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A methodology is developed to identify, as units of study, each decrease in the value of a stock from a given maximum price level. A critical level in the amount of price declines is found to separate a segment operating under a random walk from a segment operating under a power law. This level is interpreted as a point of phase transition into a self-organized system. Evidence of self-organization was found in all the stock market indices studied but in none of the control synthetic random series. Findings partially explain the fractal structure characteristic of financial time series and suggest that price fluctuations adopt two different operating regimes. We propose to identify downward movements larger than the critical level apparently subject to the power law, as self-organized states, and price decreases smaller than the critical level, as a random walk with the Markov property.

A deformed embedding of the Reissner-Nordstr{\o}m spacetime is constructed within the framework of a noncommutative Riemannian geometry. We find noncommutative corrections to the usual Riemannian expressions for the metric and curvature tensors, which, in the case of the metric, are valid to all orders in the deformation parameter. We calculate the area of the event horizon of the corresponding noncommutative R-N black-hole, obtaining corrections up to fourth order in the deformation parameter for the area of the black-hole. Finally we include some comments on the noncommutative version on one of the second order scalar invariants of the Riemann tensor, the so called Kretschmann invariant, a quantity regularly used in order to extend gravity to quantum level., Comment: 7 page

We discuss some possible implications of a two-dimensional toy model for black hole evaporation in noncommutative field theory. While the noncommutativity we consider does not affect gravity, it can play an important role in the dynamics of massless and Hermitian scalar fields in the event horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole. We find that noncommutativity will affect the flux of outgoing particles and the nature of its UV/IR divergences. Moreover, we show that the noncommutative interaction does not affect Leahy's and Unruh's interpretation of thermal ingoing and outgoing fluxes in the black hole evaporation process. Thus, the noncommutative interaction still destroys the thermal nature of fluxes. In the process, some nonlocal implications of the noncommutativity are discussed., Comment: 33+1 pages, 3 eps figures, typos corrected, references added, figure 3 corrected, modifications in sections 4 and 6, version published in Phys. Rev. D

Gravitational axial and chiral anomalies in a noncommutative space are examined through the explicit perturbative computation of one-loop diagrams in various dimensions. The analysis depend on how gravity is coupled to noncommutative matter fields. Delbourgo-Salam computation of the gravitational axial anomaly contribution to the pion decay into two photons, is studied in detail in this context. In the process we show that the two-dimensional chiral pure gravitational anomaly does not receive noncommutative corrections. Pure gravitational chiral anomaly in 4k+2 dimensions with matter fields being chiral fermions of spin-1/2 and spin-3/2, is discussed and a noncommutative correction is found in both cases. Mixed anomalies are finally considered in both cases., Comment: 29+1 pages, harvmac file, no figures