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The project E-TexWeld (Welding of e-textile for interactive clothing) is supported by the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Commission, Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions - Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) join together the partners from the academic and private sector: Slovenia, Turkey, France, Greece, United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The interdisciplinary project work is the combination of welding, textiles, electronics and informatics technologies that aims to develop novel e-textile structures including transmission lines, sensors, actuators, microprocessors, personalized algorithms, on-body computing and user feedbacks in order to make a towards development of interactive clothing and footwear. The project is divided in: (i) designing of transmission lines of e-textile structures; (ii) integration of electronic elements (different sensors, actuators, microprocessors, data transmission and power supply systems) to textile structures and (iii) design and development of whole e-textile system for protective clothing applications including interactive protective garments and shoes. The paper presents the dissemination the results of intensive research work among the partners after one year and half of running the project. The project activities are running and aligning with the approved research project schedule. The strengths and weaknesses will be also discussed.

In this research, the use of new technologies for the development of special protective overall for sport aircraft pilots was studied, with a focus on a comparative analysis of the static and dynamic body postures’ dimensions, intended for the development of the overall’s pattern design. For this purpose, digitalization of five male persons was carried out with the 3D human body scanner Vitus Smart by using 3D printed markers, precisely positioned on defined body locations, intended for exact measurement of body dimensions. Male persons, aged between 19 and 35 years with the same athletic body type and different body heights and body mass indexes (BMIs), were scanned in a standard static standing body posture and three dynamic body postures. A comparative analysis between the static and dynamic body postures was carried out. Based on the established body dimensions and girth dimensions of the 3D body model with 3D-modeled compression elements, made-to-measure construction of the overall pattern design was carried out. The function of these compression elements is redistribution of the blood from the lower extremities to the upper body parts at the appearance of high g-forces. Therefore, increased girth dimensions due to the use of compression elements were applied in the overall development process as construction measures with needed ease allowances. The functionality of the developed special protective overall was explored on the scanned 3D body model with 3D-modeled compression elements in a real sitting posture of the sport aircraft pilot in a cab by using virtual prototyping. The virtual simulation technology showed that a well-fitted protective overall for sport aircraft pilots can be developed by using a 3D scanned body model of a person in a sitting posture and its 3D body dimensions.

This study examined the effects of ultrasonic welding parameters on bond strength, seam thickness and seam stiffness, as well as water permeability. For study purpose, two types of four-layered fabrics with same compositions and different areal densities suitable for inner part of sport shoes were used. Two different types of seams, lapped and superimposed, were applied for ultrasonic welding and also compared by traditional seam applied by shoe manufacturer. The morphology of different type of seams was also analyzed to observe the influence of welding parameters on the layers during the ultrasonic welding process. Bonding strength was found to depend on the seam type and composition of the joined fabric layers. It was confirmed by the shoe manufacturer that all the produced welded seams provided the requested minimum bond strength to be suitable for the use of the shoes. The traditional seams applied by the shoe manufacturer were thicker but had lower stiffness in comparison to all welded seams. It was also found out that ultrasonic welding damaged the membrane, which was confirmed by no water resistance of welded seams. Statistical analysis showed that ultrasonic welding parameters, such as welding frequency and velocity, influence the bond strength, thickness, and bending stiffness of welded seams, but the obtained results were statistically insignificant.

Rijitlik kumas tusesi, giysi gorunusu ve formunu etkileyen onemli bir mekanik ozelliktir. Dairesel egilme rijitligi, kumas sekillendirilebilirligi ve dokumluluk insan vucudunun giysi ile donatilmasinda buyuk bir oneme sahiptir. Bu calismada, dairesel egilme rijitligi ve dokumlulugun karsilastirilmali analizi yapilmistir. Kumas parametreleri ile deneysel verilerin karsilastirilmasi dairesel egilme rijitligi ile dokumluluk arasinda makul bir iliski oldugunu gostermistir

Hot air welding technology is one of the new promising techniques for integrating conductive yarns on or into fabrics, besides weaving, knitting, printing, coating or inserting conductive yarns by the sewing and/or embroidery processes. A new issue related to the introduction of hot air welding technology for making e-textile transmission lines, i.e., the mechanical-thermal sensory properties of hot air welded etextile transmission lines, is investigated in this study. Fabric Touch Tester (FTT) was used to evaluate thermal, compressive and bending properties of hot air welded transmission lines. The results show that the bending of welded fabric increased after hot air welding in both warp and weft directions. Furthermore, the maximum thermal fl ux and thermal conductivity of welded specimens decreased in comparison to the substrate fabric. &nbsp

This paper presents optimization of the hot air welding process parameters for the formation of textile transmission lines and the electro-conductive properties of these manufactured transmission lines. A dedicated manufacturing set-up has been developed to allow a reliable and flexible textile signal transmission line at adequate conductivity. In order to manufacture textile transmission lines, different welding parameters with different conductive yarns and welding tapes were considered. Layered fabric structures consisting of textile transmission lines and fabrication tolerances were determined, as well as electro-conductive properties for welded samples. It was found that the choice of welding parameters, depending on the materials used for the formation of textile transmission lines, is extremely important for obtaining good electro-conductive properties. In addition, welding tapes and thermoplastic materials play an important role during the set-up of welding process parameters. Results statistically confirmed that welding tapes with conductive yarns can significantly cause a variety of changes in the signal qualities of welded textile transmission lines. The obtained results based on conductivity and signal-to-noise ratios are really promising for the manufacturing of e-textile transmission lines via hot air welding technology.

The number of senior citizens is rapidly increasing, which consequently signifi es an increase in the number of people having sight, hearing or memory diffi culties, people with hampered mobility, and people who fi nd it increasingly diffi cult to process information. Elderly persons experience a greater degree of risk whilst performing daily tasks in their kitchens. Moreover, they are more susceptible to infection and illnesses, necessitat- ing greater care to achieve hygienic conditions within their kitchens. The goal of our research was to determine whether people are generally content with the functionality of their kitchens and whether the degree of dissatisfac- tion increases with the age of the users. The study aims to pinpoint any major problems facing elderly people whilst working in their kitchens and to establish criteria for kitchen furniture design that could be tailored to senior users' interests, with the focus on safety. This research was carried out via individual surveys at the respondents' homes. 204 respondents participated in the research. The results show that most users do not realize that, with more appropriate kitchen equipment, they could perform daily tasks faster, safer, and with less effort. Common shortcomings include insuffi cient lighting (32 %), inappropriate sequential composition of work surfaces (56 %), ease of hygiene maintenance (68 %), inappropriately - shaped furniture (72 %), and tasks that become trouble- some because of declining memory (75 %). We believe that it is necessary to design kitchen equipment specifi cally adjusted for the needs of the elderly.

Every year million tons of textile waste is being sent to landfills. It is estimated that in Turkey approximately half of the disposed textile waste is consisted of post-consumer textile waste. Although the amount of post-consumer textile waste is as high as pre-consumer textile waste, recovering opportunities for post-consumer textile waste is substantially disregarded. The purpose of this study is to make the preliminary work to investigate potential of post-consumer textile waste and recycling/reusing possibilities in Turkey by monitoring UK and US examples. This study may contribute to developing countries as many of them are lacking of an attempt to collect, recycle or reuse post-consumer textile waste.

This study investigated the potential possibilities for obtaining textile transmission lines by incorporating conductive yarns into fabrics through a hot air welding process. Hot air sealing for obtaining textile transmission line was conducted using 100 % PES woven fabric, GoreTex® waterproof welding tape and seven different conductive yarn types, in order to form different textile transmission lines. By manufacturing using a hot air seam-sealing machine different welding parameters like welding temperature, pressure and velocity were chosen in order to find an optimal welding process for the selected fabric samples. The effects of welding parameters were examined on the electrical properties of the textile transmission lines in terms of conductivity and signal-transferring capability. Besides, the bending properties and morphologies of the welded textile transmission lines were also characterized and subjective evaluations of the appearances of textile transmission lines like puckering and the visual appearances of the surface sides of the welded textile transmission lines. The results based on conductivity and signal transferring capabilities were really promising for the manufacturing of etextile transmission lines via hot air welding technology. Moreover, the results based on bending properties showed that the lower the welding parameters the less rigid the hot air welded textile transmission lines became after welding all the used conductive yarns. Further, suitable combinations of welding parameters with the used components of textile transmission assured suitable visual appearances of the welded textile transmission lines. In this respect this research work offers a usage for hot air welding technology regarding the formations of textile transmission lines which are reliable and durable in functionality while still preserving the textiles’ aspects.

U ovom radu je istraživan uticaj sirovinskog sastava i nacina obrade tkanina vodenim ekstraktom biljaka Allium cepa L. i Juglans regia L. na stepen obojenja i antibakterijska svojstva. Za istraživanja su koristene dvije tkanine razlicitih sirovinskih sastava (100 % pamuk i 50% pamuk/50% poliester), istih konstrukcionih karakteristika i približno iste povrsinske mase. Bojenje tkanina ekstraktima biljaka rađeno je na dva nacina koristeci metodu iscrpljenja kupatila, uz dodatak razlicitih mocila (CH 3 COOH i KNaC 4 H 4 O 6 · 4H 2 O). Antibakterijska svojstva tkanina obrađenih navedenim vodenim ekstrakatima su testirana na bakterije Escherichia coli i Staphylococcus aureus koristeci metodu paralelnih linija (AATCC TM 147). Primjenjeni ekstrakti biljaka mogli bi naci primjenu u proizvodnji malih serija unikatnih ekoloski prihvatljivih proizvoda. U isto vrijeme ovako oplemenjene tkanine pokazuju određena antimikrobna svojstva. Sa ekoloske tacke gledista ekstrakti biljaka, kao prirodni proizvodi, predstavljaju pogodnu zamjenu za hemijske boje.

This paper examines basic aspects of determining strain due to noise on workers in an industrial environment. Technological development enables better working conditions which then demands changes in methods for measuring strain and stress loadings. A modified method is now presented since the existing method for determining strains caused by exposure to noise is proving insufficient. The objective of the modified method is to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing method by taking into account the complex effects of noise in specific working environments. The effects of exposure to noise will be assessed by using a new strain-assessment procedure which incorporates the effects of nature of noise, characteristics of noise, current standards on protection from noise, and the influence of noise on different jobs. This new noise-assessment approach uses new measurement techniques based on tonality and impulsive noise corrections. The modified method has been tested at various workplaces in the metal-working industry. A comparison of the results obtained by using both methods confirms the suitability of the modified method, thus providing a more complete approach to evaluating strain due to noise.

Kvalitet sportske odjeće se ocjenjuje preko njene toplotno fiziološke i ergonomske udobnosti. U ovom radu je ispitivana povezanost mehaničkih svojstava pletenina i ergonomske udobnosti odjeće. Sportska odjeća se izrađuje od različitih vrsta materijala koji vizuelno mogu izgledati isto, ali kada su u pitanju mehanička svojstva koja su uveliko povezana sa prilijeganjem i deformacijom odjeće u toku upotrebe, između njih može postojati značajna razlika.Za izradu ženskih biciklističkih hlača korištene su dvije vrste pletenina istih konstrukcijskih karaktristika ali različitih sirovinskih sastava. Od navedenih pletenina izrađena su dva modela ženskih biciklističkih hlača. Za izradu oba modela hlača korišteni su krojni dijelovi iste konstrukcije ali sa kombinacijama pletenina različite rastegljivosti za pojedine krojne dijelove radi postizanja bolje ergonomske udobnosti. Povezanost mehaničkih svojstava pletenina i ergonomske udobnosti modela ženskih biciklističkih hlača utvrđivana je kroz probe nošenja i subjektivno ocjenjivanje.

Hot air welding technology is one of the new promising techniques for integrating conductive yarns on or into fabrics, besides weaving, knitting, printing, coating or inserting conductive yarns by the sewing and/or embroidery processes. A new issue related to the introduction of hot air welding technology for making e-textile transmission lines, i.e., the mechanical-thermal sensory properties of hot air welded e-textile transmission lines, is investigated in this study. Fabric Touch Tester (FTT) was used to evaluate thermal, compressive and bending properties of hot air welded transmission lines. The results show that the bending of welded fabric increased after hot air welding in both warp and weft directions. Furthermore, the maximum thermal flux and thermal conductivity of welded specimens decreased in comparison to the substrate fabric.

This study investigated the potential possibilities for obtaining textile transmission lines by incorporating conductive yarns into fabrics through a hot air welding process. Hot air sealing for obtaining textile transmission line was conducted using 100 % PES woven fabric, GoreTex (R) waterproof welding tape and seven different conductive yarn types, in order to form different textile transmission lines. By manufacturing using a hot air seam-sealing machine different welding parameters like welding temperature, pressure and velocity were chosen in order to find an optimal welding process for the selected fabric samples. The effects of welding parameters were examined on the electrical properties of the textile transmission lines in terms of conductivity and signal-transferring capability. Besides, the bending properties and morphologies of the welded textile transmission lines were also characterized and subjective evaluations of the appearances of textile transmission lines like puckering and the visual appearances of the surface sides of the welded textile transmission lines. The results based on conductivity and signal transferring capabilities were really promising for the manufacturing of e-textile transmission lines via hot air welding technology. Moreover, the results based on bending properties showed that the lower the welding parameters the less rigid the hot air welded textile transmission lines became after welding all the used conductive yarns. Further, suitable combinations of welding parameters with the used components of textile transmission assured suitable visual appearances of the welded textile transmission lines. In this respect this research work offers a usage for hot air welding technology regarding the formations of textile transmission lines which are reliable and durable in functionality while still preserving the textiles' aspects.

The middle of the last century presents the beginning of a wide use of heat technologies for joining of the textile materials. Up to now, adhesive bonding/fusing of textile materials by application of heat and pressure during the determinate time has become a wide‐use technology for manufacturing numerous kinds of textile products, such as outdoor and sport garments, underwear, swimming suits, medical gowns, toys, and automotive seating fabrics. Fusing and welding technologies of textiles represent today a significant competition to traditional sewing, because the technological process is quick and energy efficient. The welding and fusing of textiles represent a great opportunity for providing a good performance as well as aesthetic appearance. New types of fusing/welding machines with high technological solutions regarding the functions, low energy consumptions, and environmental‐friendly effects are placed on the market. This chapter presents fusing, hot air and hot wedge welding techniques, suitable for joining of textile materials. The theoretical background and fundamental working principles of the equipment for each technology are presented in the first part of the chapter. Special attention is given to presentation of thermoplastic adhesives, textile substrates for fusible interlinings, and welding tapes. Next, the fusing/welding methods and their parameters are described, and the methods for quality evaluation of fused/welded panels are presented. The effect of fusing/welding parameters, selected methods depending on applied fabrics, fusible interlinings and welding tapes, and used fusing/welding machines are discussed separately. Factors effecting the quality of fused and hot air/wedge welded panels are supported with latest scientific findings. The advantages and disadvantages of the presented techniques are discussed together with the applications areas of each of the presented techniques. The new application opportunities are also highlighted at the end of the chapter.