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Developing complex engineered systems (CES) poses significant challenges for engineers, managers, designers, and businesspeople alike due to the inherent complexity of the systems and contexts involved. Furthermore, experts have expressed great interest in building a foundation of “theories” that describe the patterns underlying how development process qualities shape system outcomes. This article contributes to that foundation in two ways. First, it identifies the core elements of CES development processes (CESDPs) through a literature review. Then, it proposes the ComplEX System Integrated Utilities Model (CESIUM), a novel framework for exploring how numerous system and development process characteristics may affect the performance of CES. CESIUM creates abstract representations of a system architecture, the corresponding engineering organization, and the new product development process through which the organization designs the system. It does so by representing the system as a network of interdependent artifacts designed by agents. Simulated agents iteratively design their artifacts through optimization and share information with other agents, thereby advancing the CES toward a solution. Hence, this article makes it possible for researchers to compare how development process characteristics shape system outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first approaches to conceptualizing software ecosystems (SECO) appeared more than 15 years ago, and few studies have addressed proprietary SECO. In a proprietary SECO, organizations are concerned with keeping their assets protected by intellectual property. We first report on a longitudinal literature study to understand how the governance mechanisms work and organizations handle incidents in SECOs, updating a previous systematic literature review covering from 2006 to 2015 with new studies from 2016 to 2020. Next, we investigated the governance mechanisms in a proprietary SECO of a large international organization through a participative case study. Moreover, we gathered information on governance in practice and defined strategies to implement governance mechanisms measured by health metrics, as follows: 1) observation: analyzing the behavior of the participants in the face of problematic situations; 2) interviews: collecting participants’ information on the adoption of governance mechanisms; and 3) opinion survey: verifying the level of participants’ perception about the new strategies related to proprietary SECO governance mechanisms. Based on the results, we derived practical implications and contributions to provide a research agenda for academics and practitioners, such as workforce capacity planning in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research interest in agile innovation management (AIM) has increased due to its growing popularity. However, little is known about adaptability by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study examines the factors affecting intention to adopt AIM in SMEs. A conceptual framework is developed by combining internal and external environmental factors that influence adoption intention. Responses were received from 276 SMEs and analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM). The results confirmed that external environmental factors of mimetic isomorphism and normative isomorphism have a positive association with the intention to adopt AIM. Moreover, the internal environmental factors of top management championship, adhocracy culture, clan culture, and organizational readiness were confirmed to be positively associated with AIM adoption. This study provides one of the first empirical evidence of AIM for SMEs. In doing so, the study contributes both theoretically and practically toward understanding strategies that would enhance adoption by SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many organizations have embraced agile methods. Studies show a trend of large-scale application of agile frameworks company-wide. Emergent architecture design as part of an agile approach is effective at the project level but causes issues when services need to interact seamlessly at the enterprise level. Enterprise architecture (EA) can provide such coherence. Combining the scaling agile methods with EA is challenging. However, such a combination could benefit from the flexibility that agile approaches offer and provide the consistency and long-term focus that EA pursues. This article uses the longitudinal case study research to explore how organizations can effectively govern Agile and EA in large-scale agile transformations. Our case analysis shows that methods for scaling Agile do not provide sufficient guidance to properly handle the transformation from existing EA practices to an Agile EA combination company-wide. We propose how EA can be applied effectively in large-scale agile transformations despite the two seemingly conflicting approaches of Agile and EA. Based on our findings, we propose a conceptual model for future research that incorporates factors that take EA into account in the governance of agile-scaling frameworks. Our findings extend current literature on coordination mechanisms between architects and agile teams in large-scale agile transformations, thereby balancing emergent and intentional architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a political and economic union of the Arab states, comprising some of the fastest growing economies in the world due to the prevalence of oil and gas industry and more recently due to significant investments in the digital economy. However, in recent years, rates of cybercrime and cyber-threats have risen significantly, posing challenges to the security and economic performance of the region. This article deals with the necessity to engage in transnational cooperation to counter the complex challenges posed by cybercrime across the GCC. Interviews were held with members of the GCC political elite who hold expertise in cybersecurity affairs. An analysis is presented of cybersecurity threats in the region, problems of strategic cooperation and lack of dialogue to tackle common challenges in the areas of cybercrime and cybersecurity. Finally, specific aspects of GCC cybersecurity policy are discussed: preventive and mitigation actions; potential intraregional and international cooperation avenues; and the formulation of effective strategy to enhance cybersecurity capabilities and resilience. Although grounded in the GCC as a regional bloc, the findings also carry implications for other contexts, especially other Middle East and North Africa countries and, thus, represent a promising avenue for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is seen today as an indispensable practice if an organization wishes to achieve competitive advantage and sustainable success in the marketplace. The development of new products and services and new technologies that enable those products and services seem to be the crown jewel of innovation. The management of these technologies, more specifically the process through which technologies are transferred, has been the focus of scholarly debates and studies for several decades. Currently, there are no quantitative, comprehensive, and easily applicable models in the literature that researchers and practitioners can use to assess organizations’ technology transfer capabilities. This article has sought to delineate important factors and perspectives applicable to technology transfer, and to use those in order to assess an organization's capabilities, through the application of a hierarchical decision modeling model to create a technology transfer score. The research model is applied to a utility company in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and the results provide insights on how to measure and interpret technology transfer capabilities as well as a starting point for technology managers to improve those capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is to study the impact of knowledge management practices (KMPs) on innovation performance of an Iranian leading private bank known as Bank Pasargad. To assess the impact of independent factor (KMP) on the dependent factor (innovation performance), a questionnaire containing 52 questions is designed and distributed among 237 experts and managers of the Iranian Bank Pasargad headquarters. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are used to analyze the research data. The proposed conceptual model of the research is studied using the structural equation modeling technique. Results obtained from testing the main hypothesis shows that KMPs positively and significantly affect innovation performance. Also, scrutiny of the subhypotheses revealed that KMP subconstructs, namely, top management measures, strategic knowledge management, knowledge-driven employment, knowledge-driven training, knowledge-driven performance evaluation based on IT, and knowledge sharing using IT, positively and significantly affect innovation performance in the surveyed bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Servitization by manufacturing firms has been a growing trend in recent years. However, the literature is unclear on whether servitization improves firm performance. Using survey data from 334 Chinese manufacturing firms, we examine how servitization affects firm performance. We also investigate the contingent role of platform-based innovation. Our results show that servitization enhances latent needs identification and worsens dominant logics conflict. Platform-based innovation is effective in mitigating harm from dominant logics conflict, but it also limits the transfer of latent customer needs. This article contributes to the literature by identifying underlying mediating effects between servitization and firm performance to explain how servitization affects firm performance. The findings also address the “service paradox.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOTER,1 a cybersecurity incident management playbook, is developed to provide a comprehensive model to manage cybersecurity incidents, particularly for the cybersecurity operations center. The proposed playbook is adaptive, cross-sectorial, and process driven. Each key components of the incident management playbook are outlined and discussed. Furthermore, a lexicon based on equivalence mapping is developed and used to map existing cybersecurity incident vocabulary and taxonomy into a common and consistent lexicon to aid understanding among incident management stakeholder communities—national, government, and private sectors. A versatile workbook model has been explored, which proves to be adaptable to serve a wide range of cases for successfully managing government and private sector security operations center. Cybersecurity incident sharing partnership, formalism for metric and measurements of cybersecurity incident parameters, and cybersecurity incident classification and prioritization schemes are presented, and finally, cybersecurity incident “plays” and playbook templates are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief, a novel, energy-efficient hardware organization for a finite-field multiplier based on irreducible all-one polynomials (AOPs) is proposed. The proposed AOP multiplier organization deploys three distinct submodules, which constitute a left-shifting network (reduction), an AND network (multiplication), and a three-input XOR tree (accumulation). Previously reported state-of-the-art implementation distributes these operations to systolic arrays, which are elegant in layout but do not yield the most efficient solution. The advantages of the proposed organization compared with those reported in the literature include reduced cost and power dissipation for a given clock frequency constraint (or increased clock frequency for a given power constraint) and the absence of bypassing problems due to fewer pipeline stages. Both the previously reported and the proposed organizations have been implemented in Verilog for three different binary-field sizes using the TSMC 90 nm standard cell library and have been synthesized for three distinct frequency targets using Cadence Genus Synthesis tool. The proposed organization achieves 18%, 31%, and 19% reduction in average leakage, dynamic capacitance, and area, respectively, compared with state-of-the-art schemes and thus can be considered for energy-efficient, compact portable systems, including wireless sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education institutions (HEIs) are investing in business intelligence (BI) to meet the increasing demand for information stemming from their operations. Information technology (IT) managers in higher education may turn to BI maturity models to evaluate the current state of HEIs' BI operation capabilities and evaluate the readiness for future improvements. However, generic BI maturity models do not have domain-specific attributes that ensure a high degree of compatibility with HEIs. This study's objective is to survey maturity models that could be used in HEIs and identify those used for BI to perform an analysis of their qualities and identify future avenues for research into HEI-specific BI maturity models. A systemic mapping was undertaken via both a keyword and snowball search of five indexing services, 6037 articles were processed using inclusion and exclusion criteria resulting in the identification of forty-one academic works regarding maturity model uses which were mapped to ten categories. The mapping reveals an increasing number of publications featuring maturity models for HEI, particularly since 2018, focused on e-learning and ICT. A single instance of a BI maturity model for HEI emerged in 2022 within the European HEI context. The HE-BIA MM has more dimensions than most other models identified, yet only a single co-occurrence of dimensions was identified in name only. We conclude that BI maturity models for HEI are emerging as a field of research with future directions for research including exploring co-occurrence of dimensions with existing maturity models, performing case studies, and validation of HE-BIA MM outside the European HEI context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we aim to address the following research question: How can a construction organization reduce and contain errors in its projects and mitigate rework and failures? We adopt an organizing sense-making perspective to acquire a sense of order of quality (e.g., rework) and to understand its relationship with safety (e.g., unsafe behavior) in construction. We undertook semistructured interviews from a range of employees involved with delivering a construction organization's projects. Also, documentary sources were accessed to supplement the rework and safety incidents that were referenced during the interviewing process. We found that the construction organization's prevailing culture focused on error prevention, which stymied its ability to learn and reduce rework in projects. The organization consciously enacted a trade-off between quality and safety. The upshot of this either/or framing of competing values was the suppression by senior management of nonconformances, which then led to deviant behavior manifesting in projects. We also revealed that safety incidents tended to arise when people engaged in unsafe behaviors while performing rework. The empirical evidence supports our call for construction organizations to engage in error management so that they can cultivate mindfulness where individuals and project teams can improvise and better handle errors, so they are not repeated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies on ISO 9001 have been focused on the motivation, the implementation process, and the outcomes of the implementation of the standard. This article seeks to advance the knowledge on ISO 9001 implementation by examining two research issues. First, we investigate the relationship between external auditors, certification bodies, and the operational and market-oriented outcomes from the ISO 9001 certification. Second, we study the different roles played by external auditors and certification bodies in affecting the outcomes achieved from the quality of implementation of the standard. Using a dataset comprising 537 firms from Australia and New Zealand that are ISO 9001 certified, our findings show that the quality of external auditors enhances operational outcomes as well as strengthens the relationship between ISO 9001 implementation and operational outcomes. This affirms the role of external auditors in the implementation of the standard. On the other hand, the reputation of certification bodies has a positive direct effect on market-oriented outcome, and its effect is strengthened by the quality of ISO 9001 implementation. The findings, therefore, show the contrasting roles between external auditors and certification bodies in enhancing different outcomes of ISO 9001 adoption in terms of operational and market-oriented ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices produce massive amounts of data, which are especially valuable when shared between businesses. However, adoption of platforms that facilitate IoT data sharing is still low. Generic literature on interorganizational systems suggests a plethora of adoption factors, but typically focuses on data sharing between pairs of organizations. In a context of ecosystems, data governance becomes important, but its relative importance as an adoption factor is yet unclear. In this article, we examine the perception of IoT data providers regarding the relative importance of ecosystem data governance as an adoption factor, in comparison with generic adoption factors. Our study is situated in the horticulture domain, where data sharing is potentially is highly valuable. We conduct a multicriteria decision-analysis survey using the best-worst method, complemented with interviews for interpreting findings. We find that businesses consider a large variety of factors equally important. Ecosystem data governance is in the middle-range, whereas factors like benefits and readiness are most important. At the same time, out of all adoption factors that platform providers can control directly, ecosystem data governance ranks among the highest. Our findings are important for informing data platform operators on what design issues to consider, in order to attract data owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contribution: This study contributes to efforts to diversify the field of engineering by studying the influence of co-curricular activities on African American students’ development of key nontechnical professional skills. Background: The 21st Century workforce requires significant collaboration and communication. For engineering graduates to meet workforce challenges, they must graduate with nontechnical skills. This study operationalized these skills using traits identified in the National Academy of Engineering’s (NAE) “Engineer of 2020” report. The NAE also points to the urgent need for the United States to diversify its workforce; broadening the participation of African American engineers is key to doing so. Co-curricular activities help students develop nontechnical professional skills and are particularly important to African Americans at predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Research Question: How do African American engineering students attending PWIs in the United States develop nontechnical professional skills through participation in ethnic-specific co-curricular activities? Methodology: This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of 16 participants from one of six engineering disciplines. Each participant was a member of at least one of the following organizations: a Black fraternity or sorority (termed Black Greek Letter organizations), their campus student chapter of the National Society of Black Engineers, or an institution-sponsored program for racially underrepresented students such as a minority engineering program. Findings: Data analysis revealed significant evidence that involvement in one or more of the studied ethnic-specific co-curricular activities enhanced African American engineering students’ educational experiences by providing resources and opportunities to help them develop professional skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of increasing competition, an organization's capacity to acquire knowledge from the outside has become fundamental for new product development. Pertinent extant literature has stressed how an organization should practice social product development, allowing for the inclusion of all types of stakeholders in idea generation, selection, validation, and commercialization. This article investigates how organizations can acquire, maintain, and use different sources of knowledge via ambidextrous habits of exploitation and exploration to sustain social product development. A case study based on 27 semistructured interviews and field observations at a leading, large-size, Dutch food-service company has been carried out. The findings illustrate the organizational processes and mechanisms that the company has adopted to address and combine practice- and research-based knowledge, as well as the main barriers limiting the accumulation and usage of this knowledge inside organizational boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originally developed for strategic planning and foresight of technological development, roadmapping techniques are increasingly being used to support strategy development for other functional activities of innovation systems (e.g., the development of skills, infrastructure, and standards). While the conventional technology roadmaps focus on innovation pathways for technology development, considering other functions as contextual factors explored in less detail, the functional roadmaps dedicated to certain innovation functions (e.g., standardization) give these functions centrality and greater granularity within the roadmapping architecture. Because different functional roadmaps are developed by different communities of stakeholders with different interests, often using different languages, it is challenging to share information and manage knowledge between them. This can result in disconnected and misaligned strategies for complementary innovation efforts which, in turn, increase the potential risks of inefficient use of resources and missed opportunities to capture greater value from technology R&D. In order to address these challenges, this article introduces the concept of integrated innovation roadmapping, which is designed to support the systematic integration and alignment of multiple functional roadmaps. It does so by exploring recent efforts by multiorganizational networks to develop complementary roadmaps for diverse innovation functions beyond just technology R&D. By identifying challenges associated with their integration and practical steps to address them, the article provides guidance on how integrated innovation roadmapping processes can be structured and organized to ensure effective knowledge management and alignment among multiple functional roadmaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2006, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Technology Innovation (TI) Office has applied roadmapping processes to help articulate the federal wholesale electric utility's technology research agenda. The TI Office team has evolved its tools, templates, and process steps considerably over the years in response to implementation challenges, shortcomings in deliverables derived from the process, and maturation opportunities enabled by data management and visualization software. Practioners within the TI Office have sustained their commitment to roadmapping during an era of significant evolution of the practice within industry and academia. The practice came out of product manufacturing environments in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Increasingly since the early 2000s, roadmapping has been applied outside this “traditional” realm, requiring trial, iteration, and customization of processes, tools, and deliverables to meet different requirements. The TI Office's use of roadmapping is one “nontraditional” variant because the agency is not in the business of generating profits by creating products in response to market demands. Instead, the TI Office has used roadmapping to communicate the agency's technology research, development, and demonstration agenda to the broader community—national laboratories, universities, manufacturers, etc.—so these external organizations can respond with proposals delivering products with the desired technology characteristics. These products, in turn, enable BPA to continue to fulfill its public service mission as an electric utility and government entity in providing safe, cost-effective, and reliable electricity throughout the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies emphasized the importance of balancing exploitation and exploration to achieve sustainable success in organizations in terms of organizational learning and adaptation. These studies also attach great importance to the antecedent and moderate, mediating, and control variables of innovation ambidexterity. However, only few researchers addressed the mechanisms or criteria of resource allocation for establishing a balance between exploitation and exploration. Previous studies showed that the allocation proportion of enterprise resources is associated with performance gap between the targeted performance and actual performance. These studies also showed that exploitative innovation and exploratory innovation can increase the level of knowledge and promote performance development. On the basis of the behavioral theory of the firm and resource-based view, this article investigates that resource allocation is affected by the relative performance rather than absolute levels of performance and how firm performance evolves from the creativity revelation processes through knowledge by balancing exploration and exploitation for established firms. A simulation is conducted. The result shows that exploratory innovation-oriented firms have better long-term performance than exploitative innovation-oriented firms. For exploratory innovation-oriented firms, the more sensitive on the performance gap, the better long-term performance, but for exploitative innovation-oriented firms, the less sensitive on the performance gap, the better long-term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational agility is the ability of an organization to transform its capabilities and resources to innovate new values or protect existing values that provide high return. Several studies have investigated the impact of organizational agility on the performance of organizations. However, few studies have explored the impact of the organizational agility of new product development (NPD) teams during the process of NPD on the performance of new products. Additionally, the process of increasing the effectiveness of organizational agility with innovativeness during the NPD process lacks empirical examination. Based on the concept of dynamic capabilities, this article presents a framework to explain the antecedents and consequences of the mediator (organizational agility of product development teams). The moderating role of innovativeness in the NPD process is also proposed. The findings reveal that the organizational agility is important to the firm's successful product innovation because it improves the effectiveness of the fuzzy front end (FFE) in the NPD process. The agility of the development team can be increased by top management support and learning organization. In addition, innovativeness positively moderates the effect of organizational agility on managing FFE. Altogether, these findings provide implications for proficiently managing FFE in the NPD process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than 30 years ago, Harmon distinguished developmental research articles (RAs), which propose a solution to a problem, from experimental RAs, but the developmental format has received little attention. Literature review: Genre analysis of RAs has been largely restricted to articles following the standard experimental/Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion (IMRD) format, thereby excluding many developmental engineering articles. Recently, a textbook proposed Introduction, Process, Testing, Conclusion (IPTC) as a prototypical format for electrical engineering RAs, but this format has not yet been demonstrated from a corpus. Research questions: 1. What is the macrostructure of electrical engineering RAs? 2. What are the characteristic features of each division of electrical engineering RAs? Methodology: Section headings, wordcount, and notable features were analyzed for 75 RAs from 15 electrical engineering journals and compared with both IPTC and Harmon's developmental structure. Results: Only one article, a case study, followed IMRD. Sixty-seven developmental RAs followed the IPTC format. These are distinguished by the second division (P), where the new solution is described, written in extended style, comprising several sections with headings specific to the research. A paragraph at the end of the Introduction describing the organization of the paper, the location of the theoretical framework and testing methods, and a ubiquitous Conclusion also differ from IMRD. Seven developmental RAs exhibited a hybrid format with the well-known IMRD section headings superimposed on an IPTC structure. Conclusions: Most electrical engineering articles are developmental and follow IPTC format. This can inform future genre analysis research and has pedagogical implications for teaching engineering writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced persistent threat (APT) for cyber espionage poses a great threat to modern organizations. In order to mitigate the impact of APT on an organization, all the compromised systems in the organization must be quarantined and recovered in a timely and effective way. This article focuses on the problem of customizing a dynamic quarantine and recovery (QAR) scheme for an organization so that the APT impact is minimized. Based on a novel node-level epidemic model characterizing the effect of the QAR scheme on the expected state of the underlying network, we estimate the expected impact of APT under a QAR scheme. On this basis, we model the original problem as an optimal control problem. By use of optimal control theory, we derive the optimality system for the optimal control problem and thereby introduce the concept of normal potential optimal (NPO) control. Next, through comparative experiments, we find that the NPO control outperforms a set of heuristic controls. Hence, the QAR scheme associated with the NPO control is satisfactory in terms of the effectiveness of defending against APT. Finally, we examine the effect of some factors on the expected APT impact under the NPO control. This article would be helpful to the defense against APT for cyber espionage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education institutions (HEIs) are investing in business intelligence (BI) to meet the increasing demand for information stemming from their operations. Information technology (IT) managers in higher education may turn to BI maturity models to evaluate the current state of HEIs’ BI operation capabilities and evaluate the readiness for future improvements. However, generic BI maturity models do not have domain-specific attributes that ensure a high degree of compatibility with HEIs. This study’s objective is to survey maturity models that could be used in HEIs and identify those used for BI to perform an analysis of their qualities and identify future avenues for research into HEI-specific BI maturity models. A systemic mapping was undertaken via both a keyword and snowball search of five indexing services, 6037 articles were processed using inclusion and exclusion criteria resulting in the identification of forty-one academic works regarding maturity model uses which were mapped to ten categories. The mapping reveals an increasing number of publications featuring maturity models for HEI, particularly since 2018, focused on e-learning and ICT. A single instance of a BI maturity model for HEI emerged in 2022 within the European HEI context. The HE-BIA MM has more dimensions than most other models identified, yet only a single co-occurrence of dimensions was identified in name only. We conclude that BI maturity models for HEI are emerging as a field of research with future directions for research including exploring co-occurrence of dimensions with existing maturity models, performing case studies, and validation of HE-BIA MM outside the European HEI context.

Literature defines two main streams in project management: mechanistic and organic. Mechanistic reflects the traditional waterfall approach and organic reflects a more adaptive approach. The organic approach became known by the awareness of dynamic project environment and changing requirements. The organic approach is characterized by flexibility. Accordingly, scholars and practitioners tried to define flexibility and find ways to make project management more flexible. However, scientific literature about practitioners’ perspectives on making project management flexible is lacking. Therefore, this paper explores practitioners’ perspectives on project management flexibility by the use of Q-methodology. The scope of the paper was narrowed down to the front-end phase of infrastructure projects. Two types of organizations were targeted: client and consultancy organizations. Data were gathered from 43 respondents from six organizations (three client and three consultancy organizations) in The Netherlands. The results of the study reveal three distinct perspectives on flexibility for both organization types (client and consultant): flexibility by trust, flexibility by scope management, and flexibility by proactive management. These perspectives partly support defined flexibility categories in literature. Further research could focus on exploring the perspectives in different project phases, operationalizing the perspectives in practice, and team composition taking into account these perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying neologisms is important for natural language processing of social web text when informal language is standard and youth slang is common. For example, failing to identify neologisms can reduce the accuracy of the lexical sentiment analysis if opinions are frequently expressed in words that are too new to be in the sentiment dictionary. This article proposes a method based on orthographic pleonasm to identify emotion-related neologisms in the social web: finding words with the most different letter repetition spelling variations. For this method, nondictionary words are extracted from a large social web corpus, spelling standardization is applied, and then words are ranked in a decreasing order of spelling variation frequency. Words with the most spelling variations are then keyword-in-context-analyzed for semantic context. Applied to a collection of comments on YouTube influencers, this method founds neologisms such as slay and early as positive terms, mixed with traditional sentiment words, exclamations, and nouns. Although orthographic pleonasm was originally used to express the speaker's rhythm and tone of voice, it is also used for initialisms in a way that is difficult to vocalize. The method is, therefore, a practical way to identify new sentiment slang, including both normal words and initialisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now it's time, I think, to encourage all of the CS program boards to experiment with creating STCs across two or more program boards. Many have a publications committee, with the CS, ACM, and ICS publications committees being academic/research based. REISMAN: Aside from the formal CS and IEEE committee and board structures, we have informal categories of membership focus and programs to address them. 16 CO M P UT E R P U B L ISH ED BY T H E I EEE COM P U T ER S OC I E T Y 0 0 18- 9 1 6 2 / 2 1 © 2 0 2 1 I E E E VIRTUAL ROUNDTABLE A pproximately 10 years ago, the four authors of this article (see "Roundtable Panelists") realized the need to improve the way how the IEEE Computer Society (CS) members organize. [Extracted from the article]

Globalization has been a main driver for firms’ entry into standard-setting organizations (SSOs). These global multifirm settings have caught attention due to tensions arising from simultaneous collaboration and competition among firms as well as due to the increasing geographical complexity of the standardization process. SSOs present one form of a multifirm environment, where companies proactively and voluntarily collaborate to develop a new standard. Although a growing body of literature has tried to understand firms’ underlying rationales for engaging in SSOs, we know little about firm-level characteristics influencing the propensity to enter a standard-setting organization. For this purpose, data of the Community Innovation Survey 2011 for Germany are merged with data of companies’ participation at technical committees of the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) between 2010 and 2013. Using these unique data, we can observe the moment when firms enter a technical committee of a formal SSO and, hence, tackle the problem of simultaneity. Our results show that the likelihood to enter a technical committee of an SSO increases for firms that introduce new products or services into the market, while absorptive capacity does not have a significant positive influence. Finally, the protection of innovations by patents further enhances the likelihood to enter a technical committee of an SSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) poses multiple challenges to traditional standardization, due to the complexity, dynamics, and accelerating speed of technological progress. The need for a timely availability of standards calls for new approaches and tools to enhance standardization processes for smart manufacturing. Industry and standards development organizations worldwide are seeking new solutions. Testbeds have been acknowledged in innovation policy as a powerful tool for knowledge transfer and the further development of emerging technologies. Lately, they have also attracted increasing attention from the standardization perspective as a promising tool for a more agile standards development process. Proponents of such testbeds expect them to support standardization by providing validated solutions and accelerating the processes to meet the growing demands for faster standardization without any detriment to quality. In an explorative, qualitative approach this article is the first to investigate the operation and impact of testbeds in standardization processes based on a multiple case study on testbeds implemented worldwide in the context of the IIoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of digitalization and recent EU policy initiatives, information is an important asset that organizations of all sizes and from all sectors should secure. However, in order to provide common requirements for the implementation of an information security management system, the internationally well-accepted ISO/IEC 27001 standard has not shown the expected growth rate since its publication more than a decade ago. In this article, we apply web mining to explore the adoption of ISO/IEC 27001 through a series of 2664 out of more than 900 000 German firms from the Mannheim Enterprise Panel dataset that refers to this standard on their websites. As a result, we present a ‘‘landscape’’ of ISO/IEC 27001 in Germany, which shows that firms not only seek certifications themselves but often refer on their websites to partners who are certified instead. Consequently, we estimate a probit model and find that larger and more innovative firms are more likely to be certified to ISO/IEC 27001 and that almost half of all certified firms belong to the information and communications technology (ICT) service sector. Based on our findings, we derive implications for policy makers and management and critically assess the suitability of web mining to explore the adoption of management system standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of lossy data-center networks (DCNs) may degrade due to packet dropping (and possible retransmission) under congestion. In this article, we propose and evaluate a solution to deal with congestion in lossy DCNs, based on the same approach as the dynamic virtual lanes technique, previously proposed for lossless DCNs. This approach consists of isolating congesting flows in special queues, so that they do not share queues with noncongesting ones. This reduces the probability of standard queues becoming congested, thus reducing the dropping (and retransmission) of noncongesting packets and improving network performance. The experiment results confirm that these benefits are achieved by adding just a single special queue per switch port. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chain literature has long recognized the benefits of information sharing. Researchers and practitioners see high potential for improving processes, enabling new replenishment policies, and enhancing supply chain integration. Even though information technology represents a vital role as a driver and a success factor for implementing information sharing, established technologies still do not reflect the highly decentralized and fragmented characteristics of complex and often global supply chains. Early research shows that blockchain might be an enabler for the supply chain management. However, little is known about how blockchain might improve information sharing for complex, multitier supply chains. Therefore, this article aims at analyzing how and to what extent blockchain can facilitate information sharing for vendor managed inventory by designing a software prototype based on Hyperledger Fabric using the design science research approach. This research took place in close cooperation with a leading German healthcare technology manufacturer, which allowed us to base our study both on literature and practical insights. With our results, we contribute to the supply chain knowledge base by introducing the decentralized information hub model, describing how companies utilize decentralized technologies, such as blockchain, to facilitate information sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future project teams will consist of both humans and nonhumans as organizations’ internal and external landscapes are becoming more connected during the fourth Industrial Revolution. This paper explores the competencies project team members should require and what the impact is on the project management of these teams. The impact of Industry 4.0 is felt in various industries. Research on the impact of Industry 4.0 focuses mostly on future factories and the integration of technologies. Little or no research has been done on the impact of Industry 4.0 on project management or, for that matter, project teams. This paper focuses on the demands of Industry 4.0 to determine what future demands there will be on team members as well as the competencies that team members need to exhibit to cope with and meet these demands. The results imply that four categories of competencies are required of future project team members, in particular critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The composition of future project teams will also drastically change with the introduction of artificially intelligent robots as team members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six Sigma has been one of the most popular initiatives to improve management processes over the past few decades. Amidst the success stories on the Six Sigma, there exist some literature studies on the criticisms of Six Sigma. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the existing literature on the criticisms of Six Sigma through a systematic literature review. The criticisms need to be analyzed so that there is growth in the knowledge and understanding of Six Sigma. This paper analyzes literature through various electronic databases such as Academic Source Premier (EBSCO), Google Scholar, Business Source Premier (EBSCO), Emerald Insight, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, JSTOR, ProQuest, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, PubMed, Wiley, Inderscience, Scopus, and World Public Library. Sixty-one relevant articles are found and analyzed in depth. This paper finds 12 major themes of criticisms on Six Sigma. Based on the findings, 16 research directions are offered. Amidst the plethora of literature review on the success of Six Sigma, this is the first comprehensive systematic literature review on the criticisms of Six Sigma. The authors firmly believe that such criticisms will help the academicians as well as the practitioners to understand some of the rudimentary gaps in implementing Six Sigma as a business improvement strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes the case for a new regional mechanism to coordinate the development of data standards. Data standards are necessary to achieve digital cooperation. We need standards to create data value chains that string together data collection through collaborative platforms in order to generate insights and solve longstanding problems. Organizations of all sizes, whether public, private, or not-for-profit, need a suite of data governance standards to manage issues such as data ownership and use, security, residency, privacy, and the protection of fundamental rights.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research problem: With the extensive use of the internet, cyber language management has become a critical issue for international organizations (IOs). IOs’ language choices on their official websites represent the very interests of member nations and form a key factor in organizational image construction. However, research on IOs’ cyber language management is rather limited. Literature review: Previous studies examined the use of different languages on websites of large corporations, state institutions, and organizations that aim to reach linguistically diverse populations, but discussions of language management of international organizations generally focus on traditional offline language policies. This article attempts to examine the choices of languages on IOs’ official websites. Research questions: 1. What languages are used on international organizations’ official websites? 2. How do intergovernmental organizations differ from nongovernmental organizations in such language choices and cyber language management? Methodology: Data from the official websites of 50 intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and 20 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) were collected, and both qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted to analyze the data. Results: The findings show that English is the dominant language on IOs’ official websites, and is especially preferred by NGOs; inconsistency of IOs’ cyber language policy is found among the languages used on specific pages, e-documents, and the general available languages; and IGOs’ language choices are more diversified, unified, and standardized than NGOs’. Conclusion: Accordingly, the effect of technology on IOs’ language policy is further analyzed, and suggestions for IOs’ language management are presented concerning the linguistic ecology at supra-national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental models focused on the efficiency of products and services deliveries, typical of projects, can generate system archetypes that disturb the development of programs. The main goal of this article is to identify and describe the system archetypes that can occur in program management, improving the decision-making process, and consequently, increasing the probability of organizations to reach their strategic objectives through successful programs. Research was carried out with the participation of organizations that conduct programs, under a descriptive purpose and using system dynamics qualitative modeling, with the intent of building causal loop diagrams, and identifying and describing the system archetypes that may occur from the organizational policies. It was pointed out in the research, through the analysis of the four archetypes found, that the short-term vision problem impairs the achievement of results and benefits by the programs, the mere delivery of new capabilities by the projects not being sufficient for the effective engagement of stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paratransit services for people with travel difficulties have received increasing government and community attention due to the aging population. In this paper, we examine an integrated service design approach to customize paratransit services with a ridesharing option for a dial-a-ride (DAR) service. The fundamental challenge of DAR services is a lack of commonality across other services in the process, which results in low vehicle utilization. To mass customize paratransit services systematically, we identify the common service components of different paratransit services under the design framework of product family architecture. We then formulate the community organization's pricing and vehicle scheduling decisions with a ridesharing option for a DAR operation as a two-stage decision model. In stage one of the tactical plan, we determine user tolerance of earlier pick-up and later drop-off times, and a price discount for a shared ride. Based on the user tolerance of a longer traveling time, we optimize the vehicle scheduling of shared service orders. Our experimental results indicate that a ridesharing policy option for a DAR service providing a 20% discount for passengers who accept a 15-min earlier pick-up time or a later drop-off time leads to 15% more people being served. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Career demands on the information technology (IT) professional have evolved. No longer do organizations demand strictly managerial or technical competencies. Instead, IT professionals face demands that require the ability to produce technically proficient software or systems while managing projects and stakeholders in a variety of situations. Prior research in desired career demands and job burnout indicates that this will lead to lower levels of career satisfaction and higher levels of turnover. To address this issue, we draw on the career orientation literature to build and test a model of career satisfaction derived from the organizational demands placed on the IT professional. The results suggest that pure managerial demands lead to the highest satisfaction while adding technical demands lessens satisfaction but in a complex pattern that allows potential compromises. Prior models of career paths should be reconsidered in light of newer career demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, market access for radio equipment is governed through the Radio Equipment Directive (RED), which replaced the Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (R&TTE) Directive in 2016. The essential requirements were introduced by RED and subsequently processed by European standards organizations: the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, and the European Committee for Standardization, in order to develop harmonised standards (HSs). These HSs may be used by manufacturers in order to achieve self-declaration of conformity of radio equipment. Compared to the previously applicable R&TTE Directive, RED contains a set of new Articles, including RED Articles 3(3)(a) to 3(3)(i) and Article 4, which were not enacted when RED was originally published. This article discusses the process for "activating" the corresponding articles, and provides commentary on related ongoing activities in European Commission Expert Groups and detailed implications on radio equipment design. Indeed, new requirements need to be met in order to achieve market access, such as reconfigurability, privacy, and security features. Finally, implications such as time to market and RED compliance certification cost are assessed, and a comparison to other regulation regimes is given, including those in the United States, Korea, and Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper establishes how organizations can overcome barriers to sustain manufacturing environmental performance improvement. There is a growing body of knowledge on energy and resource efficiency, but there is a gap in how to counter barriers to enable technical and financial success. In this paper, barriers to energy efficiency adoption established from the literature are identified from 100 short-term manufacturing operations projects across 11 European plants over a three-year period. The longitudinal examination of multiple projects provides research insight absent from the literature that could be used by companies to enhance the outcomes of their improvement programs. Learning from early projects resulted in interventions to enable reduction in environmental impact and cost. The contribution of this research is the identification of enablers to sustain energy efficiency advancement of vision, objectives, operational responsibility, methods, training, people, community, equipment, and data. This paper has potential to better explain how organizational enablers mitigate barriers to environmental efficiency adoption to in turn reduce impact and to reduce cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational leaders routinely note the critical importance of human capital in enabling successful innovation outcomes. However, strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices, especially in large firms, often are not aligned with practices that facilitate breakthrough innovation (BI), where uncertainty, ambiguity, and risk of failure are high. In this paper, drawing from the motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) framework, we identify and delineate SHRM practices that are likely to affect BI outcomes in firms. These include career risk mitigation, extrinsic rewards (motivation), idea generation facilitation (opportunity), innovation talent development, and managerial ambidexterity development (ability). We theorize that while these SHRM practices may directly affect BI outcomes, these effects are likely to be modulated by the broader organizational context, specifically, the degree of organizational conservatism. We test our hypotheses using survey data collected from 79 U.S.-based multinational firms and find that first, the impacts of career risk, extrinsic rewards, and innovation talent development on BI outcomes vary with the firm's degree of conservatism. Second, developing ambidextrous talent among middle managers positively influences BI outcomes, irrespective of the firm's level of conservatism. Overall, our study provides a basic framework to understand how SHRM practices can be leveraged to influence innovation under varying degrees of conservatism in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In large organizations, local use of innovations is not enough; extracting the full use of the innovation requires deployment across the organization. The purpose of this paper is to explore strategies for the deployment of service innovations and factors influencing success. We adopt an inductive theory-building approach with a longitudinal embedded case study of ten successful service innovations. We find two deployment strategies: required adoption, in which subsidiaries are required to adopt innovations, and voluntary adoption, in which adoption is not compulsory—innovations are showcased, but the adoption decision is left to the subsidiaries. We have investigated the factors influencing deployment, including the decentralized nature of service innovation, fit with the internal and external context, extrinsic and intrinsic motivations, and handovers. Based on analyses of case evidence, we put forward research propositions accordingly. This study provides managerial guidance for multidivisional organizations to extract full value from service innovations. Although some results may be particular to the Chinese context, research in other contexts can broaden the generalizability of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to address inconsistencies in the research literature on whether exploration and exploitation compete with or complement each other in their effect on radically innovative team outcomes. This study takes into consideration the moderating effect of team learning behavior, which includes seeking or providing feedback, sharing information and elaborating task-relevant information, and team promotion focus, which refers to the motivation for innovation. Using results obtained from 108 research and development teams from six high-tech organizations, our findings show two ways to achieve radical innovation performance. Both are characterized by a high level of exploration; however, the level of exploitation and of learning behavior in each of them is either high or low. Against our expectations, promotion focus does not modify the effect of exploration and exploitation on radical innovation performance. While promotion focus is usually assumed to be positively associated with team innovation, we counterintuitively show that when the level of exploration is high, a low (compared to high) level of promotion focus leads to increased radical innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to prevailing classification inconsistency between land cover maps, developed by different organizations in different times at different scales, an object-based National Land Representation System (NLRS) for Bangladesh has been developed. The process, which began in 2013 and was completed in 2016, brought together several national organizations and involved an extensive process of consultation, data collection, translation, and analysis of existing land cover/use classification systems. The process focused on the interpretation of three legends from historic national land cover/use maps. Field inventory data were collected from over 1000 sites across the country to assist the process of land characterization and the development of a dynamic and representative overview of land cover and land use in Bangladesh. The system has been applied to the development of a wall-to-wall national land cover map for the year 2015. In this article, the methodological process and results of NLRS formulation and land cover map 2015 are presented. We also provide examples of how this interoperable system and the land cover dataset are being used for variety of applications including national forest resources assessment, estimation of REDD+ activity data, integration of biophysical and socioeconomic information, and semantic similarity assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Codes of practice provide principles and guidance on how organizations can incorporate security considerations into their safety engineering lifecycle and become more security minded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship between organization and the development of architecture-enabled modularity within and across product lines. We examine organization structure, formal and informal team communication, and budgetary resources within a larger framework of the matrix organization found necessary for achieving a modular product line architecture spanning different products. Results were controlled for firm size and product complexity. Outcomes were assessed at the individual product level for meeting pre-development performance objectives. We found that the practice of assigning separate, dedicated architecture teams was not necessary to achieve modular architecture across different products or for achieving positive research and development (R&D) outcomes. Nor was a dedicated budget for defining modular product line architecture required for this type of R&D success. Rather, it was found that intensive collaboration and communication between individuals assigned to different product development teams, but who nonetheless were working toward a common modular architecture, was essential. These findings, when combined with longitudinal qualitative insights, showed that including a product or systems architect on specific product development teams, where such architects meet and comprise a community of practice within the organization, were strongly associated with modular architecture development and positive R&D outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]