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Due to structural sexism, women frequently encounter barriers that result in lower rankings on performance indicators such as productivity data and appraisals by others. The fairness literature offers unclear predictions about the extent to which observers would judge allocations that fail (vs. attempt) to account for such structural barriers as fair. We suggest that past conceptual discussions and empirical designs did not factor in the causal ambiguity embedded in information about structural barriers and the variance in how individuals interpret such information. Hence, we propose that beliefs in the causes of success, anchored in the endorsement of meritocratic ideals, shape fairness judgments by determining the weight given to performance indicators and structural barriers. Such effects emerge in the presence of information about structural barriers in the context of the decision, a feature that is absent from past studies. We discuss our theory and findings in the context of calls for bridging organizational fairness and social justice research and for a nuanced understanding of people's responses to violations of the meritocratic ideal within organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary health care (PHC) is the most common model for providing primary care, and PHC services are the most common points of care that immigrants and refugees attend as a first step. Most immigrants travel to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet only a few studies have examined their health conditions and their access to PHC in these countries. We have attempted to identify the barriers and facilitators that immigrants and refugees encounter when using PHC in these countries. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, and OpenGrey in this scoping review from its inception to the end of October 2023. Moreover, we manually searched key journals, reference lists, and citations from included studies to identify any missed studies. We extracted data from each selected study using a predefined form. Finally, a thematic analysis approach was utilized to synthesize the collected data from the included qualitative studies. Results: 17 qualitative studies were included in this review, which were from Iran (n = 3), Brazil (n = 3), Kenya (n = 2), Jordan (n = 2), Eastern Sudan (n = 1), Lebanon (n = 1), Bangladesh (n = 1), India (n = 1), Turkey (n = 1), Thailand (n = 1), and Malaysia (n = 1). Among the most common and important reported barriers are language differences, insufficiency of trained carers, unemployment, inability to pay the costs of hospital and medicines, no insurance coverage for immigrants, no clear referral and care system for immigrants, discrimination against women, and improper residence locations. Insurance coverage, awareness programs, and the study of immigrants' needs, along with their social and financial support from family, are among the most essential facilitators. Conclusion: For LMICs, funding is always a limitation, and increasing PHC utilization is the best choice for improving health. Knowing the challenges and facilitators of PHC utilization from the point of view of each stakeholder is a promising way to decide and make policies that can improve the health of both immigrants and refugees, as well as society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Female circumcision (FC) is a deep-rooted tradition in Malaysia, influenced by religious, cultural, and health beliefs. However, it has drawn criticism for its similarities to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa, particularly during the 2018 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) by the United Nations Human Rights (UNHR). Amidst this backdrop, this study aimed to investigate parents' perspectives and experiences concerning female circumcision, as well as the factors driving its persistence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study used phenomenological approach and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire until data saturation were reached. We employed convenience and snowball sampling methods. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo 12 software. We used thematic analysis to identify key themes in the data. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the interviews: (1) FC is a 'fitrah', (2) maintaining good health is the main influence; and (3) FC causing no harm. The main influences on this practice are religious, cultural, and health factors. Parents described the procedure as simple and harmless for the baby and themselves, both physically and emotionally. CONCLUSIONS: This research shown that FC in Malaysia is not solely religious but deeply embedded in culture. The blend of cultural and religious aspects makes it a crucial practice for some. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the literary work of women exiled during the Spanish Civil War from a gender and exile perspective. It reflects on the importance of recovering the testimonies of these women as historical subjects and questioning the Spanish cultural and political canon. The existential and economic precariousness experienced by exiled women is highlighted, as well as the criticism and discrimination they faced. Despite the lack of support and recognition, the importance of rescuing and giving voice to these works to understand the experience of women in exile is emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

People pursuing careers outside organizations often face a career progression paradox: they must develop expertise to find new work opportunities, but such expertise is largely acquired through accumulating work experience to which they seldom have access. Research has proposed that progressive role expansion—starting one's career specialized in a single work role and later expanding into new work roles—would be helpful to navigate this challenge. However, we propose that when women engage in lateral role expansion within professional careers, they face a "glass wall"—an invisible barrier that limits their work opportunities due to a gendered evaluation of role expansion. Specifically, role expansion by female (vs. male) freelancers is seen as less agentic, and such difference undermines female freelancers' perceived competence and commitment. Three studies using different methods (archival data and experiment), industries (music and film), and samples (Korean and American) show that female (vs. male) freelancers who expand into new work roles are seen as less agentic and have less chance of finding new work opportunities. Although women who pursue careers outside of organizations may become unshackled from gender biases embedded within traditional organizational hierarchies, we suggest that they still face obstacles in the new forms of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research has provided important insights into discrimination against women in the workplace. However, researchers and practitioners have difficulties digesting this evidence due to its high volume. In this paper, we conducted a literature review on workplace discrimination against women. We focused on three common types of discrimination women face at work (i.e., gender bias, pregnancy and motherhood discrimination, and pay gap). Using a qualitative literature review method, we synthesized past knowledge to illuminate why, how, and when discrimination against women occurs more prevalently in the workplace. We also provided an overview of the intervention studies offered at different levels such as individual or organizational levels to prevent discrimination against women workers. Our findings show that women continue experiencing discrimination based on their gender, pregnancy or motherhood status, and compensation in the workplace. Organizational interventions such as policies and initiatives could offer some help depending on how they are implemented and communicated. This paper provides a practical, up-to-date literature review of gender discrimination in organizations and offers evidence-based recommendations for researchers and practitioners., INTRODUCTION Over the last couple of decades, there have been improvements in working conditions for women through advocacy, policy, and awareness. However, the cultural and social norms continue to pose [...]

The article highlights the importance of the United Nations (UN) in the realization and protection of women’s rights at the global level. In particular, the article focuses on the strategies that the United Nations develops and implements to improve the situation of women in different parts of the world, through its specialized institutions and other important mechanisms to support sustainable development. The article provides a detailed overview of the main innovations and programs of the UN, international legal acts on the protection of women’s rights, in particular, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) of 1979, and reviews the achievements and challenges in the implementation of these initiatives. It analyzes how the UN provides legal support, technical assistance and strategic advice to member states, as well as the role of monitoring and reporting in ensuring compliance with international standards. Considerable attention is paid to examples of successful projects that have led to changes in the legislation of different countries and social practices. In addition, the main difficulties and barriers faced by the UN in its activities are discussed, and recommendations are offered to improve the effectiveness of its efforts to protect women’s rights in the future. In particular, the role of UN Women in issues related to the protection of the rights of women and girls is outlined. UN Women is the United Nations agency for gender equality and the empowerment of women. UN Women was created to advance the rights of women and girls and accelerate responses to their needs around the world. UN Women works to ensure that women and men are equal partners and beneficiaries of humanitarian action. UN Women focuses on crisis prevention, preparedness and response to reduce vulnerability, address risks, promote resilience and women’s leadership through normative support, assistance to member states and the United Nations in developing and implementing relevant policies, coordination between the United Nations system and the humanitarian community, and field programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislation and regulation have been effective in reducing the gender wage gap in developed countries; however, the gap still exists globally, and progress towards narrowing the gap has been unacceptably slow even in regions where it is improving. This study presents the analysis of gender wage gap in Kenya's urban labor market by using the World Bank Skills Towards Employability and Productivity Survey (WBSTEPS). This study employed Mincer earnings regressions with Heckman selection correction and the Blinder-Oaxaca and Neumark decomposition procedures to answer the research questions. The results of the wage determination and participation in the labor market show that there is no selectivity-bias problem. Personal characteristics such as education and age, as well as work-related characteristics, are important factors in determining earnings. The magnitude of the gender wage gap varies across the wage distribution, and the results of the wage decomposition reveal that women in urban Kenya earn 84.5-to-86% of men's earnings. The earnings gap is overwhelmingly due to differences in returns to endowments, which account for between 70% and 94.7% of the total earnings gap. Admittedly, the study found evidence of discrimination against women in the returns to endowments, but also observed pronounced favoritism towards men. However, discrimination against women is more pronounced than favoritism towards men. Addressing the gender wage gap in Kenya requires a multifaceted approach that tackles both systemic biases against women and structural barriers that hinder women from accessing equal opportunities in education, training, and career advancement and government policies that minimize favoritism towards men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on the nexus of vulnerability and rights. It argues that in transforming vulnerability from a stigma that alienated women from their humanity to the signature of human dignity, women bridged the gap between the liberatory promise of human rights and its exploitative patriarchal politics. It finds that the ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft, Simone de Beauvoir, Drucilla Cornell, and Jean-Luc Nancy were/are crucial to this transformed idea of dignity. Religious ideas have played a complex role in this transformation. Wollstonecraft appealed to theological ideas of the soul to contest men's claims that the Bible enshrined women's subordination to men. Current abortion politics in the U.S., and the Iranian women's Women, Life, Freedom rebellion continue to show how sacred texts have been used to defend and reject women's demands for rights. Religious and secular arguments for the dignity of vulnerability, used by feminists to re-write the sexual difference, direct us to rethink our exploitative relationship to the earth and the multiple species it harbors. As we take up the task of confronting the environmental crisis of our times, they call on us to see ourselves as stewards of the earth's bounty who are morally obliged to create humane relationships with our other-than-human neighbors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary society, the persistent manifestation of gender discrimination continues to impede the advancement of women in their pursuit of gender equality. Within the historical context of the assimilation program, Indigenous Australian women confronted systemic gender disparities. This scholarly investigation endeavors to elucidate the nuanced facets of gender discrimination experienced by Indigenous Australian women affiliated with the stolen generation, as discerned through the lens of Doris Kartinyeri's seminal work, "Kick the Tin." Employing a qualitative research paradigm, this study uses a liberal feminist framework to scrutinize the gathered data meticulously. The findings underscore that Kartinyeri's "Kick the Tin" unveils the entrenched gender discrimination endured by Indigenous Australian women during the assimilation era, delineating their prescribed roles as domestic laborers within the prevailing white societal framework, thereby perpetuating the marginalization of this demographic. In its essence, the narrative challenges the systemic marginalization of Indigenous Australian women, concurrently advocating for their empowerment as a catalyst for fostering an equitable societal milieu. Consequently, this research augments scholarly discourse, serves as a poignant catalyst for heightened social consciousness, and catalyzes imperative shifts toward mitigating the pervasive impacts of gender discrimination on a broader scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Innovations and Challenges: Women, Language and Sexism" edited by Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard is a collection of nine articles written by fifteen researchers from diverse backgrounds. The book focuses on the discursive level of sexism and explores the different ways in which sexism and linguistic violence against women are manifested. The articles analyze linguistic, visual, and other semiotic resources using various theoretical and methodological frameworks. The book covers topics such as lexical sexism, workplace interactions, ageism, gender roles in media, violence against women, and sexism in schools. It provides a comprehensive overview of the issues and offers insights for researchers and students in various disciplines. [Extracted from the article]

Sweden is a country with an international reputation for gender equality. The political goal of gender equality is based on feminist analysis of what constitutes a just society according to gender and the fight against patriarchal norms. Despite policy recommendations and legislation that counteract discrimination against women, women still fear traveling by public transport and being out in the evenings. This indicates that Swedish society still has patriarchal norms to deal with. The article is based on qualitative interviews and data retrieved from the Swedish National Statistics, SCB. The interviews explored mobility practices and strategies, experiences with different modes of transport, and reliability, affordability, and comfort of themobility options available. The results shows that travel choices for women are affected by their concerns about safety and related necessary adaptation to situations identified as threatening. Despite the "mythical mantra" of the gender equal society, Sweden share the patriarchal norms with other countries, that delimits women's use and access to public space and public transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The stigma and social discrimination against cisgender women sex workers lead many of them to live in conditions characterized by social inequality, marginalization, persecution, and limited opportunities for sexual health literacy. Consequently, they are often compelled to establish a framework of preventive beliefs with little scientific validity, which they use to identify, mitigate, or avoid sexual health risks arising from their interactions with clients. This study investigates the sexual health beliefs that influence self-care practices aimed at preventing sexually transmitted infections among cisgender women sex workers in Colombia. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study framed in Hermeneutic Phenomenology. In-depth interviews and discussion groups were conducted with 34 cisgender women sex workers over 18 years of age in the center of the cities of Bogotá and Barranquilla in Colombia. Results: Seven themes emerged from the reflective and inductive thematic analysis of the narratives: (1) popular habits for the prevention of contagion, (2) ocular assessment of genitals, (3) condom lubrication, (4) suspicion of a hidden infection in the client, (5) saliva and oral contact as a source of contagion, (6) avoidance of semen contact, (7) and trust in God as protection. Conclusions: The findings reflect the need for health and social professionals to promote participatory and inclusive cooperation with sex workers to update the framework of preventive beliefs that help them guide sexual health self-care with autonomy and self-efficacy, strengthening favorable beliefs and negotiating unfavorable ones. It is also essential to have a sex worker-informed sexual health policy that guides the promotion of sexual health that is sensitive to the needs and consistent with the risks of sex work and ensures friendly and non-oppressive preventive care environments for sex workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an overview of transitional justice and its significance in societies that have experienced human rights violations. It discusses the various measures taken to address these violations, including judicial and non-judicial actions. The article also explores the challenges of implementing transitional justice, particularly in relation to traditional justice mechanisms, and examines the impact of gender policies on procedural law in these processes. It emphasizes the importance of recording human rights violations, criminal accountability, reparations, and institutional reform. Additionally, the article highlights the crucial role of women in post-war reconstruction and development efforts, emphasizing the need for support in girls' education and technical training for women. It also discusses the concept of gender justice and the importance of balancing women's rights and opportunities with cultural variations and individual inclinations. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Women migrant workers are vulnerable to discrimination and violence, which are significant public health problems. These situations may have been intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate discrimination against women migrant workers in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic and its intersection with their experiences of violence and associated factors. Methods: A mixed-methods study design was employed to collect data from 572 women migrant workers from Myanmar, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Cambodia. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 494 participants using a structured questionnaire for quantitative data, whereas qualitative data was collected through 24 in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 54 migrant women. Simple and multiple logistic regression and content analysis were employed. Results: This study found that about one in five women migrant workers experienced discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among those who experienced discrimination, 63.2% had experienced intimate partner violence and 76.4% had experienced non-intimate partner violence in their lifetime. The multivariable analysis revealed that women migrant workers who had experienced any violence (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.49, 5.12), lost their jobs or income during the pandemic (AOR = 3.99, 95% CI = 2.09, 7.62), and were from Myanmar (AOR = 4.68, 95% CI = 1.79, 12.21) were more likely to have experienced discrimination. Conclusion: The results suggest that the intersection of discrimination and violence against women migrant workers in Thailand demands special interest to understand and address the problem. It is recommended that policymakers provide interventions and programs that are inclusive and responsive to the unique needs of women migrants depending on their country of origin and job profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sexism, as prejudice and discrimination against women, can also be observed in the work environment, in an interpersonal and institutional way, especially in environments considered typically male. In this context, we believe it is important to study sexism in the workplace. That said, we carried out a scoping review in order to identify and analyze studies that deal with "expressions of sexism in the workplace". For this purpose, we performed a bibliographic search in the SciELO, PePSIC, LILACS, Index Psi, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Web of Science databases, selecting documents published in article format and articles with descriptors present in the title, abstract, keywords or subject, and excluding duplicate articles, articles without abstract or unavailable in full on the internet and articles that did not deal with the theme as the main focus. Thus, we obtained a final bank consisting of 129 articles, which were analyzed manually and using the IRaMuTeQ software. The results showed a greater publication in recent years, a predominance of quantitative empirical and international articles and that the topic is of multidisciplinary interest, with emphasis on Psychology. The studies present a well-defined methodological structure and emphasize the ambivalent character of sexism, its institutional manifestation and the figure of woman as victim of this phenomenon. The theme is of increasing interest but deserves more attention in the local context. This review brings important contributions and presents limitations and suggestions for future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fight to protect women's rights is critical now more than ever. The World Bank has noted that women throughout the world "have only three quarters of the legal rights afforded to men."1 On the domestic front in the United States, the battleground remains fraught with blows to the women's rights movement, especially on the heels of the COVID-19 pandemic and the rollback of reproductive rights. Statements made by the Biden Administration in support of global women's rights, for example, have been met with inadequate action on the legislative front; the most pertinent standstill has come from the fight over the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women ("CEDAW"), a long and drawn-out battle that has left the United States virtually alone in failing to explicitly affirm the global rights of women. This gap between promise and action leaves one main question open, what can be done? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An employment of women-seafarers and related gender aspects are important in future development of modern shipping. At the same time, specification of maritime shipping imposes traditionally low proportion of women in relation to the total number of qualified seafarers on ships. Equality issues in maritime shipping are not only limited to equality between women and men, but also encompasses situations with vessel's operation issues and related working relationship. The purpose of this article is to define the tasks and trends of international legal provision of gender equality's improvement in practice plane on the basis of international law and current Ukraine's legislation, scientific developments, domestic and foreign experience. The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) and the basic international legal instruments and agreements containing standards of equality between women and men offer member states a policy of eliminating discrimination and requiring the introduction of a range of antidiscrimination measures. International organizations such as the IMO and the ILO pay great attention to the importance of gender equality issues on merchant ships. One of the ILO's fundamental international standard is gender equality, which must be ensured by both of the state and the social partners, such as workers' and employers' organizations. Hence, ILO approaches in ensuring gender equality are very important in maritime shipping. Conducted research on gender equality, including equality between men and women in the merchant shipping industry, demonstrates a positive correlation in rights and achievements for women, in social, economic and political areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the media spotlight fell on several high-profile nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in connection with sexual harassment (SH). Since then, a flood of SH cases has severely impacted the image and reputation of the nonprofit sector. NPOs have been accused of attempting to cover up SH and, in some cases, of leniency toward the harassers. However, these claims have not been rigorously investigated. In this paper, we study the role and behavior of harassers and argue that they may target organizations operating in the nonprofit sector owing to specific conditions that enable them to avoid detection and punishment. We argue that an environment advantageous to those who perpetrate harassment is created by several exogenous (nonorganizational) factors, such as the vulnerability of aid recipients, the lack of legal protection of volunteers, and, in some cases, the cultural tolerance of discrimination against women. From this novel perspective, traditional anti-SH policies that focus on reacting to harassment and supporting the victim are viewed as necessary—but insufficient—approaches to the problem. We therefore propose a series of complementary policies that enable NPOs to adapt their operational environments to curb SH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By integrating the intersectional invisibility hypothesis with the behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes map framework, we examine the extent to which Black women's dual-subordinated identities render them nonprototypical victims of discrimination, relative to White women and Black men, and the corresponding consequences. We predicted that Black women's categorical nonprototypicality would reduce the believability of their discrimination claims, but that their nonprototypical attributes would lead to divergent treatment, depending on the type of discrimination alleged. Our predictions were supported across six experimental studies (Studies 1-4b). Specifically, Black women's gender and racial discrimination claims were believed less compared to those made by White women and Black men, respectively. Moreover, after they alleged discrimination, Black women received less financial remedy versus White women, but more financial remedy versus Black men. Mediation testing revealed that the mechanisms underlying the believability and treatment of Black women were their nonprototypical categorization and attributes. Using discrimination data from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Studies 5a and 5b replicated the effects observed on believability and financial remedy. By focusing on nonprototypicality at both categorical and attribute levels, we thus help to disentangle when Black women's intersectional invisibility may result in either intersectional advantages or disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to examine whether policewomen have carved out their place and developed a sense of belonging in the profession, or whether they are faced with disrespect, self-doubt, and pressure to adopt constructed gender roles. The study employed in-depth, qualitative interviews with sixteen women police officers in the U.S. Emergent themes suggested that overt discrimination and harassment is uncommon, but women do report the continued need to prove themselves. While all have carved out a place for themselves in the profession and most reported acceptance and belonging, several expressed concerns that they are relegated to roles based on their gender. With nationwide challenges to recruit more women into policing, this study provides insights into ways women have integrated and the barriers they may still face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Politics is a mechanism of cooperation for the common interest of society. In this mechanism, each individual is expected to participate equally in the leadership and decision-making mechanisms. Women's participation in politics is essential for the spread of good governance and democracy. Globally, political participation is disaggregated by gender, withmen's participation greater than women's. A lower representation of women in politics is also observed in Northern Cyprus. The attitudes or views of society and politiciansmay determine the political participation of women in leadership positions. This study examines the obstacles and determining factors that make it difficult for women to reach leadership positions even though their political role is increasing. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 female participants for this research. Eleven of them are female ministers in parliament and represent the three main political parties in the country. The remaining 10 female participants are also members of the central executive body of the three parties and the National Assembly. Results and discussion: Women politicians believe that problems related to gender equality in politics prevent women fromentering active politics and rising to leadership positions. Although there was no gender discrimination in Northern Cyprus means that women have gained equal rights with men in many areas, it was concluded that the traditional political culture keeps women out of politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article analyzes the global cultural revolution of 1968 and highlights Ernesto Che Guevara's participation in Cuba. The social movements that emerged that year and their impact on Cuban culture and society are mentioned. The role of youth and students in these movements is emphasized, as well as the transformation of education and the media in Cuba. The literacy campaign carried out in 1961 and the importance of the cultural revolution in Cuba are also mentioned. Che Guevara played an important role in promoting education and culture in Cuba, as well as in the creation of a new man and the liberation of women. Additionally, the incorporation of Cuban women in all social activities and Che's criticism of racism and discrimination are highlighted. The article also mentions the magazines and media projects in which Che Guevara participated, as well as his influence on Latin American culture. The importance of education and culture in the construction of Cuban socialism and Che's openness to the discussion of ideas are emphasized. Furthermore, it is mentioned that Cuba became an important cultural hub in Latin America during the 1960s. The article provides a list of bibliographic references that address topics related to communism, revolution, and capitalism. [Extracted from the article]

One of the most important developments in international law for the protection of displaced women and girls—the implied non-refoulement obligation in the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women has received little scholarly or jurisprudential attention. This Article presents, for the first time, a doctrinal analysis of the full corpus of asylum complaints decided by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (Committee). It analyzes the early development of a prohibition on return to real, personal, and foreseeable risks of serious forms of discrimination against women; highlights critical shortcomings in the Committee's asylum practice; identifies key areas for improvement; and reflects on the Committee's as-yet-unrealized potential to contribute to international law in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Since the fall of their socialist centralized systems, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have experienced considerable changes to their socioeconomic policies. The Republic of Albania has encountered several noteworthy challenges since 1992, and initially, eradicating gender inequality was not given much emphasis. Gender equality is an essential element that needs to be incorporated into the legal frameworks of all candidate countries aspiring to join the EU, in addition to being a fundamental right and a shared vision of EU institutions. In developing nations, social exclusion can be either active or passive. Because females are excluded from many facets of society, such as the workforce, education, access to the legal system, the realization of their property rights, and so forth, women's demands and interests are frequently disregarded. Following the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Republic of Albania has developed a number of laws, policies, and action plans pertaining to gender equality, in addition to measures addressing issues such as human trafficking, domestic abuse, closing the representational gap in politics and the economy, and other matters. This essay looks at Albania's methodology for evaluating European standards and, where necessary, adapts them to regional political and cultural norms. Ensuring that the body of legislation is in accord with the culture in which it functions is a better strategy to enforce laws than merely making models, rules, and regulations. This is a comprehensive effort to assess and contrast specific in pursuing full EU integration. This is an overall attempt to evaluate and compare some of the strategies and actions Albanian representatives and society have taken to address the gender factor in the democratization process and institution-building while pursuing full EU integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender bias frequently exists in gaming culture, and online communities have formed separatist safe spaces to provide female players with social support. This study is based on text mining of female player communities on two platforms, Reddit and Douban. Text analysis methods containing Structural Topic Model and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count were employed to explore how social support is presented and how topics and language features – including community identity, affection, and gender-related expressions – influence the social support that a post receives. Similarities and differences in these relationships are compared between two communities, representing Western individualist and Chinese collectivist cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the representation of Dalit masculinities in the Indian films "Jai Bhim" and "Article 15." It argues that previous studies on masculinity in Indian cinema have overlooked the analysis of Dalit communities. The films explore the oppression faced by marginalized groups and the potential for justice through the legal system. The article analyzes the complexities of Dalit masculinities and their subversion of hegemonic masculinity. It also discusses the impact of economic liberalization on the portrayal of masculinity in Bollywood and the need for control in male protagonists in Tamil cinema. The article highlights the diversity and complexity of masculinity in Indian cinema, particularly in relation to Dalit men. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyzes the gender bias present in Kenyan history textbooks and its implications for the youth. The author, a history teacher, noticed that female leaders in world politics were largely absent from the curriculum, which negatively impacted girls' aspirations to be politicians. The analysis of one widely used history textbook revealed several forms of gender bias, including linguistic bias, quantitative discrimination, gender stereotypes, exclusion and invisibility, fragmentation and tokenism, imbalance and selectivity, and unreality. The article concludes that addressing gender bias in textbooks is crucial for promoting gender equality and providing students with inspiring role models. [Extracted from the article]

Background: It is well established that female physicians in Canada are reimbursed at lower rates than their male counterparts. To explore if a similar discrepancy exists in reimbursement for care provided to female and male patients, we addressed this question: Do Canadian provincial health insurers reimburse physicians at lower rates for surgical care provided to female patients than for similar care provided to male patients? Methods: Using a modified Delphi process, we generated a list of procedures performed on female patients, which we paired with equivalent procedures performed on male patients. We then collected data from provincial fee schedules for comparison. Results: In 8 out of 11 Canadian provinces and territories studied, we found that surgeons were reimbursed at significantly lower rates (28.1% [standard deviation 11.1%]) for procedures performed on female patients than for similar procedures performed on male patients. Conclusion: The lower reimbursement of the surgical care of female patients than for similar care provided to male patients represents double discrimination against both female physicians and their female patients, as female providers predominate in obstetrics and gynecology. We hope our analysis will catalyze recognition and meaningful change to address this systematic inequity, which both disadvantages female physicians and threatens the quality of care for Canadian women. Contexte : Il est de notoriété publique qu'au Canada les femmes médecins sont moins rémunérées que leurs collègues masculins. Pour vérifier s'il existe un écart similaire selon que la patientèle est féminine ou masculine, nous avons posé la question suivante : les régimes d'assurance provinciaux canadiens rémunèrent-ils les médecins à un taux moindre pour les traitements chirurgicaux dispensés à la patientèle féminine comparativement à la patientèle masculine? Méthodes : À l'aide d'une méthode de Delphi modifiée, nous avons généré une liste d'interventions visant des patientes, que nous avons appariées à des interventions équivalentes visant des patients. Nous avons ensuite recueilli à des fins comparatives les données sur les barèmes d'honoraires provinciaux versés. Résultats : Dans 8 provinces et territoires sur 11 étudiés, nous avons constaté que les chirurgiens recevaient une rémunération significativement moindre (28,1% [écart-type 11,1%]) pour les interventions visant la patientèle féminine comparativement à la patientèle masculine. Conclusion : La rémunération moindre pour des traitements chirurgicaux dispensés à la patientèle féminine comparativement à la patientèle masculine représente une double discrimination à l'endroit des médecins et de la patientèle de sexe féminin, car les femmes sont plus nombreuses à exercer en obstétrique et gynécologie. Nous espérons que notre analyse servira de catalyseur pour une meilleure reconnaissance et pour la correction de cette inégalité systématique qui désavantage les femmes médecins et menace la qualité des soins prodigués aux Canadiennes., Gender bias is prevalent in medicine worldwide, and women experience poorer health than men as a result. (1,2) The disparities in the health outcomes of men and women are due [...]