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A Shorthair castrated 8-year-old tomcat was brought to a veterinary hospital for slowly progressive onset of tetraplegia developing within last 14 days. The clinical and blood examinations at admission showed no abnormalities, the neurological examination showed severe cervical pain and tetraplegia with lower motor neuron deficits on thoracic limbs and normal withdrawal with increased patellar reflexes on pelvic limbs. Deep pain perception was present on all four limbs. The neuroanatomic localisation was C6-T2 lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine demonstrated severe spondylosis deformans, degeneration of multiple IVD, and ventral extradural right sided spinal cord compression at the level C7-T1. Mildly hyperintense on T2-weighted and STIR, mildly hypointense on T1-weighted pre-contrast, and homogeneously contrast-enhancing mass on T1-weighted post-contrast images was observed at this area.

In the wake of recent medical developments in small animal practice, curing animals of their illnesses and restoring their health can be realized better than ever before. However, the growing medical possibilities are also leading to an increase in demand for better care for patients suffering from terminal illnesses. Consequently, the field of animal hospice and palliative care has become increasingly available, enabling veterinarians to optimize the quality of life of patients, such as dogs and cats, who no longer have a prospect of full recovery. Using qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 20 small animal veterinarians involved in hospice and palliative care, we investigated the factors that motivate veterinarians to become involved in hospice and palliative care and explored the importance of relationships, communication, time and infrastructure in this area. Findings show that personal experiences with their own pets or during training or work life motivated veterinarians to provide this service. Although veterinarians highlighted the importance of empathetic-driven relationships, they were aware that keeping an emotional distance from the patient and caregiver is significant to provide successful care. Further, veterinarians emphasized their high investment of time that resulted primarily from the increased frequency and provided opportunities to communicate with caregivers. The overall conclusion is that having time for patients and the patients' caregivers is one of the most important aspects of work in this field. However, as it will be also shown, veterinarians must consider aspects of self-care management by reflecting on their own time and energy resources while caring for animals and their caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To provide veterinarians with updated radiographic descriptions of select radiolucent foreign material in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. SAMPLE: 368 veterinarian respondents from the US. METHODS: An online survey was administered between June 18, 2023, and July 2, 2023, through a private veterinarian-based social media group. Representative commonly ingested foreign bodies were radiographed surrounded by air and water to simulate being within the gastrointestinal tract. Two examiners evaluated and qualified the opacity of the objects for each environment. RESULTS: The private social media group had a total of 3,900 members including veterinarians from all disciplines. A total of 362 small animal veterinarians (9.3% of the group) responded to the study reporting a total of 123 foreign objects that were not causing mechanical obstruction at the time of initial presentation. Sixty-eight foreign bodies were reported greater than or equal to 5 times and grouped as balls (n = 4), food (9), fabric (14), wood (3), soft plastic (14), hard plastic (18), or other (6). Most (98.5% [67/68]) objects were easily identifiable in air. In water, 23.5% (16/68) of the objects were obscured, and 39.7% (27/68) had inversion of the major opacity when compared to the opacity in air. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The opacity of some ingested radiolucent material can invert relative to air or fluid, which may reflect substantial differences in detection following repositioning. When known dietary indiscretion occurs, radiographing a sample of the material in air and water will improve the accuracy of assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in detecting and characterizing meningeal lesions, thus assisting in a possible ante mortem clinical diagnosis of intracranial diseases. Meningeal enhancement has been described as a sign of multiple central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate meningeal enhancement on MRI of the brain of dogs and to associate them with different CNS diseases. A retrospective study of 22 dogs submitted to MRI was carried out, with a history of clinical signs of neurological diseases as an inclusion criterion for selecting these animals for the study. The data were divided according to the age and sex of the animals, and the analysis criteria were regarding the CNS diseases found, location, pattern and definition of meningeal enhancement. The results demonstrate that encephalitis and neoplasia occur more frequently among the diseases observed, with 22.7% of clinical suspicions. The site with the highest incidence was the parietal/temporal/frontal, with a 27.3% prevalence, followed by the frontal, with 18.2%. Regarding the meningeal pattern, it was found that there was 90.9% more enhancement in the pial and dural regions together than when comparing them individually. When evaluating the definition of meningeal enhancement, slight enhancement was most observed (59.1%). The present study made it possible to obtain specific information and better understand the characteristics of meningeal enhancement, including two patterns of meningeal enhancement (pial and dural) and identifying the association of values in different CNS diseases in dogs.

In the wake of recent medical developments in small animal practice, curing animals of their illnesses and restoring their health can be realized better than ever before. However, the growing medical possibilities are also leading to an increase in demand for better care for patients suffering from terminal illnesses. Consequently, the field of animal hospice and palliative care has become increasingly available, enabling veterinarians to optimize the quality of life of patients, such as dogs and cats, who no longer have a prospect of full recovery. Using qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 20 small animal veterinarians involved in hospice and palliative care, we investigated the factors that motivate veterinarians to become involved in hospice and palliative care and explored the importance of relationships, communication, time and infrastructure in this area. Findings show that personal experiences with their own pets or during training or work life motivated veterinarians to provide this service. Although veterinarians highlighted the importance of empathetic-driven relationships, they were aware that keeping an emotional distance from the patient and caregiver is significant to provide successful care. Further, veterinarians emphasized their high investment of time that resulted primarily from the increased frequency and provided opportunities to communicate with caregivers. The overall conclusion is that having time for patients and the patients’ caregivers is one of the most important aspects of work in this field. However, as it will be also shown, veterinarians must consider aspects of self-care management by reflecting on their own time and energy resources while caring for animals and their caregivers.

Hepatozoonosis caused by H. Canis is a hemoparasitic disease transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. In vertebrate hosts, the disease primarily occurs through ingestion of the hemoparasite or its components. Hepatozoon spp. infection typically remains subclinical, only becoming diagnosed upon microscopic observation of the hemoparasite during blood smear analysis. However, in certain instances, moderate or severe clinical manifestations may occur. Due to limited research focusing on Hepatozoonosis, diagnosis can present challenges, as well as selecting the appropriate test to confirm it, with PCR being considered the preferred method for detection. A two-and-a-half-month-old Golden Retriever puppy was examined, exhibiting symptoms of vomiting, lethargy, bloody diarrhea, anorexia, and hyperthermia (39°C - 102,2°F). Diagnosis was confirmed by observation of Hepatozoon spp. parasites in the blood smear, alongside severe anemia, presence of microagglutination, and elevated total protein levels. The treatment was initiated with Doxycycline, and following the patient´s improvement, the owner opted to proceed with castration and subsequently administer two doses of Imidocarb Dipropionate at 5mg/kg with a 14-day interval.

Ectoparasite is commonly found on the skin and can cause dermatological problems. In veterinary practices, ivermectin, selamectin, and fipronil are commonly used to treat ectoparasitosis. This article aims to deeply examines the indications and contraindications of ivermectin, selamectin and fipronil. Ectoparasites are commonly found in cats and dogs and make up a large percentage of cases compared to other diseases. Therefore, it is important to have an understanding of the drugs that are effective against ectoparasites. In the past, ivermectin was a popular antiparasitic drug due to its high efficacy. However, its safety is not directly proportional its efficacy. Ivermectin has adverse effects, as evidenced by numerous case reports of overdose, intoxication, and interference with certain organ functions. In the field of pharmacology, many new drugs have been developed with the expectation of improved efficacy and safety. Two examples of such drugs are selamectin and fipronil. This article allows veterinarians and other readers to compare the safety and efficacy of these drugs before administering them to their patients.

Some diseases, including periodontal diseases as well as anesthesia and drugs, can increase oxidative stress in the body which causes the destruction of cells. Therefore, the effect of tramadol and meloxicam as the two frequently used analgesic drugs on the induction of oxidative stress was investigated in this study. 30 dogs affected with advanced periodontitis which is candidates for dental extraction under general anesthesia were assigned to two different groups randomly. After induction of anesthesia group A received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, IV) and group B received tramadol (3 mg/kg, IV) as an analgesic. Prior to injection, at 30 minutes and 60 minutes, and 3 hours after the induction of anesthesia blood samples were collected to measure indicators of oxidative stress including Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). As a result, an increase in all indicators of oxidative stress was observed at different times measured in both groups. However, the increase was more evident in group B. A significant difference in meanSD increase of MDA and decrease of SOD at 30, 60 min, and 3 hours after the injection was observed between the groups. In conclusion, meloxicam provided fewer imbalances on oxidative stress and therefore, has beneficial effects in dental extractions due to advanced periodontitis in dogs, which is very probable done by regulating the inflammatory and oxidation factors.

Introduction: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) played an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and it was proved to be renoprotective in renal disease. Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (uACE2) has been shown to reflect renal injury in human and experimental studies, but its role in feline kidney disease remains unknown. Aims: Our objectives involve comparing uACE2 concentrations and activities in cats across CKD stages with healthy controls, investigating the relationship between uACE2 concentrations, activities, and clinicopathological data in feline CKD patients, and assessing the predictive abilities of both for CKD progression. Methods: A retrospective, case-control study. The concentration and activity of uACE2 were measured by commercial ELISA and fluorometric assay kits, respectively. The concentration was adjusted to give uACE2 concentration-tocreatinine ratios (UACCRs). Results: In total, 67 cats consisting of 24 control and 43 chronic kidney disease (CKD), including 24 early-stage CKD and 19 late-stage CKD, were enrolled in this study. UACCR values were significantly higher in both early-stage (2.100 [1.142-4.242] x 10-6) and late-stage feline CKD (4.343 [2.992-5.0.71] x 10-6) compared to healthy controls (0.894 [0.610-1.076] x 10-6; p < 0.001), and there was also significant difference between-early stage group and late-stage group (p = 0.026). Urinary ACE2 activity (UAA) was significantly lower in CKD cats (1.338 [0.644-2.755] x pmol/min/ml) compared to the healthy cats (7.989 [3.711-15.903] x pmol/min/ml; p < 0.001). UACCR demonstrated an independent, positive correlation with BUN (p < 0.001), and UAA exhibited an independent, negative correlation with plasma creatinine (p < 0.001). Both UACCR and UAA did not yield significant results in predicting CKD progression based on the ROC curve analysis. Conclusion and clinical importance: uACE2 concentration and activity exhibit varying changes as renal function declines, particularly in advanced CKD cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectoparasite is commonly found on the skin and can cause dermatological problems. In veterinary practices, ivermectin, selamectin, and fipronil are commonly used to treat ectoparasitosis. This article aims to deeply examines the indications and contraindications of ivermectin, selamectin and fipronil. Ectoparasites are commonly found in cats and dogs and make up a large percentage of cases compared to other diseases. Therefore, it is important to have an understanding of the drugs that are effective against ectoparasites. In the past, ivermectin was a popular antiparasitic drug due to its high efficacy. However, its safety is not directly proportional its efficacy. Ivermectin has adverse effects, as evidenced by numerous case reports of overdose, intoxication, and interference with certain organ functions. In the field of pharmacology, many new drugs have been developed with the expectation of improved efficacy and safety. Two examples of such drugs are selamectin and fipronil. This article allows veterinarians and other readers to compare the safety and efficacy of these drugs before administering them to their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agroveterinarias is the property of Revista de Ciencias Agroveterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) radars attain high resolution without compromising privacy while being unaffected by environmental factors such as rain, dust, and fog. This study explores the challenges of using mmWave radars for the simultaneous detection of people and small animals, a critical concern in applications like indoor wireless energy transfer systems. This work proposes innovative methodologies for enhancing detection accuracy and overcoming the inherent difficulties posed by differences in target size and volume. In particular, we explore two distinct positioning scenarios that involve up to four mmWave radars in an indoor environment to detect and track both humans and small animals. We compare the outcomes achieved through the implementation of three distinct data-fusion methods. It was shown that using a single radar without the application of a tracking algorithm resulted in a sensitivity of 46.1%. However, this sensitivity significantly increased to 97.10% upon utilizing four radars using with the optimal fusion method and tracking. This improvement highlights the effectiveness of employing multiple radars together with data fusion techniques, significantly enhancing sensitivity and reliability in target detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary lung neoplasms are uncommon in dogs. A dog underwent preoperative imaging tests for a therapeutic ovariosalpingohysterectomy, and the chest xray indicated the presence of a mass in the lung parenchyma. As a diagnostic strategy, aspiration of the mass was performed guided by chest ultrasound, to collect samples for cytopathological examination, establishing the diagnosis as primary lung carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some diseases, including periodontal diseases as well as anesthesia and drugs can increase oxidative stress in the body which causes the destruction of cells. Therefore, the effect of tramadol and meloxicam as the two frequently used analgesic drugs on the induction of oxidative stress was investigated in this study. 30 dogs affected with advanced periodontitis which is candidates for dental extraction under general anesthesia were assigned to two different groups randomly. After induction of anesthesia group A received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, IV) and group B received tramadol (3 mg/kg, IV) as an analgesic. Prior to injection, at 30 minutes and 60 minutes, and 3 hours after the induction of anesthesia blood samples were collected to measure indicators of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). As a result, an increase in all indicators of oxidative stress was observed at different times measured in both groups. However, the increase was more evident in group B. A significant difference in mean ± SD increase of MDA and decrease of SOD at 30, 60 min, and 3 hours after the injection was observed between the groups. In conclusion, meloxicam provided less imbalances on oxidative stress and therefore, has beneficial effects in dental extractions due to advanced periodontitis in dogs, which is very probable done by regulating the inflammatory and oxidation factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cosmetic and functional outcomes are of great concern for nasal planum reconstruction, and the wishes of the owner in this regard may limit the extent of the excision and risk non-curative intent surgery. In veterinary medicine, several surgical techniques have been described, depending on the type, location, and extent of the tumor. In this study, a rotation alar fold flap technique is described and used in a short clinical case series following a subtotal or partial planectomy for oncological surgical purposes. No intraoperative and minor self-limiting post-operative complications were recorded, and the cosmetic and functional outcomes were considered very satisfactory in all cases. The rotation alar fold flap offers a valuable, feasible, functional, and aesthetically satisfactory alternative surgical option for selected cases of localized tumors involving the central and ventral planum. This technique, among others, can be used safely to improve the quality of life and the long survival time of our pets. Nasal planum reconstruction is a surgical challenge, and several surgical techniques have been described. The objective of this study was to describe the rotation alar fold flap technique and to report clinical outcomes in a short case series. The feasibility of the technique was first assessed in a canine cadaveric model. The rotation alar fold flap was obtained by a single sharp horizontal incision of the dorsolateral nasal cartilage, preserving the caudal mucosal attachment to the ventral nasal concha. The flap was then rotated ventro-medially for the reconstruction of the ventral aspect of the nasal planum unilaterally or bilaterally. The rotation alar fold flap technique was used following a subtotal or partial planectomy for excision of a squamous cell carcinoma or mast cell tumors in three dogs. No intraoperative complications were recorded. Superficial surgical site infection was reported in two cases and minor dehiscence was reported in one case. However, survival of the flap was not affected. The cosmetic and functional outcomes were considered very satisfactory in all cases. The rotation alar fold flap technique offers a safe, valuable, feasible, functional and aesthetically satisfactory alternative surgical option for selected cases of localized tumor involving the central and ventral planum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is a rare congenital deformity of variable clinical relevance, often reported in association with patent foramen ovale (PFO). Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) is the first choice for diagnosis, but complementary techniques, such as microbubble contrast, should be used. Despite its importance, in Veterinary Medicine, there is little information related to the subject, and the present study is the second report of this condition in dogs. The objective was to report a case of ASA type IV LR associated with PFO in a Shar Pei bitch, diagnosed by a combined approach of transthoracic echocardiography backed by agitated saline solution (microbubbles). During clinical care, the owners reported episodes of seizures as their main complaint. Echocardiographic examination revealed a type 4 LR atrial septal aneurysm and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The use of microbubble contrast showed right-to-left shunt, confirming PFO. The recommended treatment was medication. It was concluded that the rarity of ASA in dogs may be due to incomplete diagnoses and the transthoracic echocardiographic examination allows its analysis and classification. Furthermore, ASA can be found in animals with or without evidence of heart disease and it should be investigated in patients with neurological alterations.

Monitoring the movement of small animals is a fundamental aspect of ecological studies as well as spatially explicit conservation and management. However, this remains a challenging task especially in mountainous terrains. Although drone-based radiotelemetry (DRT) is employed to localize animals, its application in mountainous terrains is limited by the collision risks associated with undulating terrains as well as the obstruction of signals by dense vegetation and steep slopes. We addressed these challenges by generating fine-scale three-dimensional maps and moving vertically mounted directional antennas in a double grid pattern, scanning both in longitudinal and latitudinal grids. This new DRT system was helpful in localizing four adult Japanese toads (Bufo japonicus) living in hiding places typical of mountainous terrains. All toads were located within 1–60 days of being released. Transmitter signals were detected within two consecutive flights (three flights in one case). Instances of transmitter detection were significantly biased when the drone was facing either direction of the double-grid path, indicating that the double-grid pattern had reduced detection failure. The absolute localization error (n = 48) of 22.4 ± 21.0 m (44.8 ± 42% of the transmitter-to-receiver distance) was lower than that reported in a previous study conducted in a similar mountainous terrain.

Simple Summary: Inappropriate use of antimicrobials during surgeries in small animals can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, increased costs and disruption of natural microorganisms. To address this issue, a survey was conducted among Spanish veterinarians to evaluate their current practices regarding antimicrobial use in perioperative settings. The survey revealed that a significant proportion of participants administered antimicrobials before and after surgeries, even in cases where they may not be necessary. Factors such as the level of wound contamination, the patient's weakened immune system and the use of prostheses influenced antimicrobial selection. Moreover, participants without postgraduate training were more likely to misuse antimicrobials. This highlights the need for evidence-based guidelines and education to ensure proper antimicrobial usage, reducing risks and costs while promoting the overall well-being of animals undergoing surgery. Appropriate use of perioperative antimicrobials can significantly reduce the risk of post-operative infections. However, inappropriate antimicrobial use can result in the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, increased costs, host flora disruption, side effects and increased risk of hospital-acquired infections. This survey evaluated the current perioperative use of antimicrobials in small animals by Spanish veterinarians using a web-based questionnaire. Responses were represented using descriptive statistics and a statistical analysis of the association between demographic data and perioperative antimicrobial use was performed. Pre-operative antimicrobials were administered in clean surgery by up to 68.3% of participants, 81.0% in clean-contaminated surgery and 71.3% in dirty surgery, while in the post-operative period, antimicrobials were administered by up to 86.3% of participants in clean surgery, 93.2% in clean-contaminated surgery and 87.5% in dirty surgery. Factors considered "very important" for antimicrobial selection were the degree of wound contamination, patient immunosuppression and use of prosthesis. The most frequently used antimicrobial was beta-lactamase-resistant (or potentiated) penicillin. Post-operative antimicrobial use was associated with participants without specific surgical postgraduate training. This study highlights an overuse of antimicrobials in perioperative procedures in small animal surgery in Spain. Therefore, evidence-based guidelines and further education regarding the correct use of antimicrobial prophylaxis are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm common in dogs, uncommon in cats and which confers a reserved to poor prognosis in patients affected with the visceral form, and favorable in those who develop the cutaneous form of the disease. Histopathological examination is essential for the definitive diagnosis, as well as imaging tests to delineate the tumor area, assess surgical margins and search for metastases. The treatment of choice is surgical removal, which can be associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This study aimed to report an unusual case of muscular hemangiosarcoma in a canine patient, which was treated through tumor excision, using reconstructive techniques for repair of the abdominal wall with omentum, polypropylene mesh and transposition of the rectus abdominis muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Organizações em Contexto is the property of Revista Organizacoes em Contexto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past three decades, the veterinary profession has faced a cultural shift towards postspeciesism that requires a reassessment of the foundations of the existing distinctions between human and non-human animals proclaimed by the speciesism paradigm, which represents institutionalized discrimination against species and recognizes only the subjectivity of humans. Based on ethnographic observations in anthropological fieldwork and using speciesism/postspeciesism distinction, we aimed to explain the main causes of small animal practitioners’ work-related stress and apply humanistic knowledge to recommend ways to alleviate the negative effects of the work environment. The explanatory model of disease, illness, and sickness, the example of the concept of family, and the circumstances of the feminization of the veterinary profession are discussed to illustrate the divergence between speciesist naturalistic veterinary knowledge and the postspeciesist cultural framework and its consequences. By failing to accommodate the changing values towards animals and by failing to challenge the anthropocentric hierarchy of values, the speciesist rationale of the veterinary profession contributes to many of the problems faced by practicing veterinarians. The incorporation of a modern moral-philosophical mindset towards animals may not even be possible because veterinary science is subject to a paradigm that is irreversibly tied to institutional discrimination against species and defies reflection on veterinary science itself. However, the veterinary profession has a privileged position in establishing an alternative ontological thinking and an alternative conception of “animal life.” Anthropological knowledge was applied to anticipate further intervention of social and cultural sciences in the problems of small animal practitioners. Rather than further diversifying and increasing expectations towards veterinarians by expecting them to acquire additional skills, we propose another practitioner who can support, mediate, and enhance veterinary performance – the cultural anthropologist. With their deep knowledge of cultural differences and social dynamics, they can collaborate with veterinarians to act as a liaison between cultures, paradigms, and species.

Background: This study takes a comprehensive approach to examine the different diagnostic imaging methods used for diagnosing infectious diseases in small livestock. To provide a thorough analysis of the topic, we have conducted an extensive literature review, analyzed case studies, and sought expert opinions. Diagnostic imaging techniques, including radiology, ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), play a vital role in accurately and promptly diagnosing infectious diseases in small livestock animals. These imaging methods enable the identification and localization of infectious agents, evaluation of organ involvement, and assessment of disease progression. Infectious diseases rank as the second leading cause of death globally. Noninvasive small-animal imaging has emerged as a crucial research tool for studying infectious diseases in preclinical settings. Materials and Methods: Small animal imaging has greatly advanced our comprehension of disease progression and clinical investigations related to drug development. Through noninvasive imaging research, we can gather more comprehensive information by conducting longitudinal studies on animal models that mimic human diseases. In recent decades, various imaging methods for small animals have been utilized in the research of infectious diseases. These include MRI, Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI), and intravital imaging. The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness of diagnostic imaging techniques like radiology, ultrasound, MRI, and CT scan in diagnosing infectious diseases in small livestock, specifically bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infections. Radiology plays a crucial role in identifying bone lesions, lung diseases, and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Ultrasound allows for the clear visualization of soft tissue structures, identification of abdominal masses, and assessment of fluid buildup. MRI offers comprehensive anatomical and pathological data, aiding in the diagnosis of brain infections, spinal infections, and musculoskeletal infections. Results: This study emphasizes the important role of diagnostic imaging techniques in diagnosing infectious diseases in small livestock. By providing a thorough summary of the uses of radiology, ultrasound, MRI, and multiple-modality imaging, this research contributes to the existing knowledge about the application of these methods in veterinary medicine. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the advantages of diagnostic imaging in helping with quick and accurate diagnoses. This leads to improved disease management and animal welfare. Given the growing occurrence and impact of infectious diseases in small livestock, the insights from this research can assist veterinarians, researchers, and animal health professionals in making well-informed decisions about using various diagnostic imaging techniques. Conclusion: Additionally, this study highlights the potential for further advancements and innovation in veterinary diagnostic imaging. It urges investment and research in this field to enhance the quality of care for small livestock animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Small animal fMRI is an essential part of translational research in the cognitive neurosciences. Due to small dimensions and animal physiology preclinical fMRI is prone to artifacts that may lead to misinterpretation of the data. To reach unbiased translational conclusions, it is, therefore, crucial to identify potential sources of experimental noise and to develop correction methods for contributions that cannot be avoided such as physiological noise. Aim of this study was to assess origin and prevalence of hemodynamic oscillations (HDO) in preclinical fMRI in rat, as well as their impact on data analysis. Methods: Following the development of algorithms for HDO detection and suppression, HDO prevalence in fMRI measurements was investigated for different anesthetic regimens, comprising isoflurane and medetomidine, and for both gradient echo and spin echo fMRI sequences. In addition to assessing the effect of vasodilation on HDO, it was studied if HDO have a direct neuronal correlate using local field potential (LFP) recordings. Finally, the impact of HDO on analysis of fMRI data was assessed, studying both the impact on calculation of activation maps as well as the impact on brain network analysis. Overall, 303 fMRI measurements and 32 LFP recordings were performed in 71 rats. Results: In total, 62% of the fMRI measurements showed HDO with a frequency of (0.20 ± 0.02) Hz. This frequent occurrence indicated that HDO cannot be generally neglected in fMRI experiments. Using the developed algorithms, HDO were detected with a specificity of 95%, and removed efficiently from the signal time courses. HDO occurred brain-wide under vasoconstrictive conditions in both small and large blood vessels. Vasodilation immediately interrupted HDO, which, however, returned within 1 h under vasoconstrictive conditions. No direct neuronal correlate of HDO was observed in LFP recordings. HDO significantly impacted analysis of fMRI data, leading to altered cluster sizes and F-values for activated voxels, as well as altered brain networks, when comparing data with and without HDO. Discussion: We therefore conclude that HDO are caused by vasomotion under certain anesthetic conditions and should be corrected during fMRI data analysis to avoid bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most basic behavioural states of animals can be described as active or passive. While high‐resolution observations of activity patterns can provide insights into the ecology of animal species, few methods are able to measure the activity of individuals of small taxa in their natural environment. We present a novel approach in which a combination of automatic radiotracking and machine learning is used to distinguish between active and passive behaviour in small vertebrates fitted with lightweight transmitters (<0.4 g).We used a dataset containing >3 million signals from very‐high‐frequency (VHF) telemetry from two forest‐dwelling bat species (Myotis bechsteinii [n = 52] and Nyctalus leisleri [n = 20]) to train and test a random forest model in assigning either active or passive behaviour to VHF‐tagged individuals. The generalisability of the model was demonstrated by recording and classifying the behaviour of tagged birds and by simulating the effect of different activity levels with the help of humans carrying transmitters. The model successfully classified the activity states of bats as well as those of birds and humans, although the latter were not included in model training (F1 0.96–0.98).We provide an ecological case‐study demonstrating the potential of this automated monitoring tool. We used the trained models to compare differences in the daily activity patterns of two bat species. The analysis showed a pronounced bimodal activity distribution of N. leisleri over the course of the night while the night‐time activity of M. bechsteinii was relatively constant. These results show that subtle differences in the timing of species' activity can be distinguished using our method.Our approach can classify VHF‐signal patterns into fundamental behavioural states with high precision and is applicable to different terrestrial and flying vertebrates. To encourage the broader use of our radiotracking method, we provide the trained random forest models together with an R package that includes all necessary data processing functionalities. In combination with state‐of‐the‐art open‐source automated radiotracking, this toolset can be used by the scientific community to investigate the activity patterns of small vertebrates with high temporal resolution, even in dense vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although recent advances in cell-based models, including human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM), are contributing to our understanding of electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms, preclinical animal studies of cardiovascular disease remain a mainstay. Over the past several decades, animal models of cardiovascular disease have advanced our understanding of pathological remodeling, arrhythmia mechanisms, and drug effects and have led to major improvements in pacing and defibrillation therapies. There exist a variety of methodological approaches for the assessment of cardiac electrophysiology and a plethora of parameters may be assessed with each approach. This guidelines article will provide an overview of the strengths and limitations of several common techniques used to assess electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms at the whole animal, whole heart, and tissue level with a focus on small animal models. We also define key electrophysiological parameters that should be assessed, along with their physiological underpinnings, and the best methods with which to assess these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSmall animal fMRI is an essential part of translational research in the cognitive neurosciences. Due to small dimensions and animal physiology preclinical fMRI is prone to artifacts that may lead to misinterpretation of the data. To reach unbiased translational conclusions, it is, therefore, crucial to identify potential sources of experimental noise and to develop correction methods for contributions that cannot be avoided such as physiological noise. Aim of this study was to assess origin and prevalence of hemodynamic oscillations (HDO) in preclinical fMRI in rat, as well as their impact on data analysis.MethodsFollowing the development of algorithms for HDO detection and suppression, HDO prevalence in fMRI measurements was investigated for different anesthetic regimens, comprising isoflurane and medetomidine, and for both gradient echo and spin echo fMRI sequences. In addition to assessing the effect of vasodilation on HDO, it was studied if HDO have a direct neuronal correlate using local field potential (LFP) recordings. Finally, the impact of HDO on analysis of fMRI data was assessed, studying both the impact on calculation of activation maps as well as the impact on brain network analysis. Overall, 303 fMRI measurements and 32 LFP recordings were performed in 71 rats.ResultsIn total, 62% of the fMRI measurements showed HDO with a frequency of (0.20 ± 0.02) Hz. This frequent occurrence indicated that HDO cannot be generally neglected in fMRI experiments. Using the developed algorithms, HDO were detected with a specificity of 95%, and removed efficiently from the signal time courses. HDO occurred brain-wide under vasoconstrictive conditions in both small and large blood vessels. Vasodilation immediately interrupted HDO, which, however, returned within 1 h under vasoconstrictive conditions. No direct neuronal correlate of HDO was observed in LFP recordings. HDO significantly impacted analysis of fMRI data, leading to altered cluster sizes and F-values for activated voxels, as well as altered brain networks, when comparing data with and without HDO.DiscussionWe therefore conclude that HDO are caused by vasomotion under certain anesthetic conditions and should be corrected during fMRI data analysis to avoid bias.

Radiography and ultrasonography are the most used techniques in veterinary clinical practice, due to organizational, managerial and, mostly, economic reasons. However, in the last decades, Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and, to a lesser extent, Nuclear Medicine (MN) are increasingly used. As we said in the previous article, all the Diagnostic Imaging techniques are actually “indispensable” in Veterinary Medicine, where many patients do not show any symptoms.This second part describes Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance (MRI) and Nuclear Medicine techniques in Veterinary Medicine are described.

Nasal planum reconstruction is a surgical challenge, and several surgical techniques have been described. The objective of this study was to describe the rotation alar fold flap technique and to report clinical outcomes in a short case series. The feasibility of the technique was first assessed in a canine cadaveric model. The rotation alar fold flap was obtained by a single sharp horizontal incision of the dorsolateral nasal cartilage, preserving the caudal mucosal attachment to the ventral nasal concha. The flap was then rotated ventro-medially for the reconstruction of the ventral aspect of the nasal planum unilaterally or bilaterally. The rotation alar fold flap technique was used following a subtotal or partial planectomy for excision of a squamous cell carcinoma or mast cell tumors in three dogs. No intraoperative complications were recorded. Superficial surgical site infection was reported in two cases and minor dehiscence was reported in one case. However, survival of the flap was not affected. The cosmetic and functional outcomes were considered very satisfactory in all cases. The rotation alar fold flap technique offers a safe, valuable, feasible, functional and aesthetically satisfactory alternative surgical option for selected cases of localized tumor involving the central and ventral planum.

Objectives: Plant-parasitic nematodes are a serious threat to global agricultural production worldwide. To avoid synthetic chemistries toxicity there is a dire need of the hour to develop innovative nematode control strategies. Biological control using the antagonistic fungi of the plants is considered very economical and environment friendly. Methods: Efficacy of different fungal filtrate concentrations was estimated towards the mortality and clutching of Meloidogyne javanica. To determine the antagonistic potential of Penicillium citrinum (MN518391), time of disclosure was assessed in the laboratory with the result “exposure to 8% filtrate for a clock (24 hrs.), expressively reduced the viable juveniles and hatched eggs. Results: Exposition to aforementioned filtrate of P. citrinum for a clock (24 hrs.) revealed that juvenile body turned into straight stature leading to reduction in viability of nematodes. Contrary to it most of nematodes exhibited bent body when exposed to Aspergillusniger (MK713445), or (MN513383) its filtrates. Among the various isolated antagonistic fungi, GC–MS analysis revealed 22 unique compounds e.g., quinazoline and its derivatives as the most prevalent and squalene as least occurring possess significant nematicidal properties against the rootknot nematodes. Conclusion: Hence, using antagonistic fungus from the described plans as BCAs in agriculture against plant-parasitic nematodes is a viable long-term biocontrol technique and provide future avenues in this area of research.

Simple Summary: Microplastics are widespread anthropogenic contaminants, imposing a potential threat to organisms. A preliminary study was conducted to assess microplastics in postmortem samples of internal tissues of companion animals. Suspected microplastics were observed in the internal tissues of cats and dogs. Suspected microplastics were found in 35 out of 49 animals and 80 out of 242 samples. Particles sized 1–10 µm comprised 50.3% of the suspected microplastics. The number of particles found was very low and analytical methods must still be developed to improve the characterization and quantification of smaller-sized factions of microplastics. Moreover, this study suggests that microplastics may be internalized and distributed to the internal tissues of terrestrial vertebrates. Companion animals living in urban areas are exposed to environmental contaminants, which may include microplastics. A preliminary study was conducted by collecting postmortem samples from the internal tissue (lungs, ileum, liver, kidney, and blood clots) of 25 dogs (Canis familiaris) and 24 cats (Felis catus) living in an urban environment in Porto metropolitan area, Portugal. Suspected microplastics were found in 80 samples from 35 animals (18 cats and 17 dogs), often occurring in more than one tissue of the same animal (71.4%), primarily under small sizes (50.3% as 1–10 µm). Micro-Raman spectroscopy confirmed a fraction of particles as common polymer types (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate). However, the number of particles was very low. This study highlights the possibilities of the internalization and distribution of microplastics in the internal tissues of terrestrial vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Vertebral and paravertebral lesions are common in small animals. They usually have a deep localization or a difficult approach; therefore computed tomographic (CT)-guidance is suggested to overcome the difficulties and obtain samples to reach a diagnosis. The aim of this work was to describe the use of CT-guidance to obtain fine needle biopsies from vertebral and paravertebral lesions in small animals. The fine needle biopsies were taken from the vertebra, the intervertebral disc and the intervertebral foramen from 10 dogs and a ferret. Two infectious and nine neoplastic lesions were diagnosed. The procedure was successful in 91% of the cases. Cytology was diagnostic in 80% of the cases. The ratio of complications was 9%. Computed tomography-guided fine needle biopsy is a useful and safe technique for the diagnosis of vertebral and paravertebral lesions in small animals. However, a degree of expertise is important. Fine needle biopsy (FNB) is an effective, minimally invasive and inexpensive diagnostic technique. Under computed tomography (CT)-guidance, lesions that have a difficult approach can be sampled to reach a diagnosis. The aim of this study is to describe the use of CT-guidance to obtain FNB from vertebral and paravertebral lesions in small animals. Ten dogs and one ferret that had undergone CT-guided FNB of vertebral and paravertebral lesions and had a cytological or a histological diagnosis were included in this retrospective study. The FNB samples were taken in four cases from the vertebra, in two cases from the intervertebral disc and in five cases from the intervertebral foramen. Two infectious and nine neoplastic lesions were diagnosed. The percentage of successful FNB was 91%. The percentage of samples with a cytological diagnosis was 80%. The percentage of complications was 9%. Limitations were the small number of animals in the study, the lacking complementary percutaneous biopsies for comparison, the lacking final histological diagnoses in some cases and the intervention of multiple operators. Computed tomography-guided FNB is a useful and safe technique for the diagnosis of vertebral and paravertebral lesions in small animals. However, a degree of expertise is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A definitive diagnosis for most pulmonary diseases is possible only through histopathological examination. The literature describes different methods of lung biopsy sampling depending on the case. However, for the diagnosis of diffuse interstitial pulmonary diseases and some peripheral neoplasms, the gold standard is represented by surgical lung biopsies. Given their invasiveness and the high percentage of risk for the patient, in most cases they are not carried out, resulting in a serious diagnostic gap. In human medicine, transbronchial lung cryobiopsies have been introduced as an alternative, which have shown high efficacy and reduced invasiveness. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the new technique in dogs by subjecting dog cadavers to pulmonary cryobiopsy and surgical lung biopsies, and to compare the samples obtained for histopathological quality. In total, 42 tissue samples were compared. Pulmonary cryobiopsies were smaller than surgical biopsies but with high levels of agreement upon histological evaluation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the technique in dogs and the collection of specimens with size and histological features comparable to those from surgical biopsies. To date, the only method of sampling lung tissue with a high diagnostic yield is represented by surgical lung biopsies (SLB), which are highly invasive and have a high risk/benefit ratio. In humans, transbronchial lung cryobiopsies (TBLC) have recently been introduced, which are described to be less invasive and able to significantly increase diagnostic confidence in most patients with interstitial lung diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic yield of TBLC compared to SLB in small animals. A total of 21 pulmonary cryobiopsies under fluoroscopic and real-time CT fluoroscopic guidance and 21 video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lung biopsies were collected from three dog cadavers. Upon histological examination, cryobiopsy samples were smaller than VATS biopsies, but were still large enough to reach a specific diagnosis or to allow pattern recognition. Morphological features on TBLC and SLB were concordant in all cases. Cryobiopsy samples showed fewer artifacts and a higher percentage of alveolar tissue than VATS samples. TBLC is a feasible and useful alternative to SLB for lung histopathological examination in dogs. The effectiveness and reduced invasiveness of TBLC compared to SLB could represent many advantages in the diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases in small animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dyspnea is a highly alarming sign both for dog owners and veterinarians. Although its recognition is usually easy due to prominent suffering of an animal, finding its cause is challenging because many diseases of the heart, lungs, and airways may manifest themselves this way. Echocardiography and lung ultrasound allow for relatively quick and accurate identification of heart diseases. Dyspneic dogs without a heart and upper airway disease are usually suspected of either bacterial pneumonia or lung neoplasm. Although prognosis in these two conditions is diametrically different, differentiation between them is challenging. Chest radiography is performed in a lateral position, which is barely tolerated by a dyspneic dog, and intensive chest movements often make X-ray scans inconclusive. Computed tomography, although much more accurate, requires general anesthesia, which is difficult and potentially life-threating in a dyspneic dog. Therefore, lung ultrasound, which can be performed quickly in a conscious dog, standing or in sternal position, seems to be the method of choice. We develop and evaluate a diagnostic algorithm based on detection of three well-defined abnormalities in the lung ultrasound. The algorithm allows one to distinguish between bacterial pneumonia and lung neoplasm in a dyspneic dog with high probability of a conclusive result (91%) and high accuracy (>95%). The diagnostics of two of the most prevalent lung diseases in dogs, bacterial pneumonia (BP) and lung neoplasm (LN), are challenging as their clinical signs are identical and may also occur in extrapulmonary diseases. This study aims to identify ultrasonographic criteria and develop a lung ultrasound (LUS)-based diagnostic algorithm which could help distinguish between these two conditions. The study is carried out in 66 dyspneic dogs in which a heart disease was excluded using echocardiography. Based on imaging and laboratory diagnostic tests, as well as follow-up, the dogs are classified into LN (35 dogs) and BP (31 dogs) groups. LUS is performed at admission and the presence of seven lung abnormalities (pleural thickening, B-lines, subpleural consolidations, hepatization with or without aeration, nodule sign and mass classified together as a tumor, and free pleural fluid) and classification and regression trees are used to develop an LUS-based diagnostic algorithm. Distribution of all LUS abnormalities except for aerations differs significantly between groups; however, their individual differentiating potential is rather low. Therefore, we combine them in an algorithm which allows for definitive classification of 60 dogs (91%) (32 with LN and 28 with BP) with correct diagnosis of LN and BP in 31 dogs and 27 dogs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Bacterial resistance is shown to be an inevitable side effect due to the excessive use of antibiotics, becoming a significant concern worldwide. Knowledge of regional bacterial resistance profiles enables the development of site-specific infection control practices, making conscious and moderate use of commercially available antibiotics. The aim of this study was the retrospective evaluation of the antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from companion animal infections in the region of Umuarama/PR, from 2013 to 2017. This research was performed by analyzing the database belonging to the “Laboratório de Microbiologia Animal” at the “Universidade Estadual de Maringá” (UEM). Staphylococcus spp. represented 45.53% of the bacteria isolated from clinical infections in small animals in the period and place evaluated, followed by enterobacteria (34.04%), non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB, 11.06%) and Streptococcus/Enterococcus (9.36%). A high number of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine was found. The lowest resistances associated with the best impact factor values were found for aminoglycosides, especially amikacin, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin). Intermediate results were found for sulbactam-associated ampicillin, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and enrofloxacin. According to the number of resistant antimicrobial drugs, 64.26% (151/235) of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant, being 15.32% extensively resistant. Considering the resistance to antimicrobial classes, 68.94% (162/235) of the isolates were classified as multiresistant, being 19.15% extensively resistant. No bacterial strains were characterized as pan-resistant, but ten bacteria were resistant to all classes tested, with isolated susceptibility to certain drugs. Through the evaluation of resistance profiles found in the period and place studied and relevant literature, it is clear that there is a growing increase in the number of multiresistant bacteria among domestic animals which characterizes a serious risk to public health. The therapeutic arsenal is becoming increasingly diminished, and there is more difficulty in empirical drug selection, making antimicrobial susceptibility testing essential for more specific selection in antimicrobial therapy. Educational measures on the conscious use of antibiotics, infection control, and prevention of local specific zoonoses need to be instituted for the knowledge of health professionals and general access of the population.

ABSTRACT The biological behaviour of the tumours vary according to the species in which they occur, its location within the cavity, clinical stage and histopathological nature. Lingual neoplasms are generally uncommon in companion animals. Rhabdomyosarcomas are malignant, solid, aggressive formations with high metastatic potential. The clinical signs are variable and a definitive diagnosis can only be reached through histopathological analysis of biopsy and necropsy specimen. In some cases, immunohistochemical study may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. This paper aims to highlight important points about this uncommon condition in dogs, using a case report of lingual rhabdomyosarcoma, which showed no evidence of metastasis after diagnosis, nor of local recurrence after surgical excision with a wide safety margin. It was concluded that early diagnosis, the correct interpretation of the complementary tests and the appropriate therapeutic approach contributed to improving the quality of life and survival of the patient in question.

Abstract Background Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the leading cause of pyoderma in dogs and the frequent use of antimicrobial treatment is associated to the development of resistance to nearly all classes of antibiotics. Despite S. pseudintermedius significance, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of β-lactam resistance and its genetic diversity remains limited. We aimed to: i) determine the phenotypic resistance profile of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolated from infected dogs in three different veterinary hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina; ii) identify the SCCmec elements and resistance genes; and iii) analyze the clonal relationship between isolates and in regard of dominant lineages found in the world. Results In addition to the differential levels of β-lactam resistance, MRSP isolates (n = 10) showed resistance to 5–6 families of antibiotics, and were therefore categorized as multidrug-resistant. All the isolates were variant of SCCmec V homologous to S. aureus; additional SCCmecFinder analysis classified five of the genomes as SCCmec type V (5C2&5) with mecA (encodes for PBP2a), mecRI and mecI and all the genes closely related to the reference SCCmec type V S. aureus TSGH17 strain. In the remaining five strains, mecA was present, although other genes associated with SCCmec V including mecR1 and mecI were missing. PBP2a was inducible in low level resistance strains (MRSP 8151), and constitutively expressed in MRSP 8150, suggesting different mecA regulatory mechanisms. MRSP isolates showed significant genetic diversity: eight PFGE clonal types and six multilocus-sequence typing (MLST) sequence types (STs) (339, 649, 919, 920, 921 and 922), including four new STs genetically distinct from STs reported in other geographic areas. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses of the MRSP showed a correlation between the genetic content and the phenotypes, and established the genetic relationship between the isolates. Conclusions MRSP could be a threat to animal health due to it concerning level of antimicrobial resistance. Our study highlights genetic and epidemiological aspects of multidrug-resistant MRSP strains from Argentina showing high degree of correlation between the resistance genes and the phenotype of the isolates and, furthermore, they appeared evolutionary closer to major worldwide reported ST68 and ST71.

Abstract Background T1w turbo spin echo (TSE) represents a fundamental sequence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols investigating the brain. Recent human literature has reported T1w Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery’s (FLAIR’s), superiority to T1wTSE in relation to tissue contrast for grey-to-white matter (GM-WM) and lesion-to-WM, although conflicting results are reported concerning lesion detection. To the author’s knowledge, T1wFLAIR has not been investigated in veterinary medicine. The aim of this prospective study was to determine quantitatively and qualitatively which sequence provides better overall better image quality both pre- and post-gadolinium. Results Twenty-eight animals underwent MRI of the brain with T1wTSE and T1wFLAIR sequences performed with equivalent mean acquisition times. Quantitative assessment of the sequences was undertaken using contrast-to-noise (CNR) and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios from predefined locations. T1wFLAIR provided a better CNR compared to T1wTSE, while T1wTSE provided better SNR due to the higher noise levels of T1wFLAIR images. Qualitative assessment of the sequences was performed using Visual Grading Analysis Scoring (VGAS) for a number of criteria by three observers on two separate occasions. T1wFLAIR performed better for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suppression, white-to-grey matter (WM-GM) and white matter-to-CSF (WM-to-CSF) definition in both pre- and post-contrast images whereas the T1wTSE sequence was less affected by noise levels. The individual parameter for overall image quality found no significant difference between the two sequences. However, the composite VGAS favored T1wFLAIR as the preferred sequence. Although case numbers were insufficient for statistical analysis, comparison of the sequences indicates that lesion definition and margination was better in T1wFLAIR pre-contrast images, however post-contrast lesion detection was almost equivalent between sequences with slightly better margination in the T1wTSE sequence. Conclusions T1wFLAIR provides better CNR with better WM-GM and WM-CSF definition both pre- and post-contrast compared to T1wTSE albeit with a higher degree of noise; this was confirmed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Our results also suggest that T1wFLAIR is better for lesion detection and margination pre-contrast administration and sequences are relatively equivocal post-gadolinium administration although further research is required to determine the benefit that inversion recovery sequences make when investigating brain lesions in small animal MRI.

Abstract Echocardiography is the most commonly applied technique for non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in small animals. Manual tracing of endocardial borders is time consuming and varies with operator experience. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate a novel automated two-dimensional software algorithm (Auto2DE) for small animals and compare it to the standard use of manual 2D-echocardiographic assessment (2DE). We hypothesized that novel Auto2DE will provide rapid and robust data sets, which are in agreement with manually assessed data of animals. 2DE and Auto2DE were carried out using a high-resolution imaging-system for small animals. First, validation cohorts of mouse and rat cine loops were used to compare Auto2DE against 2DE. These data were stratified for image quality by a blinded expert in small animal imaging. Second, we evaluated 2DE and Auto2DE in four mouse models and four rat models with different cardiac pathologies. Automated assessment of LV function by 2DE was faster than conventional 2DE analysis and independent of operator experience levels. The accuracy of Auto2DE-assessed data in healthy mice was dependent on cine loop quality, with excellent agreement between Auto2DE and 2DE in cine loops with adequate quality. Auto2DE allowed for valid detection of impaired cardiac function in animal models with pronounced cardiac phenotypes, but yielded poor performance in diabetic animal models independent of image quality. Auto2DE represents a novel automated analysis tool for rapid assessment of LV function, which is suitable for data acquisition in studies with good and very good echocardiographic image quality, but presents systematic problems in specific pathologies.

In veterinary surgery, single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) techniques have been described since 2009, and, in recent decades, many authors have reported the application of SILS in small animals, thus, promoting the wide dissemination of this novel approach among veterinary laparoscopists. The aim of this literature review is to provide a critical evaluation of the scientific reports on SILS in the field of small animal laparoscopic surgery. A comprehensive literature review was performed including from 1 January 2009 to 1 July 2020. The following data were recorded from each study: the design, year of publication, surgical procedure, species, number of animals included, and surgical time. The type of SILS technique and type of control group technique were evaluated. In total, 90 articles were identified through database searches and manual searches. The qualitative analysis showed that most of the articles were retrospective studies, without a control group or case series. A meta-analysis was performed on the eight controlled studies, showing that SILS ovariectomy and gastrointestinal procedures had a comparable surgical time to multiport techniques. The study of the articles available in the veterinary literature did not allow for an adequate meta-analysis of the published results, especially regarding post-operative pain, evaluations of surgical times, and post-operative complications in comparison to multiport techniques. Therefore, veterinary surgeons who want to employ these techniques must consider the real advantages of SILS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]