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Fermentation can potentiate goat milk's beneficial properties or generate new bioactive ingredients. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge on the potential of fermented goat milk (FGM) products to improve different biomarkers of a modern epidemic: obesity and its comorbidities. In vitro studies have indicated functional properties of bioactive peptides or lipids obtained from FGM, showing potential to prevent Cardiovascular Disease development and anti-inflammatory activity. Probiotic strains derived from goat milk have prevented diet-induced obesity in animal models, and can represent a better techno-functional alternative to ferment this matrix than traditional starters. A small number of studies evaluated the functional properties of FGM in animal models of obesity. The observed in vitro effects of isolated compounds are generally in agreement with in vivo models' findings. Overall, reports showed a positive impact on the prevention of body weight gain and several metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative parameters. Nevertheless, evidence is limited and the mechanisms involved are fairly unknown. Comparisons between non-fermented and fermented products in vivo studies are lacking. Functional properties of FGM products aimed at improving the health of obese patients lack support from clinical trials. Considering the current evidence, the administration of complete FGM can be more beneficial to obese patients than the administration of its isolated compounds (lipids, peptides, or microorganisms). The addition of plant by-products with prebiotic or antioxidant properties is a promising strategy to enhance FGM functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although the effect of Vitamin D Supplementation (Vit D) on several chronic diseases has been well conceded, its role in diabetes remains ambiguous. The present study investigated the interactive effects of Aerobic Training (AT) and different Vit D doses on Protein Kinase B (Akt), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPCK), and Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G6Pase) protein expressions in hepatocytes of type-2 diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups SHAM (non-diabetic control; n = 8), and diabetic (n = 48). Then, diabetic rats were divided into six groups: AT with high doses of Vit D (D + AT + HD), AT with moderate doses of Vit D (D + AT + MD), high doses of Vit D (D + HD), moderate doses of Vit D (D + MD), AT receiving vehicle (sesame oil; D + AT + oil), and control (oil-receiving). D + AT + HD and D + HD groups received 10,000 IU of Vit D; while D + AT + MD and D + MD groups receive 5000 IU of Vit D once a week by injection; D + AT + oil and SHAM groups received sesame oil. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). After 2 months of intervention, serum insulin, glucose, and visceral fat were measured; protein expressions of Akt, PEPCK, and G6Pase were assessed by western blotting. The paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA), and the Tukey post hoc test were used at the signification level of P < 0.05. Results: Our data indicate that the diabeticization of rats increased the level of insulin, glucose, and PEPCK and G6Pase protein expressions and decreased the expression of the Akt (P < 0.05 for all variables). Combined AT and moderate or high Vit D significantly reduced body weight (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), body mass index (P = 0.001; P = 0.002), food intake (P = 0.001; P = 0.001) comparing the pre-test with the post-test, respectively. Also, AT and either high or moderate Vit D alone therapies lead to the improvement of the metabolic state, however, their combination had a more significant effect on the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Findings from the present study suggested that combined Vit D supplementation and AT successfully improve liver function and attenuate insulin resistance via upregulating Akt and downregulating PEPCK and G6Pase expressions, compared with monotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of dysbiotic gut microbiota configuration is essential when making reference to the metabolic disorders by increasing energy. It is important to understand that the gut microbiota induced metabolic disease mechanisms and inflammations. Thus it is imperative to have an insight into the state of all chronic subclinical inflammations influencing disease outcomes. However, from the emerging studies, there still exist inconsistencies in the findings of such studies. While making the best out of the reasons for inconsistencies of the findings, this review is designed to make a clear spell out as to the inconsistence of gut microbiota with respect to diabetes. It considered gut-virome alterations and diabetes and gut-bacteriome-gut-virome-alterations and diabetes as confounding factors. The review further explained some study design strategies that will spontaneously eliminate any potential confounding factors to lead to a more evidence based diabetic-gut microbiota medicine. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pro-inflammatory, metabolic endotoxemia and diet/gut microbiota insulin-resistance and low-grade systemic inflammation induced by gut microbiota can trigger pro-inflammatory cytokines in insulin-resistance, consequently, leading to the diabetic condition. While diet influences the gut microbiota, the consequences are mainly the constant high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulatory system. Of recent, dietary natural products have been shown to be anti-diabetic. The effects of resveratrol on the gut showed an improved lipid profile, anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorated the endotoxemia, tight junction and glucose intolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]