species has been recorded from the Oriental and eastern Palearctic Regions where it is predominantly a parasite of tortoises, although there are occasional records from other reptiles, birds and mammals (Hoogstraal and Aeschlimann 1982; Kakuda et al. 1989; Guglielmone et al. 2014). In continental Southeast Asia, Am. geoemydae has been reported from Cambodia (Kolonin 2009), peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (Neumann 1908; Wilson 1966; Hoogstraal et al. 1968b, 1972b; Tanskul et al. 1983; Kolonin 1992; Petney and Keirans 1996b; Robbins & Platt 2011). Frazier and Keirans (1990) consider it likely that this species is distributed on a variety of tortoise and lizard species from India and across Myanmar in addition to its known range. Nadchatram (1960) provides information on rearing this species using Malaysian specimens. The male, female, nymph and larva are described in Voltzit and Keirans (2002) and illustrated in Yamaguti et al. (1971)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Kakuda, H., Shiraishi, S. & Uchida, T. A. (1989) Ticks from wild mammals in the Kyushu District including Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 33, 267 - 273.","Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. Sofia, Moscow, unpaginated.","Neumann, L. G. (1908) Notes sur les ixodides VI. Archiv fur Parasitologie, 12, 5 - 27.","Hoogstraal, H., Santana, F. J. & Van Peenen, P. D. (1968 b) Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Mt. Sontra, Danang, Republic of Vietnam. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 722 - 729. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.3.722","Hoogstraal, H., Lim, B-L., Nadchatram, M. & Anastos, G. (1972 b) The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 8. Ticks (Ixodidae) of Gunong Benom and their altitudinal distribution, hosts and medical relationships. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 23, 167 - 186.","Tanskul, P. L., Stark, H. E. & Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330","Kolonin, G. V. (1992) Fauna of ticks (Ixodidae) of vertebrates of Vietnam. In: Sokolov, V. E. (Ed.), Zoological Investigations in Vietnam. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 242 - 276. [in Russian]","Petney, T. N. & Keirans, J. E. (1996 b) Ticks of the genus Aponomma (Acari: Ixodidae) in South-east Asia. Tropical Biomedicine, 13, 167 - 172.","Robbins, R. G. & Platt, S. G. (2011) Amblyomma geoemydae (Cantor) (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae): first report from the Arakan forest turtle, Heosemys depressa (Anderson) (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae), and first documented occurrence of this tick in the Union of Myanmar. International Journal of Acarology, 37, 103 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647954.2010.497773","Frazier, J. G. & Keirans, J. E. (1990) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected on chelonians (Reptilia) from India and Burma. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 87, 247 - 249.","Voltzit, O. V. & Keirans, J. E. (2002) A review of Asian Amblyomma species (Acari, Ixodida, Ixodidae). Acarina, 10, 95 - 136.","Yamaguti, N., Tipton, V. J., Keegan, H. L. & Toshioka, S. (1971) Ticks of Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 15, 1 - 185."]}

Ornithodoros capensis Neumann, 1901 Ornithodoros capensis has a worldwide distribution as a parasite of marine and other water birds, occurring on islands and in other coastal habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, as well as some inland waters (Hoogstraal et al. 1976; Barker and Walker 2014). It is part of a complex containing 11 species that can be found predominantly on these hosts (Keirans et al. 1992; Barker and Walker 2014; Duron et al. 2014; Mu��oz-Leal et al. 2017). It will also feed on domestic poultry and humans (Hoogstraal et al. 1976; Barker and Walker 2014). Dupraz et al. (2016) found a strong relationship between the genetic grouping within the O. capensis complex and host use in sympatric as well as allopatric populations. Geographic distance played a secondary role. These authors also discovered several novel genetic groups which they consider to be presumptive new species within this complex. The host-associated genetic divergence correlated well with morphological variation. Continental Southeast Asian records of O. capensis are from Laridae, Sterna spp., in Thailand (coastal Chon Buri Province, Sattahip District) (Tanskul et al. 1983). These ticks tend to remain in the nesting places of their hosts outside the breeding season, allowing them to reinfest the hosts when they return to nest (Humphery-Smith and Moorhouse 1980). Heath (2006) provides some information on the life cycle and rearing of O. capensis on domestic chickens. The male, female, nymph and larva are illustrated in Yamaguti et al. (1971). Mu��oz-Leal et al. (2017) describe the morphology of the larvae and provide micrographs. Larvae of this species are included in the key to species from the Eastern Hemisphere by Sonenshine et al. (1966). Some information on the adults is available in Kohls (1957)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Neumann, L. G. (1901) Revision de la famille des ixodides (4 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris, 14, 249 - 372.","Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, MN. & Easton, E. R. (1976) Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis Neumann (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) parasitizing a human and birds nesting on islands in East African lakes. Journal of Medical Entomology, 12, 703 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 12.6.703","Barker, S. C. & Walker, A. R. (2014) Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans. Zootaxa, 3816 (1), 1 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3816.1.1","Keirans, J. E., Hutcheson, H. J. & Oliver, J. H. Jr. (1992) Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis Neumann (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae), a parasite of seabirds, established along the southeastern seacoast of the United States. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29, 371 - 373. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 29.2.371","Duron, O., Jourdain, E. & McCoy, K. D. (2014) Diversity and global distribution of the Coxiella intracellular bacterium in seabird ticks. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 5, 557 - 563. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2014.04.003","Munoz-Leal, S., Dias, R. A., Abrahao, C. R. & Labruna, M. B. (2017) The Ornithodoros capensis group (Acari: Argasidae): a morphological diagnosis and molecular characterization of O. capensis sensu stricto from Queimada Grande Island, Brazil. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 22, 28 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 22.1.5","Dupraz, M., Toty, C., Noel, V., Estrada-Pena, A., Gonzalez-Solis, J., Boulinier, T., Dujardin, J. P. & McCoy, K. D. (2016) Linking morphometric and genetic divergence with host use in the tick complex, Ornithodoros capensis sensu lato. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 46, 12 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2016.10.005","Tanskul, P. L., Stark, H. E. & Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330","Humphery-Smith, I. & Moorhouse, D. E. (1980) Host acquisition by Ornithodoros capensis Neumann (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 56, 353 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1981563353","Heath, A. C. (2006) Observations on Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell (Acari: Ixodidae), Ornithodoros capensis Neumann (Acari: Argasidae), and other tick parasites of sea birds in New Zealand. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 11, 131 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 11.2.1","Yamaguti, N., Tipton, V. J., Keegan, H. L. & Toshioka, S. (1971) Ticks of Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 15, 1 - 185.","Sonenshine, D. E., Clifford, C. M. & Kohls, G. M. (1966) The systematics of the subfamily Ornithodorinae (Acarina: Argasidae). III. Identification of the larvae of the Eastern Hemisphere. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59, 92 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 59.1.92","Kohls, G. M. (1957) Malaysian parasites. XVIII. Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Borneo and Malaya. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federation of Malaya, 28, 65 - 94."]}

Dermacentor taiwanensis Sugimoto, 1935 This species has been recorded from East and Southeast Asian evergreen forests (Guglielmone et al. 2014). It is a parasite of wild pigs (Sus scrofa). Immatures are frequently found on small to medium-sized mammals, especially rodents, with one record from a bird (Kitaoka and Suzuki 1981; Hoogstraal et al. 1986). Dermacentor taiwanensis has rarely been reported from humans (Yano et al. 1993; de la Fuente et al. 2008) and these specimens may have been confused with D. bellulus. Dermacentor taiwanensis has been recorded from Vietnam (Kolonin 1992), but records from peninsular Malaysia (Mariana et al. 2005, 2008a) are considered doubtful due to similarities with the newly redescribed D. bellulus and the newly described D. tamokensis (Apanaskevich and Apanaskevich 2015b, c, 2016). Wassef and Hoogstraal (1986a) described the male and female, and Kitaoka and Suzuki (1981) the immature stages. However, the descriptions of the larva and nymph of D. taiwanensis in Kitaoka & Suzuki (1981) are considered to be the first descriptions of the larva and nymph of D. bellulus according to Apanaskevich & Apanaskevich (2015c). Apanaskevich and Apanaskevich (2015b) redescribed the male and female., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Kitaoka, S. & Suzuki, H. (1981) Dermacentor taiwanensis Sugimoto, 1935, the immature stage and notes on hosts and distribution in Japan. Tropical Medicine, 23, 205 - 211.","de la Fuente, J., Estrada-Pena, A., Venzal, J., Kocan, M. & Sonenshine, D. E. (2008) Overview: ticks as vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals. Frontiers of Bioscience, 13, 6938 - 6946. https: // doi. org / 10.2741 / 3200","Kolonin, G. V. (1992) Fauna of ticks (Ixodidae) of vertebrates of Vietnam. In: Sokolov, V. E. (Ed.), Zoological Investigations in Vietnam. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 242 - 276. [in Russian]","Mariana, A., Zuraidawati, Z., Ho, T. M. & Kulaimi, B. M. (2005) A survey of ectoparasites in Gunung Stong Forest Reserve, Kelantan, Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36, 1125 - 1131.","Mariana, A., Zuraidawati, Z., Ho, T. M., Kulaimi, B. M., Saleh, I., Shukor, M. N. & Shahrul-Anuar, M. S. (2008 a) Ticks (Ixodidae) and other ectoparasites in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 39, 496 - 506.","Apanaskevich, M. A. & Apanaskevich, D. A. (2015 b) Description of new Dermacentor (Acari: Ixodidae) species from Malaysia and Vietnam. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52, 156 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjv 001","Apanaskevich, M. A. & Apanaskevich, D. A. (2015 c) Reinstatement of Dermacentor bellulus (Acari: Ixodidae) as a valid species previously confused with D. taiwanensis and comparison of all parasitic stages. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52, 573 - 595. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjv 034","Wassef, H. Y. & Hoogstraal, H. (1986 a) Dermacentor (Indocentor) taiwanensis (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): identity of male and female. Journal of Medical Entomology, 23, 173 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 23.2.173"]}

Hyalomma isaaci Sharif, 1928 In India, Hy. isaaci is found in a variety of climate zones. The species was recorded in Vietnam as Hy. marginatum indosinense (Kolonin 1995). Toumanoff (1944) was the first to find this Hyalomma in Southeast Asia, where he reported 4 males on a banteng (Bos sondaicus) in Vietnam (identified as Hy. dromedarii indosinensis). The next collection was made in 1992 by Kolonin (2 males and 1 female) from the same host and also in Vietnam. A male/ female pair of specimens was reported on clothing in Myanmar (Robbins et al. 2002). Descriptions of all active life history stages, together with illustrations of the male and female and line drawings of the nymphal and larval capitula, scuta and coxae, are available in Geevarghese & Dhanda (1987)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344.","Kolonin, G. V. (1995) Review of the ixodid tick fauna (Acari: Ixodidae) of Vietnam. Journal of Medical Entomology, 32, 276 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 32.3.276","Toumanoff, C. (1944) Les Tiques (Ixodoidea) de l'Indochine. Institut Pasteur de l'Indochine, Saigon, ii + 220 pp.","Robbins, R. G., Platt, S. G. & Keirans, J. E. (2002) First report of Hyalomma marginatum isaaci Sharif (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) from the Union of Myanmar, with a concurrent collection of H. hussaini Sharif. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 1061 - 1063.","Geevarghese, G. & Dhanda, V. (1987) The Indian Hyalomma Ticks (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Dehli, iii + 119 pp."]}

Amblyomma nitidum Hirst and Hirst, 1910 Amblyomma nitidum is a rare species found only on sea snakes of the genus Laticauda, which occur in the western Pacific Ocean and the Andaman Islands of the Indian Ocean. In continental Southeast Asia, A. nitidum has been reported from peninsular Malaysia (Audy et al. 1960, Singapore). Audy et al. (1960) point out that sea snakes, being nocturnal, rest during the day in compact groups in mangrove treeholes or in rock crevices out of the water, suggesting that these may be detachment/moulting habitats for this tick. Petney and Keirans (1996b) also cite records from mangrove habitats and provide a detailed discussion of the taxonomic history of this species. The male, female and larva are described in Voltzit and Keirans (2002). The female is illustrated in Yamaguti et al. (1971)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Audy, J. R., Nadchatram, M. & Boo-Liat, L. (1960) Malaysian parasites XLIX. Host distribution of Malayan ticks (Ixodoidea). Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federation of Malaya, 29, 225 - 246.","Petney, T. N. & Keirans, J. E. (1996 b) Ticks of the genus Aponomma (Acari: Ixodidae) in South-east Asia. Tropical Biomedicine, 13, 167 - 172.","Voltzit, O. V. & Keirans, J. E. (2002) A review of Asian Amblyomma species (Acari, Ixodida, Ixodidae). Acarina, 10, 95 - 136.","Yamaguti, N., Tipton, V. J., Keegan, H. L. & Toshioka, S. (1971) Ticks of Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 15, 1 - 185."]}

Haemaphysalis papuana Thorell, 1883 Haemaphysalis papuana is known from Cambodia, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. Its main hosts are wild pigs, but it has also been recorded from honey bear (Helarctos malayanus) and the domestic dog (Trapido et al. 1964a; Tanskul et al. 1983; Kolonin 1995, 2009). The male, female and nymph are described in Trapido et al. (1964a)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Trapido, H., Hoogstraal, H. & Varma, M. G. (1964 a) Status and descriptions of Haemaphysalis p. papuana Thorell (n. comb.) and of H. papuana kinneari Warburton (n. comb.) (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) of southern Asia and New Guinea. Journal of Parasitology, 50, 172 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3276058","Tanskul, P. L., Stark, H. E. & Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330","Kolonin, G. V. (1995) Review of the ixodid tick fauna (Acari: Ixodidae) of Vietnam. Journal of Medical Entomology, 32, 276 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 32.3.276","Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. Sofia, Moscow, unpaginated."]}

Haemaphysalis Although the key of Tanskul and Inlao (1989) is a useful guide for this genus, it is incomplete for continental Southeast Asia and is sometimes difficult to interpret. Researchers are advised to consult the primary literature before using this key to determine the identity of specimens., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Tanskul, P. L. & Inlao, I. (1989) Keys to the adult ticks of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844, in Thailand with notes on changes in taxonomy (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 26, 573 - 600. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 26.6.573"]}

Haemaphysalis laocayensis Phan Trong, 1977 Haemaphysalis laocayensis has been recorded from Vietnam (Kolonin 2009). Five males and five females were collected from Muntiacus muntjak, Lutra lutra, and by sweeping vegetation in Cao Bang, Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces as well as Nghe Tinh Province, which has since been divided into Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces (Phan Trong 1977)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Phan Trong, C. (1977) Ve bet va con trung ky sinh o Viet Nam. Tap 1. Ve (Ixodoidea), mo ta va phan loai. Khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha Noi, 490 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. Sofia, Moscow, unpaginated."]}

Haemaphysalis mageshimaensis Saito and Hoogstraal, 1973 This is predominantly an East Asian species, found in China, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, with specimens also recorded from Vietnam (Phan Trong 1977, as Ha. bamunensis; Hoogstraal and Santana 1974; Teng and Jiang 1991; Kolonin 1995). It was first described from Mage Island in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, from vegetation and a single female from a cow (Saito and Hoogstraal 1973). It has since been recorded from various mammal families (Bovidae, Canidae, Cervidae, Felidae, Suidae, Viverridae), with larvae also found on Muridae and passerine birds (Hoogstraal and Santana 1974; Yin and Luo 2007; Kolonin 2009). Reproduction seems to be both sexual (males have been described) and parthenogenetic (Saito and Hoogstraal 1971). These authors also provide information on the life cycle of this species. Interestingly, Tsunoda and Tatsuzawa (2004) found that the questing height of this species (and Ha. longicornis) was related to the height of their sika deer (Cervus nippon) hosts, which varies between areas in Japan, as well as the height of the local vegetation. All stages are described in Saito and Hoogstraal (1973)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Phan Trong, C. (1977) Ve bet va con trung ky sinh o Viet Nam. Tap 1. Ve (Ixodoidea), mo ta va phan loai. Khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha Noi, 490 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Hoogstraal, H. & Santana, F. J. (1974) Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) mageshimaensis (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): Human and wild and domestic mammal hosts, and distribution in Japan, Taiwan, and China. Journal of Parasitology, 60, 866 - 869. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3278920","Teng, K. & Jiang, Z. (1991) Economic insect fauna of China: 39 Acari: Ixodidae. Science Press, Beijing, 355 pp.","Kolonin, G. V. (1995) Review of the ixodid tick fauna (Acari: Ixodidae) of Vietnam. Journal of Medical Entomology, 32, 276 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 32.3.276","Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. Sofia, Moscow, unpaginated.","Tsunoda, T. & Tatsuzawa, S. (2004) Questing height of nymphs of the bush tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and its closely related species, H. mageshimaensis: correlation with body size of the host. Parasitology, 128, 503 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182004004913"]}

Amblyomma helvolum Koch, 1844 An Australasian and Oriental tick, this species is found most commonly in montane rainforests. It is a parasite of large lizards and snakes, with rare records from tortoises and mammals (Anastos 1950; Auffenberg 1988; Hoogstraal and Aeschlimann 1982). Burridge (2011) lists A. helvolum as feeding on humans, but Guglielmone et al. (2014) tentatively reject this as no confirmation was found. Amblyomma helvolum is a small tick that is widely distributed throughout much of Southeast Asia. On the continent, it has been reported from Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam (Kohls 1957; Hoogstraal et al. 1968b; Petney and Keirans 1996b). The male, female and nymph are described in Voltzit and Keirans (2002)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Anastos, G. (1950) The scutate ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia. Entomologica Americana, 30, 1 - 144.","Auffenberg, T. (1988) Amblyomma helvolum (Acarina: Ixodidae) as a parasite of varanid and scincid reptiles in the Philippines. International Journal of Parasitology, 18, 937 - 945. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 7519 (88) 90176 - 2","Burridge, M. J. (2011) Non-native and invasive ticks. Threats to human and animal health in the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 292 pp.","Kohls, G. M. (1957) Malaysian parasites. XVIII. Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Borneo and Malaya. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federation of Malaya, 28, 65 - 94.","Hoogstraal, H., Santana, F. J. & Van Peenen, P. D. (1968 b) Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Mt. Sontra, Danang, Republic of Vietnam. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 722 - 729. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.3.722","Petney, T. N. & Keirans, J. E. (1996 b) Ticks of the genus Aponomma (Acari: Ixodidae) in South-east Asia. Tropical Biomedicine, 13, 167 - 172.","Voltzit, O. V. & Keirans, J. E. (2002) A review of Asian Amblyomma species (Acari, Ixodida, Ixodidae). Acarina, 10, 95 - 136."]}

Dermacentor compactus Neumann, 1901 Dermacentor compactus occurs commonly and predominantly on wild pigs. Occasional hosts include humans, dogs, porcupine, tiger, pangolin, python and buffalo (Wassef and Hoogstraal 1983; Hoogstraal and Wassef 1984). The immatures are found on a wide variety of small and medium-sized mammals (Canidae, Muridae, Sciuridae), but chiefly squirrels (Apanaskevich 2016). There is also one record from a python (Hoogstraal and Wassef 1984). Most records of D. compactus biting humans in Mariana et al. (2008b) are due to numerous nymphs, a few larvae and adult ticks. The diagnosis of nymphs and larvae requires confirmation because the larva and nymph of D. compactus were only described in 2016. Dermacentor compactus occurs in peninsular Malaysia and in Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam (Hoogstraal and Wassef 1984; Kolonin 1992; Apanaskevich 2016; Vongphayloth et al. 2018b). For a description of the male and female, see Wassef and Hoogstraal (1983), and for the nymph and larva, Apanaskevich (2016)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Neumann, L. G. (1901) Revision de la famille des ixodides (4 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris, 14, 249 - 372.","Wassef, H. Y. & Hoogstraal, H. (1983) Dermacentor (Indocentor) compactus (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): identity of male and female. Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 648 - 652. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.6.648","Apanaskevich, D. A. & Apanaskevich, M. A. (2016) Description of two new species of Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Oriental Asia. Systematic Parasitology, 93, 159 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 015 - 9614 - 8","Mariana, A., Srinovianti, N., Ho, T. M., Halimaton, I., Hatikah, A., Shaharudin, M. H., Rosmaliza, I., Ishlah, W. L. & Sathananthar, K. S. (2008 b) Intra-aural ticks (Metatigmata: Ixodidae) from human otoacariasis cases in Pahang, Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 1, 20 - 24.","Kolonin, G. V. (1992) Fauna of ticks (Ixodidae) of vertebrates of Vietnam. In: Sokolov, V. E. (Ed.), Zoological Investigations in Vietnam. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 242 - 276. [in Russian]","Vongphayloth, K., Hertz, J. C., Lakeomany, K., Apanaskevich, D. A., Robbins, R. G., Sutherland, I. W. & Brey, P. T. (2018 b) The genus Dermacentor (Acari: Ixodidae) in Laos: a review of species records. Journal of Medical Entomology, 55 (4), 1047 - 1050. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjy 041"]}

Haemaphysalis grochovskajae Kolonin, 1992 Haemaphysalis grochovskajae was described from two females found on cattle in Vietnam (Kolonin 1992, in Russian). No further information on this species is available., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Kolonin, G. V. (1992) Fauna of ticks (Ixodidae) of vertebrates of Vietnam. In: Sokolov, V. E. (Ed.), Zoological Investigations in Vietnam. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 242 - 276. [in Russian]"]}

Dermacentor steini (Schulze, 1933) This is a rainforest species found in the Australasian and Oriental Regions (Guglielmone et al. 2014). Adults parasitize wild pigs (Sus spp.), with occasional records from humans, rodents, carnivores, pangolin, porcupine, tapir, mouse deer, buffalo, snakes and varanid lizards (Wassef and Hoogstraal 1988). Dermacentor steini occurs in Lao PDR, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam (Hoogstraal and Wassef 1988; Kolonin 1992; Vongphayloth et al. 2018b). The male and female are described in Wassef and Hoogstraal (1986b)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Kolonin, G. V. (1992) Fauna of ticks (Ixodidae) of vertebrates of Vietnam. In: Sokolov, V. E. (Ed.), Zoological Investigations in Vietnam. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 242 - 276. [in Russian]","Vongphayloth, K., Hertz, J. C., Lakeomany, K., Apanaskevich, D. A., Robbins, R. G., Sutherland, I. W. & Brey, P. T. (2018 b) The genus Dermacentor (Acari: Ixodidae) in Laos: a review of species records. Journal of Medical Entomology, 55 (4), 1047 - 1050. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjy 041","Wassef, H. Y. & Hoogstraal, H. (1986 b) Dermacentor (Indocentor) steini (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): identity of male and female. Journal of Medical Entomology, 23, 532 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 23.5.532"]}

Rhipicephalus tetracornus Kitaoka and Suzuki, 1983 Rhipicephalus tetracornus is known only from collections of immatures made by Kitaoka and Suzuki (1983) at Doi Ithanon (northern Thailand) from the Himalayan field rat (Rattus nitidus), Gairdner's shrewmouse (Mus pahari) and the Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes), and from the red spiny rat (Maxomys surifer) at Nakhon Nayok, south-central Thailand. All life history stages were described by Kitaoka and Suzuki (1983). The adults were described from moulted nymphs but were lost in transit. Petney and Keirans (1996a) did not consider this species to be valid, but Guglielmone et al. (2014) consider it tentatively valid based on museum specimens of the immatures. The latter authors, however, are uncertain whether larvae found on larval hosts represent this species., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Kitaoka, S. & Suzuki, H. (1983) Studies on the parasite fauna of Thailand. 5. Parasitic ticks on mammals and description of Ixodes siamensis sp. n. and Rhipicephalus tetracornus sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae). Tropical Medicine, 25, 205 - 219.","Petney, T. N. & Keirans, J. E. (1996 a) Ticks of the genera Boophilus, Dermacentor, Nosomma and Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae) in South-east Asia. Tropical Biomedicine, 13, 73 - 84."]}

Ixodes collaris Hornok, G��rf��l, Est��k, Tu and Kontsch��n, 2016 The female and nymph of this species were described from Vietnam from specimens found on the pomona leafnosed bat (Hipposideros pomona) and the intermediate horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis) (Hornok et al. 2016). It is possible that samples of I. vespertilionis from Asia have been confused with this species (Hornok et al. 2016)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Hornok, S., Gorfol, T., Estok, P., Tu, V. T. & Kontschan, J. (2016) Description of a new tick species, Ixodes collaris n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), from bats (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae) in Vietnam. Parasites and Vectors, 9, 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 016 - 1608 - 0"]}

Haemaphysalis nadchatrami Hoogstraal, Trapido and Kohls, 1965 Haemaphysalis nadchatrami has been recorded from Thailand and Malaysia in continental Southeast Asia (Hoogstraal et al. 1965b, 1972b; Wilson 1969). It has been found on various medium-sized to large mammal species, including carnivores (dog, tiger), bearded pigs (Sus barbatus), and domestic stock (horses, buffalo, cattle and pigs). It has also been found on humans (Hoogstraal et al. 1972b). The male, female and nymph are described in Hoogstraal et al. (1965b)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Hoogstraal, H., Trapido, H. & Kohls, G. M. (1965 b) Southeast Asian Haemaphysalis ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). H. (Kaiseriana) papuana nadchatrami ssp. n. and redescription of H. (K.) semermis Neumann. Journal of Parasitology, 51, 433 - 451. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3275971","Hoogstraal, H., Lim, B-L., Nadchatram, M. & Anastos, G. (1972 b) The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 8. Ticks (Ixodidae) of Gunong Benom and their altitudinal distribution, hosts and medical relationships. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 23, 167 - 186.","Wilson, N. (1969) Ticks (Metastigmata: Ixodidae) collected by the Noona Dan Expedition to the Philippine and Bismarck archipelagos. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 37, 285 - 288"]}

Haemaphysalis megalaimae Rajagopalan, 1963 This is a widely distributed species for which relatively few records are available, presumably due to its specificity for barbet birds (Megalaimidae). It has been recorded from Thailand (Tanskul et al. 1983), as well as from India (Rajagopalan 1963) and Japan (Hoogstraal and Kim 1985). These hosts are arboreal, nesting in tree holes, and Ha. megalaimae has never been collected from ground-dwelling hosts, suggesting that it is also confined to the host���s tree habitat (Geevarghese and Mishra 2011). Rajagopalan (1963) describes all life history stages; Trapido et al. (1964b) illustrate the larval capitulum and the nymphal capitulum, coxae and trochanters., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Rajagopalan, P. K. (1963) Haemaphysalis megalaimae sp. n., a new tick from the small green barbet (Megalaima viridis) in India. Journal of Parasitology, 49, 340 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3276011","Tanskul, P. L., Stark, H. E. & Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330","Hoogstraal, H. & Kim, K. C. (1985) Tick and mammal coevolution, with emphasis on Haemaphysalis. In: Kim, K. C. (Ed.), Coevolution of Parasitic Arthropods and Mammals. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 505 - 568.","Geevarghese, G. & Mishra, A. C. (2011) Haemaphysalis Ticks of India. ICMR, New Delhi, viii + 260 pp.","Trapido, H., Varma, M. G., Rajagopalan, P. K., Singh, K. R. & Rebello, M. J. (1964 b) A guide to the identification of all stages of the Haemaphysalis ticks of South India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 55, 249 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300049439"]}

Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann, 1897 Historically, Ha. bispinosa has been used as a catch-all for several species of the subgenus Kaiseriana in Southeast Asia (Hoogstraal and Trapido 1966b; Hoogstraal et al. 1968c, who discuss the confusion between Ha. bispinosa and Ha. longicornis of temperate China, Japan, Russia, Korea, New Zealand and Australia, as well as some Pacific Islands). Haemaphysalis bispinosa sensu stricto is now known to be widely distributed in Sri Lanka, India, the lower elevations of Nepal and parts of Pakistan, Bangladesh, China and Japan (Hoogstraal et al. 1968c; Chen et al. 2010). In Southeast Asia it is thought to have been introduced to western Myanmar, peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Hoogstraal et al. 1969), as well as Thailand (Tanskul and Inlao 1989). It parasitizes a variety of wild and domestic birds and mammals in its natural habitats (Hoogstraal et al. 1972b). In those areas to which it has been introduced it is seldom reported to feed on wild animals, being largely restricted to domestic stock (Hoogstraal 1985b). Haemaphysalis bispinosa nymphs can be parasitized by Hunterellus sagarensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitoid wasps (Geevarghese and Sreenivasan 1973; Geevarghese and Dhanda 1983). The female neotype is described by Hoogstraal and Trapido (1966b). Trapido et al. (1964b) illustrate the larval capitulum and the nymphal capitulum, coxae and trochanters. Lim et al. (2017) describe the initiation of primary cell cultures from embryonic Ha. bispinosa., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Hoogstraal, H. & Trapido, H. (1966 b) Redescription of the type materials of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) bispinosa Neumann (India), H. (K.) neumanni Donitz (Japan), H. (K.) lagrangei Larrousse (Vietnam), and H. (K.) yeni Toumanoff (Vietnam) (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 52, 1188 - 1198. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3276366","Hoogstraal, H., Roberts, F. H., Kohls, G. M. & Tipton, V. J. (1968 c) Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) longicornis Neumann (resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and northeastern China and USSR, and its parthenogenetic and bisexual populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 54, 1197 - 1213. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3276992","Chen, Z., Yang, X., Bu, F., Yang, X., Yang, X. & Liu, J. (2010) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of China. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 51, 393 - 404. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 010 - 9335 - 2","Tanskul, P. L. & Inlao, I. (1989) Keys to the adult ticks of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844, in Thailand with notes on changes in taxonomy (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 26, 573 - 600. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 26.6.573","Hoogstraal, H., Lim, B-L., Nadchatram, M. & Anastos, G. (1972 b) The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 8. Ticks (Ixodidae) of Gunong Benom and their altitudinal distribution, hosts and medical relationships. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 23, 167 - 186.","Geevarghese, G. & Sreenivasan, M. A. (1973) Observations on Hunterellus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizing Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann, 1897 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Indian Journal of Medical Research, 61, 992 - 997.","Geevarghese, G. & Dhanda, V. (1983) Studies on Indian species of Hunterellus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizing ixodid ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae). Indian Journal of Parasitology, 7, 93 - 95.","Trapido, H., Varma, M. G., Rajagopalan, P. K., Singh, K. R. & Rebello, M. J. (1964 b) A guide to the identification of all stages of the Haemaphysalis ticks of South India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 55, 249 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300049439"]}

Amblyomma breviscutatum Neumann, 1899 In the past this species has frequently been referred to as A. cyprium, which is a junior synonym because it was described in the same publication (Neumann 1899) but A. breviscutatum has page priority (Guglielmone et al. 2009). Amblyomma breviscutatum is widely distributed in the Australasian (including Australia and New Guinea) and Oriental Zoogeographic Regions, including some Pacific islands, where it occurs in moist broadleaf forest habitats (Robinson 1926 as A. cyprium, Petney and Keirans 1995; Barker and Walker 2014; Guglielmone et al. 2014). Within its broader range it is a relatively common species known from a wide variety of reptile, bird and mammal hosts (Petney and Keirans 1996; Guglielmone et al. 2014). Within continental Southeast Asia, A. breviscutatum is known only from Thailand (Tanskul et al. 1983). The record from Malaysia by Neumann (1911) is doubtful as it has not been found there since that time (Kohls 1957; Audy et al. 1960). The male, female, nymph and larva are described in Voltzit and Keirans (2002)., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Neumann, L. G. (1899) Revision de la famille des ixodides (3 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris, 12, 107 - 294.","Robinson, L. E. (1926) Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part IV. The genus Amblyomma. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 302 pp.","Petney, T. N. & Keirans, J. E. (1995) Ticks of the genera Amblyomma and Hyalomma (Acari: Ixodidae) in South-east Asia. Tropical Biomedicine, 12, 45 - 56.","Barker, S. C. & Walker, A. R. (2014) Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans. Zootaxa, 3816 (1), 1 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3816.1.1","Tanskul, P. L., Stark, H. E. & Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330","Neumann, L. G. (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich, 26, 1 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 22339","Kohls, G. M. (1957) Malaysian parasites. XVIII. Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Borneo and Malaya. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federation of Malaya, 28, 65 - 94.","Audy, J. R., Nadchatram, M. & Boo-Liat, L. (1960) Malaysian parasites XLIX. Host distribution of Malayan ticks (Ixodoidea). Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federation of Malaya, 29, 225 - 246.","Voltzit, O. V. & Keirans, J. E. (2002) A review of Asian Amblyomma species (Acari, Ixodida, Ixodidae). Acarina, 10, 95 - 136."]}

Amblyomma varanense (Supino, 1897) This Australasian and Oriental species predominantly parasitizes lizards and snakes in moist broadleaf forests (Guglielmone et al. 2014). Tortoises and mammals have also been reported as hosts on rare occasions. For the complex synonymy see Petney and Keirans (1996b). Amblyomma varanense is common and widespread throughout continental Southeast Asia, also occurring in China, the Penghu Islands (Taiwan), India, Nepal and Sri Lanka (Kaufman 1972; Teng and Jiang 1991 as Aponomma lucasi and Aponomma barbouri; Petney and Keirans 1996b, Robbins 1996 as Aponomma varanensis; Pun et al. 2018). It has been recorded as an accidental parasite of various wild and domestic mammal hosts (Kaufman 1972). The male and female are described and illustrated in Kaufman (1972, as Aponomma varanensis). The nymph and larva are described in Sharif (1928), as Aponomma gervaisi lucasi., Published as part of Petney, Trevor N., Boulanger, Nathalie, Saijuntha, Weerachai, Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Pfeffer, Martin, Eamudomkarn, Chatanun, Andrews, Ross H., Ahamad, Mariana, Putthasorn, Noppadon, Muders, Senta V., Petney, David A. & Robbins, Richard G., 2019, Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia, pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4558 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2613120, {"references":["Petney, T. N. & Keirans, J. E. (1996 b) Ticks of the genus Aponomma (Acari: Ixodidae) in South-east Asia. Tropical Biomedicine, 13, 167 - 172.","Kaufman, T. S. (1972) A revision of the genus Aponomma, Neumann, 1899 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 390 pp.","Teng, K. & Jiang, Z. (1991) Economic insect fauna of China: 39 Acari: Ixodidae. Science Press, Beijing, 355 pp.","Robbins, R. G. (1996) Does Aponomma varanensis (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) occur on the Taiwanese mainland? Journal of Parasitology, 82, 672 - 673. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3283805","Pun, S. K., Guglielmone, A. A., Tarragona, E. L., Nava, S. & Maharjan, M. (2018) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Nepal: First record of Amblyomma varanense (Supino), with an update of species list. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 9, 526 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2018.01.010","Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344."]}