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Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) are routinely detected in aquatic environments, especially pharmaceuticals, such as carbamazepine (CBZ), and neonicotinoid pesticides, like acetamiprid (ACT). CECs can interact with each other and with other legislated contaminants like Cd, resulting in unknown effects. Most studies evaluate only the effects of single contaminant exposures on aquatic biota. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of both single and combined CBZ, ACT and Cd exposures on zebrafish brain and liver oxidative stress parameters and metal homeostasis. The biomarkers catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total thiols (TOT), metallothionein (MT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the essential elements Ca, Cu, K, Na, Mg, Mn and Zn were evaluated after 96-hour static exposures. CBZ, ACT and Cd single (brain and liver) and combined (liver) treatments resulted in oxidative effects in both fish organs, also leading to metal (Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn and Cu) homeostasis alterations. ACT exposure resulted in the greatest adverse effects in the brain, while CBZ was the cause of major element homeostasis and oxidative stress alterations in the liver. Lower LPO levels were observed in the combined treatments compared to single treatments, suggesting interactions and contaminant effect attenuation. This study is the first to evaluate the initial effects of combined CBZ, ACT and Cd exposures in zebrafish, paving the way for further investigations concerning other biomarkers during longer exposure times., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Triclocarban (TCC) is a contaminant of emerging concern widely applied as an antimicrobial in personal care products and introduced into the terrestrial environment through the application of biosolids (i.e., treated sewage sludge) in agriculture. Displaying the potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain and a high half-life in the soil, the presence of this compound in the environment may lead to potential ecological risks. In this context, TCC toxicity assessments in Eisenia andrei earthworms were carried out through acute, avoidance and chronic tests following cytotoxicity, antioxidant system, i.e. acatalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and DNA damage (comet assay) evaluations. An LC 50 of 3.3 ± 1.6 mg cm -2 in the acute contact test and an EC 50 of 1.92 ± 0.31 mg kg -1 in the avoidance test during 72 h and 48 h, respectively, were obtained. The behavioral test indicates earthworm avoidance from 15.0 mg kg -1 of TCC. During chronic soil exposure, a 44% reduction in earthworm cell viability was observed after 14 days of exposure to 10 mg kg -1 TCC, while an increase in the percentage of amoebocyte cells also ocurred. Chronic exposure to TCC led to reduced CAT and GST activities, decreased GSH levels and increased LPO in exposed organisms. DNA damage was observed after 45 days from a 1 mg kg -1 dose of TCC. Therefore, TCC exhibits toxicological potential to Eisenia andrei earthworms, mainly during long-term exposures. This study provides mechanistic earthworm information towards understanding the environmental and human health implications of TCC exposure and draws attention to correct biosolid management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)