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This prospective multicenter cohort study investigated the predictive value of clinical and radiological findings for nonunion after osteoporotic compression fractures. A diffuse low type pattern on T1-weighted MRI and diffuse low and fluid type patterns on T2-weighted MRI were the independent risk factors for nonunion in the acute phase., Study Design. Prospective cohort study. Objective. To characterize a patient population with nonunion after acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) and compare the union and nonunion groups to identify risk factors for nonunion. Summary of Background Data. While OVFs are the most common type of osteoporotic fracture, the predictive value of a clinical assessment for nonunion at 48 weeks after OVF has not been extensively studied. Methods. This prospective multicenter cohort study included female patients aged 65 to 85 years with acute one-level osteoporotic compression fractures. In the radiographic analysis, the anterior vertebral body compression percentage was measured at 0, 12, and 48 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at enrollment and at 48 weeks to confirm the diagnosis and union status. The patient-reported outcome measures included scores on the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), a visual analogue scale for low back pain, and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) at 0, 12, and 48 weeks. Results. In total, 166 patients completed the 12-month follow-up, 29 of whom had nonunion. Patients with nonunion at 48 weeks after OVF had lower EQ-5D and JOABPEQ walking ability, social life function, mental health, and lumbar function scores than those with union at 48 weeks after injury. The independent risk factors for nonunion after OVF in the acute phase were a diffuse low type pattern on T1-weighted MRI and diffuse low and fluid type patterns on T2-weighted MRI. The anterior vertebral body compression percentage and JOABPEQ social life function scores were independent risk factors at 12 weeks. Conclusion. A diffuse low type pattern on T1-weighted MRI and diffuse low and fluid type patterns on T2-weighted MRI were independent risk factors for nonunion in the acute phase. Patients who have acute OVFs with these risk factors should be carefully monitored for nonunion. Level of Evidence: 2

Key Points Question Does early surgical treatment yield better motor recovery than delayed surgical treatment for patients with preexisting cervical canal stenosis sustaining acute traumatic spinal cord injury? Findings In this randomized clinical trial that included 72 patients with motor-incomplete cervical spinal cord injury, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in mean improvement in American Spinal Injury Association motor score, total score in the spinal cord independence measure, or patients’ ability to walk at 1 year. Early surgical treatment was associated with higher motor scores than delayed surgical treatment in the first 6 months. Meaning These findings suggest that among patients with motor-incomplete cervical spinal cord injury, early surgical treatment did not significantly improve motor recovery at 1 year compared with delayed surgical treatment but showed accelerated recovery., This randomized clinical trial assesses motor recovery outcomes in early vs delayed surgical treatment for patients with acute traumatic incomplete cervical spinal cord injury associated with preexisting canal stenosis., Importance The optimal management for acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is unknown. Objective To determine whether early surgical decompression results in better motor recovery than delayed surgical treatment in patients with acute traumatic incomplete cervical SCI associated with preexisting canal stenosis but without bone injury. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter randomized clinical trial was conducted in 43 tertiary referral centers in Japan from December 2011 through November 2019. Patients aged 20 to 79 years with motor-incomplete cervical SCI with preexisting canal stenosis (American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] Impairment Scale C; without fracture or dislocation) were included. Data were analyzed from September to November 2020. Interventions Patients were randomized to undergo surgical treatment within 24 hours after admission or delayed surgical treatment after at least 2 weeks of conservative treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end points were improvement in the mean ASIA motor score, total score of the spinal cord independence measure, and the proportion of patients able to walk independently at 1 year after injury. Results Among 72 randomized patients, 70 patients (mean [SD] age, 65.1 [9.4] years; age range, 41-79 years; 5 [7%] women and 65 [93%] men) were included in the full analysis population (37 patients assigned to early surgical treatment and 33 patients assigned to delayed surgical treatment). Of these, 56 patients (80%) had data available for at least 1 primary outcome at 1 year. There was no significant difference among primary end points for the early surgical treatment group compared with the delayed surgical treatment group (mean [SD] change in ASIA motor score, 53.7 [14.7] vs 48.5 [19.1]; difference, 5.2; 95% CI, −4.2 to 14.5; P = .27; mean [SD] SCIM total score, 77.9 [22.7] vs 71.3 [27.3]; P = .34; able to walk independently, 21 of 30 patients [70.0%] vs 16 of 26 patients [61.5%]; P = .51). A mixed-design analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in the mean change in ASIA motor scores between the groups (F1,49 = 4.80; P = .03). The early surgical treatment group, compared with the delayed surgical treatment group, had greater motor scores than the delayed surgical treatment group at 2 weeks (mean [SD] score, 34.2 [18.8] vs 18.9 [20.9]), 3 months (mean [SD] score, 49.1 [15.1] vs 37.2 [20.9]), and 6 months (mean [SD] score, 51.5 [13.9] vs 41.3 [23.4]) after injury. Adverse events were common in both groups (eg, worsening of paralysis, 6 patients vs 6 patients; death, 3 patients vs 3 patients). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that among patients with cervical SCI, early surgical treatment produced similar motor regain at 1 year after injury as delayed surgical treatment but showed accelerated recovery within the first 6 months. These exploratory results suggest that early surgical treatment leads to faster neurological recovery, which requires further validation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01485458; umin.ac.jp/ctr Identifier: UMIN000006780