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The performance, safety, and reliability of Li-ion batteries are determined by a complex set of multiphysics, multiscale phenomena that must be holistically studied and optimized. This paper provides a summary of the state of the art in a variety of research fields related to Li-ion battery materials, processes, and systems. The material presented here is based on a series of discussions at a recently concluded bilateral workshop in which researchers and students from India and the U.S. participated. It is expected that this summary will help understand the complex nature of Li-ion batteries and help highlight the critical directions for future research.

Antimalarial drug resistance is a major obstacle in the ongoing quest against malaria. The disease affects half of the world's population. The majority of them are toddlers and pregnant women. Needed a potent compound to act on drug-resistant Pf at appropriate concentrations without endangering the host. Envisaged solving this issue through rational drug design by creating a novel hybrid drug possessing two pharmacophores that can act on two marvellous and independent aims within the cell. Synthesized a new series of substituted 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (THP) 8-Aminoquinoline-based hybrid analogs which have been integrated with quinoline, chloroquine, pamaquine, and primaquine, which exhibited antimalarial activity against Pf. Out of thirteen 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-THP appended 8-Aminoquinoline derivatives, the compounds 1j, 1e, 1b, and 1l have exhibited good antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (RKL-9) strain with the minimum inhibitory concentration. Compound 1b was the most effective and showed consistently good potency against the drug-resistant (RKL-9) strain, although all other arrays showed good antimalarial efficacy. Additional docking and molecular dynamics studies were carried out at several targeting sites to quantify the structural parameters necessary for the activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A versatile shape-controlled carbon nanomaterial that can efficiently catalyze the selective C-N coupling reactions under metal-free and open-air conditions was developed by applying N-doping and KOH activation strategies in candle soot (ANCS). The TEM and elemental mapping results showed the formation of sphere-shaped carbon particles as well as the uniform distribution of nitrogen species in the carbon framework. KOH activation enhanced the specific surface area of carbon, whereas N-doping enriched the electron-deficient nature by introducing functional N-based pyrrolic/graphitic structures in the carbon framework. The synergistic effect of N-doping and KOH activation significantly improved the catalytic efficiency of the carbon catalyst (ANCS), giving a 96% conversion of o -phenylenediamine (OPD) with a good selectivity to 2-phenylbenzimidazole (97%). In contrast, the pristine carbon exhibited very low activity (48% conversion of the OPD and 36% selectivity to 2-phenylbenzimidazole). Besides, the ANCS nanomaterial provided a facile catalytic approach for the homo- and cross-C-N condensation of various aromatic amines and diamines to produce diverse functional imines and benzimidazoles at mild conditions. This work provided promising insights into developing advanced, metal-free carbon-based catalysts for selective C-N coupling reactions to produce valuable drug motifs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Despite the intense worldwide efforts towards the identification of potential anti-CoV therapeutics, no antiviral drugs have yet been discovered. Numerous vaccines are now approved for use, but they all serve as preventative measures. To effectively treat viral infections, it is crucial to find new antiviral drugs that are derived from natural sources. Various compounds with potential activity against 3 chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) were reported and some are validated by bioassay studies. Therefore, we performed the computational screening of phytoconstituents of Codonopsis lanceolata  to search for potential antiviral hit candidates. The curated compounds of the plant C. lanceolata were collected and downloaded from the literature. The binding affinity of the curated datasets was predicted for the target 3CLpro. Stigmasterol exhibits the highest docking score for the 3CLpro target. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted for the validation of docking results using root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation plots. The MD results indicated that the docked complex was stable and retained hydrogen bonding and non-bonding interactions. Furthermore, the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters and Lipinski's rule of five suggest that C. lanceolata has the potential for drug-likeness. In order to develop new medicines for this debilitating disease, we will focus on the primary virus-based and host-based targets that can direct medicinal chemists to identify novel treatments to produce new drugs for it., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03745-2., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest associated with this work., (© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Emerging drug-delivery systems demand a controlled or programmable or sustained release of drug molecules to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Such systems have been heavily investigated as they offer safe, accurate, and quality treatment for numerous diseases. Amongst newly developed drug-delivery systems, electrospun nanofibres have emerged as promising drug excipients and are coming up as promising biomaterials. The inimitable characteristics of electrospun nanofibres in terms of their high surface-to-volume ratio, high porosity, easy drug encapsulation, and programmable release make them an astounding drug-delivery vehicle., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Sorghum is a feed/industrial crop in developed countries and a staple food elsewhere in the world. This study evaluated the sorghum mini core collection for days to 50% flowering (DF), biomass, plant height (PH), soluble solid content (SSC), and juice weight (JW), and the sorghum reference set for DF and PH, in 7-12 testing environments. We also performed genome-wide association mapping with 6 094 317 and 265 500 single nucleotide polymorphism markers in the mini core collection and the reference set, respectively. In the mini core panel we identified three quantitative trait loci for DF, two for JW, one for PH, and one for biomass. In the reference set panel we identified another quantitative trait locus for PH on chromosome 6 that was also associated with biomass, DF, JW, and SSC in the mini core panel. Transgenic studies of three genes selected from the locus revealed that Sobic.006G061100 (SbSNF4-2) increased biomass, SSC, JW, and PH when overexpressed in both sorghum and sugarcane, and delayed flowering in transgenic sorghum. SbSNF4-2 encodes a γ subunit of the evolutionarily conserved AMPK/SNF1/SnRK1 heterotrimeric complexes. SbSNF4-2 and its orthologs will be valuable in genetic enhancement of biomass and sugar yield in plants., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The aim was to investigate the efficacy of prone positioning (PP) in the management of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in various setups, with various modes of oxygen therapy and its optimal duration. Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted from inception until May 15, 2021. Patients with a validated diagnosis of COVID-19 and receiving PP were included. Various factors, including intensive care unit (ICU) or non-ICU setup, mode of oxygen therapy, outcome, duration of proning, and limitations, were noted. Results: We retrieved 36 articles with a total of 1,385 patients for qualitative analysis. Out of 36 articles, there were 17 original articles, 09 case series, and 10 case reports. Out of 1,385 participants, 78.9% ( n = 1,093) and 21.0% ( n = 292) of patients were managed in ICU and non-ICU setup, respectively. Awake PP with high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) was found to be a promising technique; however, the result was inconclusive with helmet continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). No study has evaluated the optimal duration of awake PP and the associated long-term outcomes. Conclusion: We encourage the use of early awake self-proning in the management of COVID19 disease. However, the evidence in terms of its use in non-ICU setup, the optimal duration of PP, and various oxygenation devices are insufficient, thereby mandating further well-designed multicentric studies to evaluate its efficacy as an adjunct in the management of COVID-19 pneumonia in context to the aforementioned factor. How to cite this article: Chilkoti GT, Mohta M, Saxena AK, Ahmad Z, Sharma CS. Awake Prone Positioning in the Management of COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Systematic Review. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(8):896-905., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2021; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

There was a development of low-level tolerance to fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin in Listeria monocytogenes after sublethal adaptation to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC). Using eight L. monocytogenes strains, we determined the changes in short-range MIC, growth rate, and survival for heterologous stress response to ciprofloxacin, after sublethal exposure to daily cycles of fixed or gradually increasing concentration of QAC. Three main findings were observed. (1) MIC increase-QAC-adapted subpopulations exhibited a significant increase in short-range MIC of ciprofloxacin, by 1.5 to 2.9 fold, as compared to non-adapted control for 4/8 strains ( p < 0.05). (2) Growth rate increase-QAC-adapted subpopulations exhibited significant 2.1- to 6.8- fold increase in growth rate (OD 600 at 10 h) in ciprofloxacin-containing broth, as compared to non-adapted control for 5/8 strains ( p < 0.05). (3) Survival increase-QAC-adapted subpopulations of L. monocytogenes yielded significantly higher survival in ciprofloxacin-containing agar by 2.2 to 4.3 log CFU/mL for 4/8 strains, as compared to non-adapted control ( p ˂ 0.05). However, for other 4/8 strains of L. monocytogenes , there was no increase in survival of QAC-adapted subpopulations, as compared to non-adapted control in ciprofloxacin. These findings suggest the potential formation of low-level ciprofloxacin-tolerant subpopulations in some L. monocytogenes strains when exposed to residual QAC concentrations (where QAC might be used widely) and such cells if not inactivated might create food safety risk.

Stress-dependent disorders cause severe harm to human health and trigger the risk of neurodegenerative disorder. Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor was found to be a potent drug target.We evaluate the essential structural residues for pharmacophore identification through 2D and 3D QSAR analysis and identify the binding residues for a possible mechanism of CRF-1 binding with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The best 2D QSAR model was obtained through the MLR method with an r 2 value of 0.8039 and a q 2 value of 0.6311. Also,a 3D QSAR model was generated through the KNN MFA method with a q 2 value of 0.6013 and a q 2 &#95;se value of 0.3167. Further, docking analysis revealed that residue Glu196 and Lys334 were involved in hydrogen bonding and Trp9 in Π- Π stacking. Simulation analysis proves that target protein interactions with ligands were stable, and changes were acceptable for small and globular proteins. Compound B18 , a benzimidazole derivative, has an excellent binding affinity towards CRF-1 protein compared to reference molecules; hence, this compound could be a potential drug candidate for stress-dependent disorders. Based on findings, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives could be a novel class of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor antagonists for stress-related disorders. All benzimidazole derivatives were found to be within the acceptable range of physicochemical properties. Hence, these observations could provide valuable information for the design and development of novel and potent CRF-1 receptor antagonists.

Scientific collaborations among nations to address common problems and to build international partnerships as part of science diplomacy is a well-established notion. The international flow of people and ideas has played an important role in the advancement of the 'Sciences' and the current pandemic scenario has drawn attention towards the genuine need for a stronger role of science diplomacy, science advice and science communication. In dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, visible interactions across science, policy, science communication to the public and diplomacy worldwide have promptly emerged. These interactions have benefited primarily the disciplines of knowledge that are directly informing the pandemic response, while other scientific fields have been relegated. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientists of all disciplines and from all world regions are discussed here, with a focus on early-career researchers (ECRs), as a vulnerable population in the research system. Young academies and ECR-driven organisations could suggest ECR-powered solutions and actions that could have the potential to mitigate these effects on ECRs working on disciplines not related to the pandemic response. In relation with governments and other scientific organisations, they can have an impact on strengthening and creating fairer scientific systems for ECRs at the national, regional, and global level., Competing Interests: Competing interestsWhile the authors are members or alumni of the GYA, the GYA office staff or GYA funders did not influence the content and discussion presented in this article. The authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021.)

Background and Aims: Various methods have been used to check vocal cord movements as a routine before awakening the patient at the end of thyroidectomy to rule out recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy; out of which, fibreoptic-assisted visualisation via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) being the most desirable., Methods: Thirty patients of either sex, aged 18-65 years, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I/II, scheduled for thyroidectomy under general anaesthesia (GA) were included and were randomised to receive either fibreoptic assisted (FB) or LMA CTrach-assisted (CT) visualisation of laryngeal structures at the end of thyroidectomy. The primary outcome was grade of view of laryngeal structures and secondary outcomes were time taken to achieve optimal view of laryngeal structures, ease of visualisation, hemodynamic parameters, and complications., Results: In the fibreoptic group, we obtained comparable optimal laryngeal view i.e., grade 1 and 2 in all (100%) patients in comparison to 14 (93.33%) in LMA CTrach group. The "time taken to achieve the optimal view" was significantly lower in the CTrach group when compared to Fibreoptic group (220.67 ± 95.98 vis-a-vis 136.67 ± 68.98). The ease of visualisation of laryngeal structures was comparable ( P = 0.713) and the baseline haemodynamic parameters were comparable between the 2 groups and at various designated intervals. In total, 6.66% and 26.66% patients in group FB and CT group, respectively, required manoeuvres. However, difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Both Fibreoptic-assisted and LMA CTrach-assisted visualization of laryngeal structures in thyroidectomy are equally efficacious in terms of the optimal laryngeal view obtained and ease of visualisation. However, the time taken to achieve optimal laryngeal view was lesser with LMA CTrach., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.)

A novel dicationic room temperature ionic liquid, 1,1'-(5,14-dioxo-4,6,13,15-tetraazaoctadecane-1,18-diyl) bis(3-(sec-butyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium) bis((trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl) imide has been synthesized and fully characterized. Its thermal and electrochemical analyses along with transport properties have been studied. We propose it as a potential nominal additive to the commonly used conventional organic carbonate electrolyte mixture and study its adaptability in Lithium-ion batteries which are the prime power sources for ultraportable electronic devices. We have compared the performance characteristics of the full cells made without and with this ionic liquid. The cells comprise lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode, graphite anode and ethylene carbonate - dimethyl carbonate (1:1, v/v + LiPF 6 ) mixture electrolyte with nominal amount of ionic liquid as additive. The major concern with conventional electrolytes such as degradation of the materials inside batteries has been addressed by this electrolyte additive. Additionally, this additive is safer at relatively higher temperature. In its presence, the overall battery life is enhanced and it shows good cycling performance and coulombic efficiency with better discharge capacities (22% higher) after 100 cycles. Even after the increase in current rate from 10 mA/g to 100 mA/g, the cell still retains around 73% of capacity.

Salmonella biofilms act as a continuous source for cross-contamination in the food processing environments. In this study, a stable rugose morphotype of Salmonella was first induced by sequential exposure to subinhibitory concentrations (SICs) of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (ranging from 50 to 300 ppm over 18-day period) in tryptic soy broth. Then, rugose and smooth morphotypes of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Salmonella Heidelberg ATCC 8326 were characterized for biofilm forming abilities on polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces. Rugose morphotype of both ATCC 14028 and ATCC 8326 exhibited higher Exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation than smooth morphotype ( p ≤ 0.05). Also, the SICs of NaOCl (200 or 300 ppm in broth model) increased the biofilm formation ability of rugose morphotype of ATCC 8326 ( p ≤ 0.05) but decreased that of ATCC 14028. The 2-day-old Salmonella biofilms were treated with biocidal concentrations of 50, 100, or 200 ppm NaOCl (pH 6.15) in water for 5, 10, or 20 min at room temperature. The biofilm reduction in CFU/cm 2 for the rugose was lower than the smooth morphotype on both surfaces ( p ≤ 0.05) by lethal NaOCl in water. Scanning electron micrographs on both polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces demonstrated that the rugose morphotype produced a denser biofilm than the smooth morphotype. Transmission electron micrographs revealed the cell wall roughness in rugose morphotype, which may help in tolerance to NaOCl. The gene expression data indicate that the expression of biofilm regulator ( csgD ), curli ( csgA, csgB , and csgC ), and cellulose ( bcsE ) was significantly increased in rugose morphotype when induced by sequential exposure of NaOCl SICs. These findings reveal that the rugose morphotype of S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg produced significantly denser biofilm on food contact surfaces, which also increased with sequential exposure to SICs of NaOCl in the case of S. Heidelberg, and these biofilms were more tolerant to biocidal NaOCl concentrations commonly used in the food processing plants., (Copyright © 2019 Bansal, Nannapaneni, Kode, Chang, Sharma, McDaniel and Kiess.)

There is an increasing need for advanced and inexpensive preclinical models to accelerate the development of anticancer drugs. While costly animal models fail to predict human clinical outcomes, in vitro models such as microfluidic chips ('tumor-on-chip') are showing tremendous promise at predicting and providing meaningful preclinical drug screening outcomes. Research on 'tumor-on-chips' has grown enormously worldwide and is being widely accepted by pharmaceutical companies as a drug development tool. In light of this shift in philosophy, it is important to review the recent literature on microfluidic devices to determine how rapidly the technology has progressed as a promising model for drug screening and aiding cancer therapy. We review the past five years of successful developments and capabilities in microdevice technology (cancer models) for use in anticancer drug screening. Microfluidic devices that are being designed to address current challenges in chemotherapy, such as drug resistance, combinatorial drug therapy, personalized medicine, and cancer metastasis are also reviewed in detail. We provide a perspective on how personalized 'tumor-on-chip', as well as high-throughput microfluidic platforms based on patient-specific tumor cells, can potentially replace the more expensive and 'non-human' animal models in preclinical anticancer drug development., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chlorine-induced oxidative stress on biofilm formation by various Salmonella strains on polystyrene and stainless steel (SS) surfaces at three temperatures (30, 25 [room temperature], and 4°C) in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and 1/10 TSB. Fifteen Salmonella strains (six serotypes) were exposed to a sublethal chlorine concentration (150 ppm of total chlorine) in TSB for 2 h at the predetermined temperatures. The biofilm-forming ability of the Salmonella strains was determined in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates by using a crystal violet staining method and on SS coupons in 24-well tissue culture plates. All tested strains of Salmonella produced biofilms on both surfaces tested at room temperature and at 30°C. Of the 15 strains tested, none (chlorine stressed and nonstressed) formed biofilm at 4°C. At 30°C, Salmonella Heidelberg (ID 72), Salmonella Newport (ID 107), and Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) formed more biofilm than did their respective nonstressed controls on polystyrene ( P ≤ 0.05). At room temperature, only stressed Salmonella Reading (ID 115) in 1/10 TSB had significantly more biofilm formation than did the nonstressed control cells ( P ≤ 0.05). Salmonella strains formed more biofilm in nutrient-deficient medium (1/10 TSB) than in full-strength TSB. At 25°C, chlorine-stressed Salmonella Heidelberg (ATCC 8326) and Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 4931) formed stronger biofilms on SS coupons ( P ≤ 0.05) than did the nonstressed cells. These findings suggest that certain strains of Salmonella can produce significantly stronger biofilms on plastic and SS upon exposure to sublethal chlorine.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chlorine induced sublethal oxidative stress against homologous and heterologous stress adaptations in five Listeria monocytogenes ( Lm ) strains. Lm cells were exposed to gradually increasing sublethal concentrations of total chlorine/day: 250 ppm (day 1), 270 ppm (day 2), 290 ppm (day 3), 310 ppm (day 4), 330 ppm (day 5), 350 ppm (day 6), and 375 ppm (day 7) in tryptic soy broth (TSB). Changes in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Lm cells exposed to chlorine and control (non-adapted cells) were determined by the macro-dilution method. Chlorine-adapted Lm cells were also evaluated for changes in antibiotic resistance using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and MIC double dilution assay as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2016) guidelines. In four Lm strains (Scott A, V7, FSL-N1-227 and FSL-F6-154) after adapted to sublethal chlorine, the MIC (600 ppm) and MBC (700 ppm) values of chlorine were slightly higher as compared to control (500 ppm MIC, and 600 ppm MBC). The Kirby-Bauer and MIC double dilution assays showed some significant changes in antibiotic susceptibility patterns for antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin and ceftriaxone ( p < 0.05). However, the changes in zones of inhibition and MIC values to all antibiotics tested for the chlorine-adapted and non-adapted (control) Lm cells were still within the susceptible range. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that changes in cell wall and membrane integrity resulting, from the elongation of cells, may contribute to the possible routes of its increase in tolerance to chlorine and selective antibiotics. These findings indicate that the continuous exposure of Lm cells to chlorine may lead to significant changes in homologs and heterologous stress adaptation.

Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (American Type Culture Collection; ATCC 8326) was examined for the ability to adapt to the homologous stress of chlorine through exposure to increasing chlorine concentrations (25 ppm daily increments) in tryptic soy broth (TSB). The tested strain exhibited an acquired tolerance to chlorine in TSB with the tolerant cells growing in concentrations up to 400 ppm. In addition, the chlorine stressed cells displayed rugose morphology on tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates at 37°C. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chlorine for adapted (rugose and smooth) cells was determined to be 550 ppm and 500 ppm, respectively whereas the MIC for the control was 450 ppm. The biofilm forming ability of the adapted and control cells were examined on both plastic and stainless steel surface at room temperature and 37°C. The rugose variant, in contrast to the smooth (adapted and control) showed the ability to form strong biofilms (P ≤ 0.05) on a plastic surface at room temperature and 37°C. Rugose cells compared to smooth and control attached more (P ≤ 0.05) to steel surfaces as well. The possibility of cross-adaptation was examined by exposing the adapted and control cells to different antibiotics according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Adapted cells exhibited reduced susceptibility to some of the antibiotics tested as compared to control. The findings of this study suggest that exposure to sublethal chlorine concentration during the sanitization procedure can result in tolerant Salmonella cells. Chlorine may confer cross-protection that aids in the survival of the tolerant population to other environmental stresses.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of strain and temperature on growth and biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes in high and low concentrations of catfish mucus extract on various food contact surfaces at 10 and 22°C. The second objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectants at recommended concentrations and contact times for removing L. monocytogenes biofilm cells from a stainless steel surface covered with catfish mucus extract. Growth and biofilm formation of all L. monocytogenes strains increased with higher concentrations of catfish mucus extract at both 10 and 22°C. When 15 μg/mL catfish mucus extract was added to 3 log CFU/mL L. monocytogenes, the biofilm levels of L. monocytogenes on stainless steel reached 4 to 5 log CFU per coupon at 10°C and 5 to 6 log CFU per coupon at 22°C in 7 days. With 375 μg/mL catfish mucus extract, the biofilm levels of L. monocytogenes on stainless steel reached 5 to 6 log CFU per coupon at 10°C and 6 to 7.5 log CFU per coupon at 22°C in 7 days. No differences ( P > 0.05) were observed between L. monocytogenes strains tested for biofilm formation in catfish mucus extract on the stainless steel surface. The biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes catfish isolate HCC23 was lower on Buna-N rubber than on stainless steel, polyethylene, and polyurethane surfaces in the presence of catfish mucus extract ( P < 0.05). Contact angle analysis and atomic force microscopy confirmed that Buna-N rubber was highly hydrophobic, with lower surface energy and less roughness than the other three surfaces. The complete reduction of L. monocytogenes biofilm cells was achieved on the stainless steel coupons with a mixture of disinfectants, such as quaternary ammonium compounds with hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid with hydrogen peroxide and octanoic acid at 25 or 50% of the recommended concentration, in 1 or 3 min compared with use of the quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorine, or acid disinfectants alone, which were ineffective for removing all the L. monocytogenes biofilm cells.

The main objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of USDA approved antimicrobials in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg (S. H.) and Campylobacter jejuni (C. j.) in ground chicken frames and to determine the treatment effects on total aerobic counts and meat color. Six antimicrobials (0.1% peracetic acid [PAA], 0.6% cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC], 0.005% sodium hypochlorite, 1.5% acidified lactic acid [ALA], 0.3% propionic acid, and 0.1% lauric arginate [LAE]) applied as dip treatments were evaluated in their efficacy in reducing S. Heidelberg and C. jejuni. Fresh chicken frames were spot inoculated with nalidixic acid resistant S. H. and C. j. (ATCC 33291) to achieve a recovery level of ca. 3 log CFU/g in the ground product. Frames were dipped for 10 s in each antimicrobial solution and each treatment was replicated on 3 frames. Three separate replications were conducted for this experiment. Frames were blended, and ground samples similar to mechanically separated chicken (MSC) were obtained and stored at 4°C for 24 hours. Samples were analyzed after grinding on d zero (2 h) and d one (24 h) to determine reduction in S. H. and C. j. counts in MSC. PAA and LAE treatments had the highest reductions on Salmonella counts (P ≤ 0.05), both treatments resulting in 0.9 log CFU/g reduction as compared to control on d zero. PAA and CPC reduced Salmonella counts by 1.4 and 0.9 log CFU/g, respectively, on d one; PAA, propionic acid, ALA, and LAE resulted in one log CFU/g reductions of C. j. as compared to control on d one. There was no significant difference among the treatments in their ability to reduce C. j. on d one. The treatments had no effect on total aerobic counts. The findings from the study indicate that PAA, CPC, and LAE can reduce S. H. in ground chicken frames, whereas all the antimicrobials tested in the study, except chlorine, have the ability to reduce C. j. in ground chicken frames, a product similar to commercial MSC., (© 2017 Poultry Science Association Inc.)

Background and Aims: Students are exposed to basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) training in the first semester in some medical colleges. The aim of this study was to compare students' satisfaction between lecture-based traditional method and hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) in BLS/ACLS teaching to undergraduate medical students., Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional survey among 118 1 st -year medical students from a university medical college in the city of New Delhi, India. We aimed to assess the students' satisfaction between lecture-based and hybrid-PBL method in BLS/ACLS teaching. Likert 5-point scale was used to assess students' satisfaction levels between the two teaching methods. Data were collected and scores regarding the students' satisfaction levels between these two teaching methods were analysed using a two-sided paired t -test., Results: Most students preferred hybrid-PBL format over traditional lecture-based method in the following four aspects; learning and understanding, interest and motivation, training of personal abilities and being confident and satisfied with the teaching method ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Implementation of hybrid-PBL format along with the lecture-based method in BLS/ACLS teaching provided high satisfaction among undergraduate medical students., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

This paper reports the synthesis and fabrication of aligned electrospun nanofibers derived out of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded SU-8 photoresist, which are targeted towards ultrasensitive biosensor applications. The ultrasensitivity (detection in the range of fg/mL) and the specificity of these biosensors were achieved by complementing the inherent advantages of MWCNTs such as high surface to volume ratio and excellent electrical and transduction properties with the ease of surface functionalization of SU-8. The electrospinning process was optimized to precisely align nanofibers in between two electrodes of a copper microelectrode array. MWCNTs not only enhance the conductivity of SU-8 nanofibers but also act as transduction elements. In this paper, MWCNTs were embedded way beyond the percolation threshold and the optimum percentage loading of MWCNTs for maximizing the conductivity of nanofibers was figured out experimentally. As a proof of concept, the detection of myoglobin, an important biomarker for on-set of Acute Myocardial Infection (AMI) has been demonstrated by functionalizing the nanofibers with anti-myoglobin antibodies and carrying out detection using a chemiresistive method. This simple and robust device yielded a detection limit of 6 fg/mL., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The present study evaluated the efficacy of recently approved Salmonella lytic bacteriophage preparation (SalmoFresh™) in reducing Salmonella on chicken breast fillets, as a surface and dip application. The effectiveness of phage in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and the ability of phage preparation in reducing Salmonella on chicken breast fillets at room temperature was also evaluated. Chicken breast fillets inoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg, and S. Enteritidis were treated with bacteriophage (10(9) PFU/mL) as either a dip or surface treatment. The dip-treated samples were stored at 4°C aerobically and the surface-treated samples were stored under aerobic and MAP conditions (95% CO2/5% O2) at 4°C for 7 d. Immersion of Salmonella-inoculated chicken breast fillets in bacteriophage solution reduced Salmonella (P < 0.05) by 0.7 and 0.9 log CFU/g on d 0 and d 1 of storage, respectively. Surface treatment with phage significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Salmonella by 0.8, 0.8, and 1 log CFU/g on d 0, 1, and 7 of storage, respectively, under aerobic conditions. Higher reductions in Salmonella counts were achieved on chicken breast fillets when the samples were surface treated with phage and stored under MAP conditions. The Salmonella counts were reduced by 1.2, 1.1, and 1.2 log CFU/g on d 0, 1, and 7 of storage, respectively. Bacteriophage surface application on chicken breast fillets stored at room temperature reduced the Salmonella counts by 0.8, 0.9, and 0.4 log CFU/g after 0, 4, and 8 h, respectively, compared to the untreated positive control. These findings indicate that lytic phage preparation was effective in reducing Salmonella on chicken breast fillets stored under aerobic and modified atmosphere conditions., (© 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc.)

The efficacy of the recently approved Salmonella lytic bacteriophage preparation (SalmoFresh) in reducing Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg on turkey breast cutlets and ground turkey was evaluated. In a broth model assay, the phage preparation completely inhibited the growth of four S. enterica serotypes (Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Kentucky, and Salmonella Typhimurium) at 37°C at a multiplicity of infection of 10,000 PFU/CFU. At 4°C in 0.1% peptone water (PW), phage treatment at a multiplicity of infection of 10,000 resulted in ca. 4.0-log CFU/ml reductions of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Typhimurium. When raw turkey breast cutlets inoculated with Salmonella Heidelberg (∼10(3) CFU/g) were treated with phage preparation (10(7) PFU/g) and stored at 4°C, the phage treatment caused reductions of 0.8, 0.6, and 1.3 log CFU/g (P ≤ 0.05) of Salmonella Heidelberg on day 0, 1, and 7, respectively, compared with the counts in the control. However, no significant reduction of Salmonella Heidelberg (P > 0.05) was observed in ground turkey when turkey meat pieces inoculated with Salmonella Heidelberg were surface treated with phage preparation (10(7) PFU/g) before grinding. These findings indicate that the bacteriophage preparation was effective in reducing Salmonella on turkey breast cutlets as a surface treatment but did not cause any reduction of Salmonella Heidelberg in ground turkey.

The objectives of this study were to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of lauric arginate (LAE) against Campylobacter jejuni (in broth and on chicken breast fillets) and spoilage microorganisms (on chicken breast fillets). In vitro antimicrobial activity of LAE was determined by treating C. jejuni (in pure culture) with 0 (control), 50, 100, and 200 mg/L of LAE solutions at 4°C for 2 h. Inoculated chicken samples with C. jejuni were treated with 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg of LAE, packaged, and stored at 4°C for 7 d for determining the efficacy of LAE against C. jejuni on meat. Noninoculated skinless chicken breast fillet samples were treated with 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg of LAE and were used for analysis of LAE treatments on growth of mesophilic and psychrotrophic organisms on d 0, 3, 9, and 14 during storage at 4°C. Lauric arginate was highly effective against C. jejuniin vitro with no detectable survivors. Lauric arginate significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced C. jejuni counts on chicken breast fillets with 200 and 400 mg/kg treatments. Lauric arginate at 400 mg/L gave a maximum reduction of ~1.5 log cfu/g of C. jejuni during 7 d of storage at 4°C without any change in pH of meat. Treating chicken breast fillets with 400 mg/kg of LAE caused 2.3 log cfu/g reduction of psychrotrophs (P ≤ 0.05) compared with the control on d 0 of storage. However, no difference existed (P ≥ 0.05) in the growth of psychrotrophs on chicken breast fillets after treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg of LAE compared with the control after 3 d. The LAE treatments had no effect (P ≥ 0.05) on growth of mesophilic organisms. The results of the study indicated that LAE is effective in reducing C. jejuni on chicken breast fillets., (©2014 Poultry Science Association Inc.)

Background: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have never been produced in India, but were used in industrial applications. PCBs have been detected in environmental samples since 1966, and their sources in soils come from depositions of industrial applications, incinerators and biomass combustions. PCBs adsorb to soil particles and persist for long time due to their properties. Their close proximity may also lead to human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and may exert neurotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic health effects., Background: Residential soil from Korba, India, was extracted using pressurized liquid extraction procedure, cleaned on modified silica and quantified for PCBs. Soil ingestion was considered as the main exposure pathways of life-long intake of PCBs. Human health risk in terms of life time average daily dose, incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated using established guidelines., Background: The estimated average ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10(-8) and 1.1×10(-7), respectively. ILCR from dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10(-6) and 1.1×10(-5), respectively. The HQ for PCBs was 6.3×10(-4) and 2.2×10(-3), respectively for human adults and children. Study observed that ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs was lower than acceptable guideline range of 10(-6)-10(-4), and ILCR from dioxin like PCBs was within the limit. HQ was lower than safe limit of 1., Background: Study concluded that human population residing in Korba had low health risk due to PCBs in residential soils. Significance for public healthThe concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils from an industrial city in India were measured for the assessment of human health risk. PCBs composition profiles were dominated with tri-chlorinated and tetra-chlorinated biphenyls. The possible sources of PCBs contamination can be attributed to local industrial emissions and long range transport depositions. The daily intakes of PCBs, and corresponding incremental lifetime cancer risk and hazard quotient for humans were estimated and found to be lower than acceptable levels. This baseline study may provide database on persistent organic pollutants in tropical countries and may also be useful in risks assessment of the industrial pollutants on human population.

Artificial groundwater recharge plays a vital role in sustainable management of groundwater resources. The present study was carried out to identify the artificial groundwater recharge zones in Bist Doab basin of Indian Punjab using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) for augmenting groundwater resources. The study area has been facing severe water scarcity due to intensive agriculture for the past few years. The thematic layers considered in the present study are: geomorphology (2004), geology (2004), land use/land cover (2008), drainage density, slope, soil texture (2000), aquifer transmissivity, and specific yield. Different themes and related features were assigned proper weights based on their relative contribution to groundwater recharge. Normalized weights were computed using the Saaty's analytic hierarchy process. Thematic layers were integrated in ArcGIS for delineation of artificial groundwater recharge zones. The recharge map thus obtained was divided into four zones (poor, moderate, good, and very good) based on their influence to groundwater recharge. Results indicate that 15, 18, 37, and 30 % of the study area falls under "poor," "moderate," "good," and "very good" groundwater recharge zones, respectively. The highest recharge potential area is located towards western and parts of middle region because of high infiltration rates caused due to the distribution of flood plains, alluvial plain, and agricultural land. The least effective recharge potential is in the eastern and middle parts of the study area due to low infiltration rate. The results of the study can be used to formulate an efficient groundwater management plan for sustainable utilization of limited groundwater resources.

In the present study, low concentrations of carvacrol (0.025 to 0.2%) and lauric arginate (LAE; 25 to 200 ppm) were tested at 4, 22, and 45°C in a broth model, and higher concentrations of carvacrol (0.1 to 5%) and LAE (200 to 5,000 ppm) were tested individually and in combination at 4°C in 3 different ground turkey samples (with 15, 7, and 1% fat content) for their effectiveness against a 3-strain mixture of Salmonella. A low concentration of 25 ppm of LAE or 0.025% carvacrol had no effect on Salmonella in a broth model, but their mixture showed a synergistic action by reducing 6 log cfu/mL Salmonella counts to a nondetectable level within 30 min of exposure. The US Food and Drug Administration-recommended 200 ppm of LAE was not sufficient for Salmonella reductions in ground turkey when applied internally. High concentrations of 2,000 to 5,000 ppm of LAE or 1 to 2% carvacrol were needed to reduce Salmonella counts by 2 to 5 log cfu/g in ground turkey by internal application. No specific relationship existed between fat content and LAE or carvacrol concentrations for Salmonella reductions. For example, 2,000 ppm of LAE could reduce Salmonella counts by 4 log cfu/g in 1% fat-containing turkey samples but very similar ~1.5 log cfu/g reductions in both 7 and 15% fat-containing ground turkey samples. For the total microbial load, about 2,000 ppm of LAE or 2% of carvacrol treatments were needed to achieve 2 to 3 log (P ≤ 0.05) cfu/g reductions in different turkey samples. A mixture of 1% carvacrol and 2,000 ppm of LAE exhibited a synergistic action in ground turkey containing 7% fat by reducing the Salmonella counts by 4 log cfu/g, which was not found with individual antimicrobial treatments.

Lauric arginate (LAE) has been found to be effective against various foodborne pathogens. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of LAE against Salmonella and mesophilic organisms was evaluated in fresh, skinless, boneless, uncooked chicken breast fillets. The effect of LAE treatments on pH and color of breast fillets was also assessed. Chicken breast fillets were inoculated with a 4-strain Salmonella cocktail (Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 4931, Salmonella Heidelberg ATCC 8326, Salmonella Kentucky ATCC 9263, and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028) and then treated with sterile dionized water (positive control) and 200 ppm and 400 ppm of LAE. The chicken breast fillets were stored at 4 ± 1°C and analyzed on d 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 for Salmonella, total aerobes, color, and pH. The fillets destined for color analysis were not inoculated with Salmonella cocktail and stored under conditions simulating the retail display. The fillets treated with 400 ppm LAE had lower (P < 0.05) Salmonella counts compared with the positive control from d 0 through d 7 of storage except on d 3, when no effect of LAE was observed. Treating fillets with 200 ppm of LAE caused a significant reduction in Salmonella counts (P < 0.1) on d 0, 1, and 7. Reductions in Salmonella spp. were 0.7 log cfu/g and 0.7 to 1.0 log cfu/g for 200 and 400 ppm treatments, respectively. Lauric arginate did not exhibit any treatment effect on the growth of mesophilic microorganisms, pH, and color of chicken breast fillets (P > 0.05) when applied at 200 and 400 ppm concentrations. These results indicate that surface application of LAE in chicken breast fillets significantly reduces Salmonella during refrigerated aerobic storage without negatively affecting the color of chicken breast fillets.

The objectives of this study were to determine the antimicrobial effects of sodium metasilicate (SMS) treatments against Campylobacter jejuni in fresh, boneless, uncooked chicken breast fillets and to ascertain the effects of SMS treatments on pH. The fillets were inoculated with C. jejuni, treated with 0% SMS and no inoculum (negative control), 0% SMS and inoculum (positive control), 1 and 2% SMS solutions, and stored at 4 ± 1°C. All samples were analyzed after 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d storage for C. jejuni, psychrotrophic organisms, and pH. Campylobacter jejuni and psychrotrophic counts for samples treated with 1 and 2% SMS solutions were similar (P > 0.05) to the positive control on all storage days. The pH values for 2% SMS marinade treatments were higher (P < 0.05) when compared with the negative and positive controls through 7 d of storage. Based on the findings in this study, a second study was conducted to determine the level of SMS necessary to reduce C. jejuni by at least 1 log cfu/g. The treatments were the same as previously discussed, except SMS was used at levels of 1 and 2% of the weight of the meat instead of percentage of the solution. Chicken fillets treated with 1 and 2% SMS (by weight of meat) resulted in 1.12 to 1.26 and 3.27 to 3.79 log cfu/g reductions in C. jejuni, respectively, when compared with the positive control. Except for d 0, psychrotrophic counts for samples treated with 2% SMS were lower (P < 0.05) than negative and positive controls on all storage days. The pH values were higher (P < 0.05) for all SMS treatments when compared with the negative and positive controls. This study revealed that SMS, when used at elevated levels in excess of the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service 2% approved level, could function to control Campylobacter jejuni and extend the shelf life of raw poultry by retarding the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria.

Background: Secretory carcinoma of the breast is a rare breast cancer that is associated with incidence at a young age and an indolent course. The role for breast conservation and adjuvant radiation is unknown., Methods: The SEER database was reviewed and 83 patients were identified with secretory carcinoma of the breast between the years 1983 and 2007. Baseline characteristics were compared with χ(2) or Fisher's exact test. Overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Analyses were performed using PASW Statistics, version 18., Results: Median follow-up was 70 months. Median patient age was 53 years (range 11-86 years). 29 patients (34.9%) had involved regional lymph nodes. 39 patients (47.0%) underwent lumpectomy and 44 patients (53.0%) underwent mastectomy. 35 patients (42.2%) received radiation. Patients receiving radiation were more likely to have undergone lumpectomy, and the use of radiation increased over time. 5-year OS was 87.2%; 10-year OS was 76.5%. 5-year CSS was 94.4%; 10-year CSS was 91.4%. Among the lumpectomy patients, 25 patients (64.1%) received radiation. For lumpectomy patients, those who did not receive radiation had a 5-year OS of 92.9% and 10-year OS of 72.2% while patients who did receive radiation had a 5-year OS of 95.5% and 10-year OS of 85.9%. Only 1 patient treated with lumpectomy only died of cancer (92.9% CSS) and no patients treated with lumpectomy and radiation died of cancer (100% CSS)., Conclusions: Secretory carcinoma of the breast commonly occurs at a later age than previously recognized, and is associated with good long-term survival., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The objectives of this study were to determine the antimicrobial effects of sodium metasilicate (SMS) against Salmonella and psychrotrophic organisms in fresh, boneless, uncooked chicken breast fillets and to ascertain the effects of SMS treatments on pH. Chicken breast fillets were inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium treated with 0% SMS and no inoculum (negative control), 0% SMS and inoculum (positive control), 1% SMS, or 2% SMS solutions and stored at 4 ± 1°C. All samples were analyzed after 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d for Salmonella, psychrotrophic organisms, and pH. The fillets that were treated with 1 or 2% SMS had lower (P < 0.05) Salmonella counts as compared with those of the positive control at 3 through 7 d. Reductions in Salmonella Typhimurium were 0.83 to 0.91 log cfu/g and 1.04 to 1.16 log cfu/g for 1 and 2% SMS treatments, respectively. The psychrotrophic counts were similar (P > 0.05) for all treatments. The pH values for samples treated with 1 or 2% SMS were higher (P < 0.05) when compared with those of the negative and positive controls. This study revealed that SMS could restrict the growth of pathogenic Salmonella Typhimurium in fresh poultry.

Background: To examine the effects of higher-protein diets on endogenous glucose metabolism in healthy, physically active adults, glucose turnover was assessed in five endurance-trained men (age 21.3 ± 0.3 y, VO2peak 70.6 ± 0.1 mL kg-1 min-1) who consumed dietary protein intakes spanning the current dietary reference intakes., Findings: Using a randomized, crossover design, volunteers consumed 4 week eucaloric diets providing either a low (0.8 g kg-1 d-1; LP), moderate (1.8 g kg-1 d-1; MP), or high (3.6 g kg-1 d-1; HP) level of dietary protein. Glucose turnover (Ra, glucose rate of appearance; and Rd glucose rate of disappearance) was assessed under fasted, resting conditions using primed, constant infusions of [6,6-2H2] glucose. Glucose Ra and Rd (mg kg-1 min-1) were higher for MP (2.8 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.1) compared to HP (2.4 ± 0.1 and 2.3 ± 0.2, P < 0.05) and LP (2.3 ± 0.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1, P < 0.01) diets. Glucose levels (mmol/L) were not different (P > 0.05) between LP (4.6 ± 0.1), MP (4.8 ± 0.1), and HP (4.7 ± 0.1) diets., Conclusions: Level of protein consumption influenced resting glucose turnover in endurance athletes in a state of energy balance with a higher rate of turnover noted for a protein intake of 1.8 g kg-1 d-1. Findings suggest that consumption of protein in excess of the recommended dietary allowance but within the current acceptable macronutrient distribution range may contribute to the regulation of blood glucose when carbohydrate intake is reduced by serving as a gluconeogenic substrate in endurance-trained men.

Purpose: To evaluate the mid-term outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using the medial third of the patellar tendon as the bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft., Methods: 79 men (34 right knees and 45 left knees) aged 20 to 52 (mean, 28) years underwent ACL reconstruction using the medial third of the patellar tendon with bone plugs and were followed up for a minimum of 3 years. Stability was assessed using the Lachman test and the pivot shift test. The range of motion, donor-site symptoms, Lysholm knee score, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score were also recorded., Results: In terms of stability, only 4 patients had a grade-2 laxity postoperatively, compared to all having a grade-2 or -3 laxity preoperatively. Regarding the range of motion, extension loss was <3º in 76 patients and 3º to 5º in 3, whereas flexion loss was <5º in 73 patients, 5º to 15º in 5, and 16º to 25º in one. No patient had patellar tendon rupture/shortening, patellar fracture, or patellar maltracking. The mean Lysholm knee score improved from 48 to 92 (p<0.0001); scores were excellent (>90) in 46 patients and good (83-90) in 32 patients. The overall IKDC score was grade A (normal) in 9 patients, grade B (near normal) in 66, and grade C (abnormal) in 4. Three of the latter patients had osteoarthritic changes and pain on minimal physical activity. Only one patient had a sensation of partial giving way during moderate physical activity. 20% of the patients had anterior knee pain., Conclusion: Outcome of ACL reconstruction using the medial third of the patellar tendon was comparable to that using the central third of the patellar tendon. In addition, there were no instances of patellar tendon rupture/shortening, patellar fracture, or patellar maltracking.

This presentation deals with 110 surgically proven cases of abdominal tuberculosis in the pediatric age group. The protean clinical profiles and complications of the disease entity made the clinical diagnosis difficult; the investigations were also found non-pathognomonic. The most common type of pathology seen was adhesive variety followed by nodal type. Strictures of the small bowel were uncommon and hyperplastic variety was rarely seen in the present series. The pathogenesis relating to various varieties has been suggested based on the vast experience from a single institution.

The clinicopathological features of 75 children under the age of 12 years with teratomas are reviewed. Tumors arose in the following anatomic sites: sacrococcygeum (n = 49), ovary (n = 10), Testis (n = 5), oral cavity (n = 3), retroperitoneum (n = 2) and others (n = 6). Fifty five (74%) presented within the first year of life. Excluding the gonadal tumors, male-female ratio was 2:5. Majority of the tumors had only mature tissues. Such patients and those 9 patients in whom the histology was not specified, underwent excision alone and had 95% early survival rates. Five patients had admixture of mature and immature tumors. Nine patients had malignant tissues. Germ cell tumors containing only malignant component, but no mature or immature teratomatous tissues were excluded from the series. The patients with immature and malignant tissues underwent multimodal therapy including surgical excision, multiagent chemotherapy (VAC regimen) and at times radiotherapy. Mortality in patients with immature and malignant teratomas was 20 and 66.7%, respectively. Besides histology, the only factor which affected prognosis, especially in case of sacrococcygeal teratomas was the age at the time of presentation. Our experience highlights the importance of early recognition and complete surgical excision of teratomas in the pediatric age group.