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6. Seabed structures and foundations related to deep‐sea resource development: A review based on design and research

Author

Rui, Shengjie, Zhang, Haojie, Xu, Hang, Zha, Xing, Xu, Mengtao, and Shen, Kanmin

Abstract

The deep‐sea ground contains a huge amount of energy and mineral resources, for example, oil, gas, and minerals. Various infrastructures such as floating structures, seabed structures, and foundations have been developed to exploit these resources. The seabed structures and foundations can be mainly classified into three types: subsea production structures, offshore pipelines, and anchors. This study reviewed the development, installation, and operation of these infrastructures, including their structures, design, installation, marine environment loads, and applications. On this basis, the research gaps and further research directions were explored through this literature review. First, different floating structures were briefly analyzed and reviewed to introduce the design requirements of the seabed structures and foundations. Second, the subsea production structures, including subsea manifolds and their foundations, were reviewed and discussed. Third, the basic characteristics and design methods of deep‐sea pipelines, including subsea pipelines and risers, were analyzed and reviewed. Finally, the installation and bearing capacity of deep‐sea subsea anchors and seabed trench influence on the anchor were reviewed. Through the review, it was found that marine environment conditions are the key inputs for any offshore structure design. The fabrication, installation, and operation of infrastructures should carefully consider the marine loads and geological conditions. Different structures have their own mechanical problems. The fatigue and stability of pipelines mainly depend on the soil‐structure interaction. Anchor selection should consider soil types and possible trench formation. These focuses and research gaps can provide a helpful guide on further research, installation, and operation of deep‐sea structures and foundations. This paper reviewed the development, installation, and operation of these infrastructures, including their structures, design, installation, marine environment loads, and applications. The research gaps and further research directions are explored through this literature review. First, different floating structures were briefly analyzed and reviewed. Second, the subsea production structures, including subsea manifolds and their foundations, were reviewed and discussed. Third, the basic characteristics and design methods of deep‐sea pipelines, including subsea pipelines and risers, were analyzed and reviewed. Finally, the installation and bearing capacity of deep‐sea subsea anchors and seabed trench influence on the anchor capacity were reviewed. •Provide a brief introduction about seabed structures and foundations related to deep‐sea resource development.•Introduce subsea production structures, including subsea manifolds and their foundations (mudmats, suction piles), from a design perspective.•Analyze the basic characteristics and design methods of deep‐sea pipelines, including subsea pipelines and risers.•Introduce the installation and bearing capacity of anchors in deep‐sea, and summarize seabed trench influence on anchor capacity. Provide a brief introduction about seabed structures and foundations related to deep‐sea resource development. Introduce subsea production structures, including subsea manifolds and their foundations (mudmats, suction piles), from a design perspective. Analyze the basic characteristics and design methods of deep‐sea pipelines, including subsea pipelines and risers. Introduce the installation and bearing capacity of anchors in deep‐sea, and summarize seabed trench influence on anchor capacity.

Published
2024
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12. Modeling and optimization of multiple tuned mass dampers for a barge-type floating offshore wind turbine

Author

Wang, Bin, Han, Dongdong, Wang, Wenhua, Li, Xin, Shen, Kanmin, and Li, Ying

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Significant structural responses pose potential hazards to the safe operation of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). To effectively mitigate the motion of FOWTs using conventional passive vibration control methods such as tuned mass damper (TMD) and multiple tuned mass damper (MTMD), an optimization method for TMD and MTMD in a barge-type FOWT is proposed in this study. A simplified dynamic model of a barge FOWT with MTMD, which includes the tower first bending and floating platform degrees of freedom (DOFs), in addition to the simplified DOF of the MTMD, is derived. The corresponding fully coupled numerical model is established using the updated simulation tool FAST-SC. Subsequently, the unknown parameters and accuracy of the simplified dynamic model are validated via comparison with the results of the coupled numerical model. Moreover, an optimization method is proposed based on the simplified dynamic model considering the prominent coupling effects of FOWT and computational expense, and the GA algorithm is used for TMD and MTMD optimization. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the optimized TMDs and MTMD is evaluated based on the reduction in the coupled responses of the barge FOWT under the selected environmental conditions. Compared with the optimized TMD in the nacelle, the optimized TMD in the platform and MTMD are proven to be more feasible for vibration mitigation under complex environmental loads. Moreover, an improved steady output is obtained using the optimized vibration control methods, in addition to the excellent mitigation effects on structural responses.

Published
2022

14. A Framework for Mooring and Anchor Design in Sand Considering Seabed Trenches Based on Floater Hydrodynamics.

Author

Rui, Shengjie, Xu, Hang, Teng, Long, Xi, Chen, Sun, Xingye, Zhang, Haojie, and Shen, Kanmin

Abstract

Seabed trenches reduce anchor capacity. However, the adverse influence is not considered in the current design, and no guideline is found in engineering practice. This paper presents a framework for mooring and anchor design in sand considering seabed trenches based on floater hydrodynamics. First, a hydrodynamic calculation of the studied floater coupled with the mooring system was conducted. Then, the potential trench profile was assessed using a mooring line–seabed dynamic model. Third, after assessing the suction anchor performance based on its installation and capacity, a refined anchor, caisson–plate gravity anchor (CPGA), was proposed, and the capacity mechanisms were analyzed. It was found that the tensions of mooring lines l1 and l2 resist maximum loads under a 45° load condition. Due to the sand's high strength, a trench is difficult to form in this mooring type. The suction anchor is not suitable as an anchor for the carbonate sand, considering its installation and capacity. The analyses indicate that the increase in soil stress and soil mobilized range in front of the caisson promotes the capacity of CPGA. This paper provides a framework/example to design moorings and anchors considering potential trenches and provides a solution to the anchor design in carbonate sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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15. Motion characteristics and aero-elastic responses of floating offshore wind turbine under coupling action of waves and winds

Author

Wang, Bin, Li, Ying, Gao, Shan, Shen, Kanmin, Hu, Zhenhong, and Zheng, Xing

Subjects
General Environmental Science
Abstract

As a complex multi degree of freedom coupling system, floating offshore wind turbine usually works in complex and changeable marine environment. The research of floating offshore wind turbine often needs to consider the coupling effect of wind, wave and current at the same time. Under the action of wind and wave load, floating offshore wind turbine will produce a large motion response. Generally, the surge motion and pitch motion are the most obvious aspects, and their motion amplitude is also the largest, and large-scale motion of the floating platform will directly affect the relative velocity of the wind loaded flow. Therefore, the surge motion and pitch motion usually have the most obvious impact on the aerodynamic load of wind turbine. In this paper, the motion characteristics and aeroelastic responses of the DTU-10MW semi-floating offshore wind turbine under coupling action of wind and wave are simulated. The motion characteristics and aeroelastic responses of floating offshore wind turbine are calculated under different wind and wave combination conditions, and the influence law of wind and wave action are summarized. The results show that wind load affects the mean value of motion of the floating offshore wind turbine, and wave load affects the amplitude of motion; Finally, the dynamic response of the wind turbine with the included angle of the wind and wave load is discussed and analyzed, and the influence of the incident angle of the wind wave on the motion response of the floating offshore wind turbine is analyzed.

Published
2022

20. Prediction of the whole mooring chain reaction to cyclic motion of a fairlead

Author

Lizhong Wang, Shen Kanmin, and Zhen Guo

Subjects
Embedment, Tension (physics), 0211 other engineering and technologies, Anchoring, Touchdown, Geology, 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Mooring, 01 natural sciences, Offshore wind power, Chain (algebraic topology), Seabed, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Marine engineering
Abstract

Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are generally positioned by mooring systems including embedded anchoring foundations and mooring lines. The mooring line consists of three portions: the embedded portion, the lying portion and the suspended portion. Previous studies ignore the embedded and lying portion, and assume the lower end of the suspended chain is fixed at the touchdown point on the seabed. However, the effect of the chain–seabed interaction plays a more important role, especially in the dynamic response of the mooring chain. This article proposes a numerical model for the dynamic response of the mooring chain, considering the dynamic interaction between the mooring chain and the clay and sand sediment. Firstly, the configuration and tension of the mooring chain under monotonic motion of the fairlead are verified against the static model and then the response of the chain under cyclic horizontal drift and vertical heave of the floating facility is investigated. It was found that the chain gradually digs into the deeper soil and become straightened within a few cycles. The dig-in effect leads to the cyclic degradation of the mooring chain tensions and uplift angle at the padeye. The development in the configuration, tension, and angle of the mooring chain under horizontal and vertical motion in clay and sand sediments are compared in this study in order to give practical advice. The effects of embedment depth and soil shear strength are also evaluated.

Published
2018

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