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Keywords -- 1 Prelude to Dissolution -- 2 A Storm in Portugal -- 3 A Spanish Quarrel -- 4 Pious and Persistent Rivals -- 5 Dénouement in France -- 6 The Iberian Empires: Expulsion and Imprisonment -- 7 Exile, Internal and External -- 8 A Sojourn in White Russia -- 9 Hanging On in China -- 10 Survival in India -- 11 The British Isles -- 12 Peaceful England, Possible Bohemia -- 13 A Legacy Not Easily Discerned -- 14 Conclusion: Rebirth, but at a Distance -- Bibliography. The forty-one years between the Society of Jesus’s papal suppression in 1773 and its eventual restoration in 1814 remain controversial, with new research and interpretations continually appearing. Shore’s narrative approaches these years, and the period preceding the suppression, from a new perspective that covers individuals not usually discussed in works dealing with this topic. As well as examining the contributions of former Jesuits to fields as diverse as ethnology—a term and concept pioneered by an ex-Jesuit—and library science, where Jesuits and ex-Jesuits laid the groundwork for the great advances of the nineteenth century, the essay also explores the period the exiled Society spent in the Russian Empire. It concludes with a discussion of the Society’s restoration in the broader context of world history.

This paper presents a method for optimizing the performance of a real-time, long term, and accurate accelerometer based displacement measurement technique, with no physical reference point. The technique was applied in a system for measuring machine frame displacement. The optimizer has three objectives with the aim to minimize phase delay, gain error and sensor noise. A multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to find Pareto optimal estimator parameters. The estimator is a combination of a high pass filter and a double integrator. In order to reduce the gain and phase errors two approaches have been used: zero placement and pole-zero placement. These approaches were analysed based on noise measurement at 0g-motion and compared. Only the pole-zero placement approach met the requirements for phase delay, gain error, and sensor noise. Two validation experiments were carried out with a Pareto optimal estimator. First, long term measurements at 0g-motion with the experimental setup were carried out, which showed displacement error of 27.6 ± 2.3 nm. Second, comparisons between the estimated and laser interferometer displacement measurements of the vibrating frame were conducted. The results showed a discrepancy lower than 2 dB at the required bandwidth.

The encounter between Jesuits and Muslims in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had as a point of connection the shared engagement with the spoken and written word. But Jesuit efforts both to convert and to understand this “people of the Book” were hampered by the Jesuits’ lack of deep theological understanding of Muslim sacred texts, and by the fact that this faith was not at a sufficient distance from the European Catholic heartland to receive the “longer view” that Jesuits could apply to the religious traditions of India and the Far East. The overstretched commitments of the Jesuits, and the European Society’s emphasis on polemical strategies, which did not prove workable in predominantly Muslim cultures, significantly limited the successes of Jesuits seeking to convert Muslims. The modest gains Jesuits made in the Ottoman and Mughal Empires and in other Muslim societies nevertheless provided narratives of achievement, heroism, and sacrifice that added elements to Jesuit self-presentation and to the narrative of the Society’s progress. Jesuit contacts with Islam continued during and after the Suppression and are still an aspect of the Society’s program today., El encuentro entre jesuitas y musulmanes en los siglos XVII y XVIII tuvo como punto de conexión el compromiso compartido con la palabra hablada y escrita. Pero, los esfuerzos de los jesuitas por convertir y entender a este grupo de la “gente del Libro” se vieron obstaculizados por su falta de conocimiento teológico profundo de los textos sagrados musulmanes. Igualmente, fue un obstáculo el hecho de que la fe musulmana no estaba a suficiente distancia del centro del catolicismo europeo como para recibir una “visión lejana” que se aplicaba a las tradiciones religiosas de la India y el Extremo Oriente. Los compromisos de los jesuitas, así como el énfasis que la Compañía ponía en Europa a las estrategias polémicas, que ya se había probado como poco efectivo en zonas de cultura islámica, limitaron mucho los éxitos de los jesuitas para convertir musulmanes. Sin embargo, los modestos avances conseguidos en los imperios Otomano y Mugal –y en otros lugares-, produjeron algunas narrativas de logros, heroísmo y sacrificio que añadieron elementos a la autorepresentación jesuita y a las narrativas de los progresos de la Compañía. Los contactos jesuitas con el Islam continuaron durante y después de la supresión y siguen siendo una parte del programa de la Compañía en la actualidad.

Diamond tools play a critical role in ultra-precision machining due to their excellent physical and mechanical material properties, such as that cutting edge can be sharpened to nanoscale accuracy. However, abrasive chemical reactions between diamond and non-diamond-machinable metal elements, including Fe, Cr, Ti, Ni, etc, can cause excessive tool wear in diamond cutting of such metals and most of their alloys. This paper reviews the latest achievements in the chemical wear and wear suppression methods for diamond tools in cutting of ferrous metals. The focus will be on the wear mechanism of diamond tools, and the typical wear reduction methods for diamond cutting of ferrous metals, including ultrasonic vibration cutting, cryogenic cutting, surface nitridation and plasma assisted cutting, etc. Relevant commercially available devices are introduced as well. Furthermore, future research trends in diamond tool wear suppression are discussed and examined.

Figure S4. HIF activation by hypoxic and mimetic culture. A. Western blot was first labelled for HIF (Left), then washed and re-blotted for Tubulin (right). This unedited western shows MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 parental cells cultured in 21% and 1% oxygen for 48 hours before lysis. B. Western blot was cut at approximately 80kDa and the top was labelled for HIF1 whilst the bottom was labelled for Tubulin. This unedited western shows MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 parental cells exposed to varying concentrations of CoCl2. (PPTX 1037Â kb).

A novel concept for improving machine dynamic performance was developed and realised, a virtual metrology frame, for a small size CNC machine with flexible frame. Its implementation in a simplified linear motion system shows a reduction in the magnitude of the first resonance in the plant frequency response function by 12 dB. Realising the concept required developing a real -time accelerometer-based measurement technique. It shows a low sensor noise σ=30 nm with optimal phase delay of

The Cranfield University Precision Engineering Institute team has created a unique plasma figuring capability to correct large optical surfaces at atmospheric pressure. In the context of ever increasing dimensions of optical components, there is a need for improving the robustness and securing the performance of our Plasma Delivery System (PDS). The current PDS is based on an inductive output L type RF circuit, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch and computer numerically controlled (CNC) motion system. The combination of optical component surface areas and the nature of the sub-aperture plasma tool lead to significant processing duration. This atmospheric pressure processing environment is more cost-effective than vacuum chamber based ones which are often used by competitors. However it requires deep awareness and fine understanding of technologies used. Based on the knowledge acquired for the past eight years, we have created a smart control system for our unique PDS that equips a machine called Helios1200. This novel control system aims at securing the process determinism and assisting the machine operator by tuning some key electrical components of the RF network and monitoring some processing parameters. Furthermore, specific assistance is provided during the different phases of the plasma processing. This paper describes the main design aspects.

To satisfy the worldwide demand for large ultra-precision optical surfaces, a fast process chain - grinding, polishing and plasma figuring- has been established by the Precision Engineering Institute at Cranfield University. The focus of Cranfield Plasma Figuring team is the creation of next generation of highly collimated energy beam for plasma figuring. Currently, plasma figuring has the capability to shorten processing duration for the correction of metre-scale optical surfaces. High form accuracy can be achieved (e.g. 2.5 hours and 31 nm RMS for 400mm diameter surface). However, it is known that Mid Spatial Frequency (MSF) surface errors are induced when the plasma figuring process is carried out. The work discussed in this paper deals with the characterisation of highly collimated plasma jets delivered by the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torches. Also a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is introduced. This model is used to assess the behaviour of the plasma jet within the best known processing condition. Finally temperature measurement experiments were performed to determine the energy dissipated values that characterise best the ICP torch coil and its De-Laval nozzle.

The following study is realised within the frame of the PACMAN project: a study on Particle Accelerator Components Metrology and Alignment to the Nanometre scale, which is a Marie Curie program supported by the European commission and hosted by CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research). The aim of this program is to develop and build a pre-alignment bench on which each component is aligned to the required level in one single step using a stretched wire. During the operation, the centre of the stretched wire is aligned with the magnetic axis of the magnet. Then, the position of the wire is measured to the highest possible accuracy using a 3D Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) Leitz PMM-C Infinity from HEXAGON Metrology. The research described in this paper is two-fold: on one hand we apply a strong magnetic field to the head of the CMM and evaluate its influence on the measurement accuracy; on the other hand we measure the position

L’étude suivante est réalisée dans le cadre du projet PACMAN (a study on Particle Accelerator Components Metrology and Alignment to the Nanometre scale) : une étude sur la métrologie et l’alignement à l’échelle nanométrique des composants d’un accélérateur de particules. C’est un programme Marie Curie supporté par la Commission Européenne et hébergé par le CERN. Le but de ce programme est de faire travailler en équipe de jeunes chercheurs sur le développement d’un banc de pré-alignement pour l’accélérateur linéaire CLIC (Compact Linear Collider). Sur ce banc, chaque composant sera aligné au niveau requis en une seule opération basée sur l’utilisation d’un fil tendu. Pendant cette opération, le fil matérialisera les axes magnétiques et électriques des composants, c’est-à-dire qu’il sera à la position théorique du faisceau de particules. Puis il servira de référence et la position de son axe sera mesurée avec autant de précision que possible par une machine de mesure tridimensionnelle. La recherche présentée dans ce papier est en deux parties : la première vise à présenter les propriétés du fil nécessaires au projet qui ont été mesurées, tandis que différents capteurs potentiels pour le banc final se trouvent dans la seconde.

We discuss the creation of an Integrated Knowledge Centre, a unique collaboration between academia and industry, which is delivering to UK industry 'disruptive' technologies based on ultra precision engineering. The partners include Cranfield University, the University of Cambridge, University College London, and the OpTIC Technium. This paper concentrates on the development of Knowledge Transfer systems and the successful implementation of processes for the delivery of postgraduate taught courses, short courses for industry, and distance learning packages. In order to retain competitive advantage, UK precision engineering industry requires a regular supply of technically proficient and organizationally prepared graduates. This paper explains the approach taken by Cranfield University and its partners to increase the size of the pool of postgraduate precision engineers and to enhance the skills of industrially based engineers. The approach involves the design of a multi-level system, which draws on increased connectivity between the University, UK Engineering companies, and the student. The main vehicle for providing the technical training is the postgraduate Masters degree in "Ultra Precision Technologies". We explain how this course has been designed for broad appeal, whilst incorporating world class technical teaching and an external focus on the needs of participating companies.