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To support the planning of future solar energy production in India, forthcoming changes in incoming surface solar radiation and the main physical factors contributing to the change were inferred from simulations performed with 27 global CMIP5 climate models. According to the multimodel-mean response, radiation diminishes by 0.5%–4% by the period 2030–59 (relative to 1971–2000), in tandem with strengthening aerosol and water vapor dimming. The largest reduction is anticipated for northern India. The evolution of incident radiation in the mid- and late twenty-first century depends substantially on the emission scenario. According to the representative concentration pathways RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, solar radiation would gradually recover close to the level that prevailed in the late twentieth century. This results from the peaking of aerosol loading before midcentury while the water vapor content continuously increases somewhat. Conversely, under RCP8.5, incident radiation would still decline, although more slowly than during the early century. This coincides with a substantial increase in atmospheric water vapor content and a modest decrease in aerosol forcing. In cloud forcing, multimodel-mean changes are minor, but divergence among the model simulations is substantial. Moreover, cloud forcing proved to be the factor that correlates most strongly with intermodel differences in the solar radiation response. Multimodel-mean changes in solar radiation are small and would not crucially affect the conditions of solar energy production. Nevertheless, some individual models simulate far more substantial reductions of up to ~10%.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic system (BIPV) with energy storage (ES) can help in reducing the peak demand, improving the power quality and control dispatching of the power. Adding a proper size of battery ES to the grid-connected PV system could reduce the overall investment cost as well as reducing the grid-dependency. A typical battery energy storage capacity is going to be determined by considering the real-time operational (PV production as well as load consumption) data. In this study, real-time operational data of a residential load (C6 house) with BIPV system located Southern Norway as well as institutional load (Teri university) with BIPV located in New Delhi, India are used for estimating the size of the battery energy storage considering the maximum reduction in the annual electricity bill. The estimation of battery capacity is done considering the characteristics of lead-acid battery technology and the electrical pricing mechanism. Based on the results, it is observed that for these typical PV and load profiles, installation a capacity of 2100 Ah lead-acid battery to C6 house will reduce the annual electricity bill by 17.6 % of the bill before installing the battery. Similarly, the annual electricity bill is minimum for a battery capacity of 6000 Ah for Teri university. If this battery capacity (6000 Ah) is added, then the annual electricity bill is reduced by 5500 Indian rupee INR.

The operation of hybrid energy system is influenced not only by the availability of the local energy resources, but also due to the market energy pricings. In this work, a typical institutional hybrid energy system of TERI’s Retreat building, India is selected for evaluating the performance by considering Time-of-Use (ToU) tariff, and with and without distributed generator. The considered hybrid system consists of PV, battery and grid connectivity for meeting the institutional load demand. The real-time operation data of one year is used to analyze battery energy throughput with contribution from the distributed generator specially during the grid outage period. It is observed that effective use of ToU energy tariff can significantly improve the local PV utilization and operation of energy storage within the hybrid energy system.

In most of the institutional buildings solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are used for fulfilling the local energy requirement. In this work, a typical institution with solar PV and battery energy storage is selected for analyzing the system’s operation to fulfil the institutional energy demand. To operate this energy system as a micro-grid, distributed generator is selected for fulfilling the institutional load demand in coordination with PV, battery and during the grid outage time. The operation of distributed generator has improved the system performance and coordinated the contribution among local energy resources e.g. PV energy and battery throughput. In this work, relative analysis of the intuitional energy system with and without distributed generator has been analyzed for annual load profile. It has been observed; the distributed generator is not only useful for supplying the energy to the essential load but also during the grid outage conditions. The analysis shows that if, the grid outage continues for longer period then distributed generator can provide the power to the institutional load and operate as a micro-grid. It has been observed, the battery energy throughput as well as effective utilization of local energy resources can be improved by installing distributed generator. The presented analysis is going to be useful for operating the institutional energy system as a micro-grid with different energy and power management strategies.