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To clarify the sliding mechanism of a landslide, the shear behavior characteristics of slip zone soil are always vital. In the Northwest of China, thousands of landslides generally develop in three main types of slip zone soil, i.e., Quaternary loess, weathered Mesozoic-Cenozoic mudstone, and weathered Mesozoic-Paleozoic phyllite. In the present study, the shear behavior characteristics of these three kinds of slip zone soil were investigated through direct shear tests and their implications for the sliding mechanisms of landslide were also discussed. It was found that, in general, an abrupt failure of loess landslide could be related to the strong strain-softening behavior of loess in the direct shear test, while the ductile shear behavior of weathered mudstone and phyllite coincided with the creep deformation of the corresponding landslides. The residual friction angle of slip zone soil varied with the soil type and its mineral composition, and the lowest residual friction angle about 11.5° could be found in weathered phyllite (SET) with graphite. Compared with the previous research, it is interesting to find that the residual friction angles of mudstone and phyllite in the present study accorded reasonably with the empirical correlations proposed by Wen et al. (2007) for weak rocks in the Three Gorges area, China.

China was firmly griped by communist ideology from the founding of the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949 to the eve of the Cultural Revolution in 1966. With the communist ideology looming large in the background, literary translation during this period was greatly influenced by factors such as China’s alliance with the USSR, its friendship with the Eastern European communist countries, its antagonism with the Western capitalist camp, and its literary policy demanding that literature should shape and reflect the revolutionary spirit. How did the unique translation phenomena in China take place? Why did communist party hurry to take the organization and planning of the translation activities into its own hand as soon as the PRC was founded? What was its implication? This essay attempts to answer these questions by taking the 1951 First National Conference of Translation, a key conference manipulated by the communist government and proved influential to the translation activities in the 1950s and the 1960s, as an example.